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Donor-Patrons and Aid Clients: the Case of France and Cameroon
DONOR-PATRONS AND AID CLIENTS: THE CASE OF FRANCE AND CAMEROON Nikolas G. Emmanuel Oklahoma State University [email protected] Abstract: Under a political conditionality approach donors use foreign assistance to leverage liberal-democratic reforms in their aid recipients. However, such efforts are frequently undermined by donor self-interest. This paper attempts to illustrate this general point by examining the “donor-patron” relationship between Cameroon and France during the early 1990s. Key Words: political conditionality, development assistance, democratization, France, Cameroon Résumé: Sous une approche de conditionnalité politique, les pays donateurs utilisent leur aide pour faciliter les réformes démocratiques. Cependant, ces efforts sont fréquemment réduits par le donneur lui-même. Cette recherche essaie d’illustrer cette hypothèse en examinant la relation proche entre le Cameroun et la France pendant les années 1990. Mots clés: conditionnalité politique, aide au développement, démocratisation, France, Cameroun. Introduction Donors can have a significant impact on their aid recipients, far beyond the development projects they finance. This influence can be used to encourage reform, or it can be deployed to shield aid recipients from change. As a part of this process, a political conditionality approach can support moves in aid bene - ficiaries towards better governance and democratization. Such an effort to invoke political change using aid as a tool flourish in an environment where donors and domestic actors work together in a coordinated effort to achieve a common goal (Emmanuel Nikolas, 2008). Donors and recipients, however, frequently have mixed motives in their relations. These partners’ complex, sometimes intimate relationships frequently impede the application of the type of pressure associa - ted with conditionality. -
Cameroon Government Cracks
June 15, 1990 CAMEROON GOVERNMENT CRACKS DOWN ON DEMANDS FOR MULTIPARTY SYSTEM: Seven Killed; Journalists and Students Arrested; "Douala Ten" Tried At a time of growing demands for citizens. democratization throughout West Africa, the government of President Paul Biya is conducting a SEVEN KILLED AT RALLY FOR NEW POLITICAL crackdown against those calling for a multiparty PARTY system in Cameroon. The government's campaign began with the arrest in February of ten prominent On Saturday, May 26, at least seven people citizens -- later dubbed "the Douala Ten" -- who were killed in clashes between demonstrators and tried to form an alternative political party, and security forces at a rally in support of a newly- has culminated thus far in the killing of seven formed political party, the Social Democratic Front people at a rally for a new political party on May (SDF). Reports indicate that several thousand people 26. In addition, a number of journalistjournalistss who gathered in Bamenda, in the northwestern part of reported on the debate about the oneone----partyparty system the country, to take part in the rally that had been have been detained, and lawyers who helped defend announced earlier in the month, despite government "The Douala Ten" have been harassed; one was killed warnings that the meeting would be considered by police under suspicious circumstances. illegal. In anticipation of the rally, government troops were sent to the Bamenda area in the Africa Watch is very concerned about the preceding days, and roadblocks were set up. government's eeffortsfforts to silence those demanding an end to oneone----partyparty rule, and calls on the government of Cameroon to adhere to internationallyinternationally----acceptedaccepted human rights standards. -
University of Copenhagen
“With a Friend Like This…” Shielding Cameroon from Democratization Emmanuel, Nikolas George Published in: Journal of Asian and African Studies Publication date: 2013 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (APA): Emmanuel, N. G. (2013). “With a Friend Like This…”: Shielding Cameroon from Democratization. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 48(2), 145-160. Download date: 29. sep.. 2021 Journal of Asian and African Studies http://jas.sagepub.com/ 'With a Friend like this . .': Shielding Cameroon from Democratization Nikolas G Emmanuel Journal of Asian and African Studies published online 6 July 2012 DOI: 10.1177/0021909612442656 The online version of this article can be found at: http://jas.sagepub.com/content/early/2012/07/03/0021909612442656 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for Journal of Asian and African Studies can be found at: Email Alerts: http://jas.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://jas.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav >> OnlineFirst Version of Record - Jul 6, 2012 What is This? Downloaded from jas.sagepub.com at OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV on July 8, 2012 JAS0010.1177/0021909612442656EmmanuelJournal of Asian and African Studies 4426562012 Article J A A S Journal of Asian and African Studies 0(0) 1 –16 ‘With a Friend like this . .’: © The Author(s) 2012 Reprints and permission: Shielding Cameroon from sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/0021909612442656 Democratization jas.sagepub.com Nikolas G Emmanuel Oklahoma State University, USA Abstract The following paper uses the case-study of Cameroon to examine how critical donors can shield their close allies from pressure to pursue political liberalization. -
Au Cameroun De Paul Biya
Les terrains du siècle Au Cameroun de Paul Biya Fanny Pigeaud AU CAMEROUN DE PAUL BIYA KARTHALA sur internet: http://www.karthala.com (paiement sécurisé) © Éditions Karthala, 2011 ISBN :978-2-8111-0526-6 FannyPigeaud Au Cameroun de Paul Biya Éditions Karthala 22-24, boulevard Arago 75013Paris Introduction Les Occidentaux connaissent en généraltRèspeu le Came- roun.Tout juste savent-ils qu’il est le pays d’origine de footbal- leurs talentueux comme Roger Milla ou Samuel Eto’o Fils, et que son équipe nationale des « Lions indomptables » participe Régulièrement à la Coupe du monde de football. La plupart des Africains sont souventtout aussi ignorants,même s’ils consta- tent que la Réputation des ressortissants camerounais s’est consi- dérablement dégradéeaucours des dix dernières années, les fai- sant souventpasser pour des individus évoluant dans le registre de l’escroquerie. Cette méconnaissance s’expliquepar la quasi- absence du Cameroun sur la scène politique internationale mais aussi dans l’actualité:depuis de nombreuses années, le pays n’intéressepas les journalistes étrangers. Il occupe pourtant une position centrale dans le golfe de Guinée, paradisdes compagnies pétrolières et minières. Avec un accès à la mer,des terres extrêmement fertiles dans des climats diversifiés, de grandes ressources naturelles et humaines, il est aussi l’un des États les mieux dotésducontinent africain. Les grandes puissances européennes ne s’y sont d’ailleurs pas trom- pées:plusieurs d’entre elles l’ont fortement convoité,sibien qu’il aeuàsubir trois colonisateursdifférents avant d’être le seul territoire d’Afrique subsaharienne occupé par la France à connaître une guerre de libération, passéesous silence dans les manuels d’Histoire des écoliers français et camerounais. -
Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon (African Historical
HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF AFRICA Edited by Jon Woronoff 1. Cameroon, by Victor T. Le Vine and Roger P. Nye. 1974. Out of print. See No. 48. 2. The Congo, 2nd ed., by Virginia Thompson and Richard Adloff. 1984. Out of print. See No. 69. 3. Swaziland, by John J. Grotpeter. 1975. 4. The Gambia, 2nd ed., by Harry A. Gailey. 1987. Out of print. See No. 79. 5. Botswana, by Richard P. Stevens. 1975. Out of print. See No. 70. 6. Somalia, by Margaret F. Castagno. 1975. Out of print. See No. 87. 7. Benin (Dahomey), 2nd ed., by Samuel Decalo. 1987. Out of print. See No. 61. 8. Burundi, by Warren Weinstein. 1976. Out of print. See No. 73. 9. Togo, 3rd ed., by Samuel Decalo. 1996. 10. Lesotho, by Gordon Haliburton. 1977. Out of print. See No. 90. 11. Mali, 3rd ed., by Pascal James Imperato. 1996. Out of print. See No. 107. 12. Sierra Leone, by Cyril Patrick Foray. 1977. 13. Chad, 3rd ed., by Samuel Decalo. 1997. 14. Upper Volta, by Daniel Miles McFarland. 1978. 15. Tanzania, by Laura S. Kurtz. 1978. 16. Guinea, 3rd ed., by Thomas O’Toole with Ibrahima Bah-Lalya. 1995. Out of print. See No. 94. 17. Sudan, by John Voll. 1978. Out of print. See No. 53. 18. Rhodesia/Zimbabwe, by R. Kent Rasmussen. 1979. Out of print. See No. 46. 19. Zambia, 2nd ed., by John J. Grotpeter, Brian V. Siegel, and James R. Pletcher. 1998. Out of print. See No. 106. 20. Niger, 3rd ed., by Samuel Decalo.