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  Figure 5.53HWHU7LOOHPDQµ9LHZRI1RUWKDPSWRQIURP4XHHQ(OHDQRU¶V&URVV¶F  5.22 The character of the open field landscape to the south of Delapré Abbey, at least as it was in 1721, is given on Tillemans’ Prospect of Northampton (see figure 5.5 above). This

The site of the Battle of Northampton, 1460 42 16 June 2014 shows a dense line of trees along the edge of the meadow, especially around the Abbey itself, but this may have been largely a result of early modern planting by the Tates around their country house. There are also trees along what appears to be the course of the Fulbrook or Moor Dyke, while on the west of the London Road is a hedged enclosure which is probably the Grange Close (Bailey 1996, 120-1). Thus the character of this landscape as seen in 1721 is likely to be somewhat more wooded than it had been in 1460.

Landscape following the Enclosure Act of 1765

5.23 The open field system of Hardingstone East End and West End fields were enclosed together by Parliamentary Act in 1765, creating a new landscape of hedged fields. At this date there were already groups of ancient enclosure around the village of Hardingstone, the Cottons and at Delapré Abbey (figure 4.3). The remainder of the two townships were still open field with extensive meadows along the Nene. The exact land use within the open fields at this date, i.e. how much of it was arable and how much had been laid to permanent grass, is uncertain. However, the greatest investment and expansion of the park came after the estate was purchased by Edward Bouverie.

5.24 Bouverie enclosed Hardingstone a year after purchasing the estate. The extent of ancient enclosure shown in figure 5.3 is compiled from a reconstruction of the award using the 1767 estate map as a guide (Partida et al 2013).

5.25 As the major landholder, Bouverie’s influence would have dominated the post enclosure landscape, affecting the pattern of hedged fields for the tenant farms but most clearly seen in the layout of Delapré park. The 1767 map shows that only two years after enclosure the creation of the newly designed landscape was well under way. There are plantations of trees around most of the park perimeter, especially along the London Road, as well as numerous clumps of trees and dispersed trees throughout the park. The park is bounded on the north, west and east by roads, and on the south against Hardingstone village by spinneys and Hill Close. It was thus at this time that the broad character of the landscape was established which was maintained until the major changes of the later 20th century.

5.26 The next map, undated but from circa 1769, is an estate map made for Bouverie called ‘Map and Survey of Delapré Farm’13. It depicts the full extent of the park with a few adjacent closes. There is little change in the features shown within the park compared to the map of 1767. A stream with associated planting forms a natural north-east/south-west division of the grounds. To the west of the stream is marked ‘The Park’ and to the east ‘The Great Lawn’. Of note is the name change of Hill Close on the 1767 map to Cross Close in 1769, due to its proximity to the Eleanor Cross, demonstrating the way that landscape names can change over time. In the medieval period this area was simply called ‘Middle Furlong’, showing that significant features in the landscape, which the Cross undoubtedly is, are not always reflected in local topographical names. Similar problems may also arise with regard to a battle and the local memory thereof.

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The Battle of Northampton is unique as the only occasion during the Wars of the Roses when a fortified camp was successfully attacked. Substantial fieldwork defences were constructed by the Lancastrians, but these were breached when Lord Grey laid down arms and allowed Yorkist soldiers to enter the encampment. The failure of artillery during heavy rain may have been another contributing factor in the defeat of the Lancastrians. Tens of thousands of troops were involved in the battle and although the main action is said to have been short, many Lancastrians died in the swollen River Nene during the subsequent rout.”   The Cluniac Nunnery   7KH&OXQLDF1XQQHU\EHORQJHGWRWKH$EEH\RI&OXQ\LQ%XUJXQG\)UDQFHZKLFKZDVD UHIRUPLVWPRYHPHQWRIWKH%HQHGLFWLQH2UGHU7KH1RUPDQVZHUHJUHDWDGPLUHUVRIWKH 2UGHUDQGIRXQGHGWKHILUVWPRQDVWHU\LQ(QJODQGDW/HZHV6XVVH[LQ)HPDOHVZHUH DGPLWWHGWRWKH2UGHULQWKHODWHWKFHQWXU\DQGWZRQXQQHULHVZHUHIRXQGHGILUVWDW 1RUWKDPSWRQDQGWKHQ\HDUVODWHUDW$UWKLQJWRQ

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14 Bibliography   :$GNLQV'5\ODQGDQG506HUMHDQWVRQ HGV The Victoria History of the County of Northampton     %$%DLOH\Northamptonshire in the Early 18th Century: The Drawings of Tillemans & Others     1%DUUFlodden, 1513 6WURXG    -%ULGJHVThe History and Antiquities of Northamptonshire     $(%URZQDQG*)RDUGThe Making of a County History: John Bridges' Northamptonshire /HLFHVWHU    5:%URZQ“Nun” Mills, Alias “Quyn Johns”, Northampton,1RUWKDPSWRQVKLUH1DWXUDO +LVWRU\6RFLHW\ )LHOG&OXE  9ROS   9(&KDQFHOORUMaster and Artisan in Victorian England'RFXPHQWVRI6RFLDO+LVWRU\ 6HULHVHGLWHGE\$QWKRQ\$GDPV$XJXVWXV.HOO\ 1HZ

The site of the Battle of Northampton, 1460 97 16 June 2014  73DUWLGD'+DOODQG*)RDUGAn Atlas of Northamptonshire: the Medieval and Early Modern Landscape 2[IRUG    /)6DO]PDQ HG  Victoria History of the County of Northampton      6HUMHDQWVRQ50  A History of Delapré Abbey1RUWKDQWV1DWXUDO+LVWRU\6RFLHW\ )LHOG&OXE9RO    06WULFNODQGDQG5+DUG\The Great Warbow: From Hastings to the Mary Rose 6WURXG     7/6XWKHUODQGThe Archaeological Investigation of the Towton BattlefieldLQ9)LRUDWR %R\OVWRQ$DQG.QXVHO& HG Blood Red Roses: The Archaeology of a Mass Grave from the Battle of Towton AD 1461 2[IRUG    7/6XWKHUODQGThe Battle of Agincourt: An Alternative Location?-RXUQDORI&RQIOLFW $UFKDHRORJ\     %7KRUGHPDQArmour from the Battle of Wisby     77KRUQWRQThe Battle of Sandeford: Henry Tudor's Understanding of the Meaning of Bosworth Field+LVWRULFDO5HVHDUFK     -:DNHDQG3:DNH Delapré Abbey, Its History and Architecture, Northamptonshire Past & Present  

The site of the Battle of Northampton, 1460 98 16 June 2014