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Drivers of Shoreline Changes in the Northern Tuamotu Reef Islands, French Polynesia

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Drivers of Shoreline Changes in the Northern Tuamotu Reef Islands, French Polynesia DRIVERS OF SHORELINE CHANGES IN THE NORTHERN TUAMOTU REEF ISLANDS, FRENCH POLYNESIA Virginie DUVAT, UMR LIENSs 7266, University of la Rochelle-CNRS, France & Bernard SALVAT, USR 3278, EPHE CNRS UPVD, Perpignan-Moorea, France 13 TH INTERNATIONAL CORAL REEF SYMPOSIUM – 19-24 June 2016, Honolulu, Hawai’i 1. STUDY AREA Ø 111 reef islands distributed among four atolls located between 14°51’S and 15°30’S Ø Contras[ng geomorphic (size, shape, structure) and human features (urbanised vs. uninhabited and unexploited islands) Ø Including the islands concentrang human assets, i.e. major infrastructures, main villages and economic ac[vi[es 2 176,273 ha, 241 islands Avatoru urban area, Rangiroa Atoll Land area: 66 km2 2,567 inhab. Tourism, fishing, 44,885 ha Agriculture 30 km2 540 inhab. Tourism, fishing Tuherahera village, Tikehau Atoll 8 densely populated islands concentrang most human assets Main village (Tuherahera) and nearby islets (14 islands) 3 4,735 ha, 13 islands (2 > 300 ha) South-eastern side of Mataiva Atoll Land area: 17 km2 272 inhab. Tourism and agriculture 11,735 ha, 20 km2 1,256 inhab. South-western side of Takaroa Atoll Pearl farming 4 Atoll Date Image Scale 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS type 17-18/10/1966 B/W aerial 1: 10,000 20/10/1981 B/W aerial 1:15,000 Rangiroa 27/03/1984 B/W aerial 1:15,000 Ø Aerial imagery (33- to 52-y [me period) 26/09/1998 Color aerial 1:15,000 01/10/2013 Pleiades SI 1962 B/W aerial 1:10,000 1. Georeferencing of aerial photographs, using ground 20/10/1981 B/W aerial 1:5,000 control points extracted from the 2013/2014 high-resolu[on Tikehau 27/03/1984 B/W aerial 1:15,000 satellite images (RMS error: 0,26-1,72 m) 26/09/1998 Color aerial 1:15,000 22/08/2014 Pleiades SI / 04/02/1976 B/W aerial 1:5,000 04/02/1976 B/W aerial 1:10,000 Mataiva 27/03/1984 B/W aerial 1:15,000 13/11/1994 Color aerial 1:15,000 01/11/2013 Pleiades SI / 08/03/1969 B/W aerial 1:20,000 21/10/1981 B/W aerial 1:25,000 21/10/1981 B/W aerial 1:8,000 Takaroa 22/10/1984 B/W aerial 1:30,000 01/03/1995 Color aerial 1:15,000 01/03/1995 Color aerial 1:4,000 01/10/2013 Pleiades SI / B/W photographs: Topographic Section of the Town Planning Division of the Government of French Polynesia; Pléiades satellite imagery 2013 and 2014 from the French National Centre for Spatial Studies (CNES) 5 2. Digi[zaon of the “stability line” (SL) + base of the beach (BB) SL: seaward edge of the vegetaon or of the stabilised beach ridge in non-vegetated areas along natural coastline; seaward edge of human-built structures along modified coastline Vegetaon line Base of the beach Stability line B/W photographs: Topographic Section of the Town Planning Division of the Government of French Polynesia; Pléiades satellite imagery 2013 and 2014 from the French National Centre for Spatial Studies (CNES) 6 3. Total shoreline posi[on error (image resolu[on + georeferencing + shoreline digi[zaon): <4 m (±4 m = stable) 4. Generaon of shoreline change stas[cs using DSAS extension (NSM + EPR) 7 Ø Coral reef data collected since the beginning of the 1980s 1986 1. Detailed descripons of the impacts of the 1983 TCs on the Laboute reef outer slopes (% of coral destruc[on, processes at work), based on the comparison of pre- and post-cyclone data -Vivien and 2. Coral reef monitoring data collected since the establishment of Harmelin permanent staons in the early 1990s -Vivien 1985, and Harmelin 1985, Laboute from Modified 8 Ø Informaon on the impacts of the 1983 TCs on shoreline posion and island morphology 9 Ø Generaon of data on human pressures (coastal developments, engineered structures, mining, dredging in reef flats, etc.), based on image analysis and fieldwork Reclamaon Sand mining in Dredging dunes MATAIVA ATOLL TAKAROA ATOLL Uninhabited south-eastern Capital island part of the atoll 10 3. RESULTS CHANGES IN ATOLL AND REEF ISLAND LAND AREA - No significant change in the total net land area of the study atolls (-1.12 to +1.66%) - 78 (77 %) islands exhibited no significant change in area, while 15 islands (15 %) increased and 8 islands (8 %) decreased in size - The smallest islands recorded the highest rates of change (±14.64% per decade) - 7 out of the 8 islands that decreased in area are very small (<3 ha); and the islets that disappeared were [ny (<0.6 ha) - All of the islands (16) larger than 50 ha were stable in area, including 5 capital islands out of 6 Reef islands are robust landforms 11 CHANGES IN SHORELINE AND ISLAND POSITION - Ocean shorelines are more dynamic than lagoon shorelines: 33 islands (31 %) showed changes in ocean shoreline posi[on – 19 advance/14 retreat- vs. 11 Lagoon islands (10%) showed changes in lagoon shoreline posi[on – 5 advance/6 retreat - 90 islands (85 %) were stable in posiCon while 16 islands (15 %) migrated Lagoonward migraon - MigraCng islands: 10 islands <5 ha; 3 islands are 5<x<10 ha; 3 islands are SE Takaroa Atoll 15.7<x<36.2 ha. The largest islands (>60 ha) are the most stable in posiCon - Lagoonward migraon: 5 islands out of 6 are located on the southern and Lagoon south-eastern margins of Tikehau, Mataiva and Takaroa atolls, sugges[ng that the trade winds contribute to island migraon - Oceanward migraon: 9 islands out of 10 are located on the south-western side of Takaroa Atoll Oceanward migraon SW Takaroa Atoll Most reef islands are stable in posiCon 12 DRIVERS OF SHORELINE CHANGE - Sea-level rise - Storms: TCs + distant source swells - Coral reefs - Human disturbances Becker et al., 2012 Northern Tuamotu: 2.5 ± 0.5 mm > Majuro, Tarawa, but < Funafu[ 13 (9/03/83 - 6hUTC) na 0 50km 100km e e a V v (11/04/83 - 18hUTC) Ahe 1983 TCs Re 8 - 9m (Reva) 10m STABILITY LINE (Veena) 7- 8m (Veena) a am 15°S Mataiva Tikehau Or Ta TAKAROA 2 TC category 4m (23/02/83 - 18hUTC) (SS scale) (Orama) 2 4m Rangiroa (Veena) 2 Ve li 9m 2 (Orama) 3 5m Stability line (Veli) 3 Ta 3 15°.50'S (01/02/98 Makateate 3 12hUTC) 149W 148°W Position toutes les 6 heures Vitesse de Direction et hauteur de et vitesse des vents moyens 1 déplacement 2 la houle significative 3 4m 60 à 70 noeuds < 10km/h (Veena) 70 à 80 noeuds 10 à 20km/h Principaux villages 4 80 à 90 noeuds 20 à 30km/h < 100 habitants 100 à 700 hab. 90 à 100 noeuds >30km/h > 700 habitants Impacts of the 1983 TCs Reva (March) and Veena (April) on Mataiva Atoll 14 (9/03/83 - 6hUTC) na 0 50km 100km e e a V v Ahe Re (11/04/83 - 18hUTC) Impacts of the 1983 TCs Orama (February) and Veena (April) on 8 - 9mRangiroa Atoll (Reva) 10m (Veena) 7- 8m (Veena) a Study area am 15°S Mataiva Tikehau Or 4m (23/02/83 - 18hUTC) (Orama) 4m Rangiroa (Veena) Ve li 9m (Orama) 5m (Veli) 0 1 km Islands Average changes in the Average changes in the posion of the Stability posion of the Base of the Makateate 15°.50'S Line (m) Beach(01/02/98 (m) 1 Erosion (-10.85) Stable to accre[on (3.61)12hUTC) 2 Erosion (-8.25) Stable (1.15) 3 Erosion (-8.06) Stable (2.38) 4 Erosion (-12.49)149W Stable (-0.83) 148°W 7 Erosion (-7.18) Accre[on (+9.30) Position8 Stable (-2.42) toutes les 6 heuresAccre[on (+8.05) Vitesse de Direction et hauteur de etChanges in shoreline posiQon on the ocean coast vitesse des vents moyens 1 déplacement 2 la houle significative 3 Marked retreat of the Stability Line: erosional impact of the cyclonic waves 4m 60 à 70 noeuds < 10km/h 15 (Veena) 70 à 80 noeuds 10 à 20km/h Principaux villages 4 80 à 90 noeuds 20 à 30km/h < 100 habitants 100 à 700 hab. 90 à 100 noeuds >30km/h > 700 habitants (9/03/83 - 6hUTC) na 0 50km 100km e e a V v (11/04/83 - 18hUTC) Ahe Re (9/03/83 - 6hUTC) na 0 50km 100km BASE OF THE BEACH e e a V v (11/04/83 - 18hUTC) Ahe 8 - 9m Re (Reva) Base of the beach 10m 8 - 9m (Veena) 7- 8m (Reva) 10m (Veena) (Veena) 7- 8m (Veena) a a am am 15°S Mataiva 15°S Mataiva Tikehau Or Tikehau Or 4m (23/02/83 - 18hUTC) 4m (23/02/83 - 18hUTC) (Orama) 4m Rangiroa (Orama) (Veena) 4m Rangiroa Ve (Veena) li 9m (Orama) 5m Ve (Veli) li 9m (Orama) 15°.50'S (01/02/98 Makateate 5m 12hUTC) (Veli) 149W 148°W 15°.50'S (01/02/98 Makateate Position toutes les 6 heures Vitesse de Direction et hauteur de 1 2 3 12hUTC) et vitesse des vents moyens déplacement la houle significative 4m 60 à 70 noeuds < 10km/h (Veena) 149W 148°W 70 à 80 noeuds 10 à 20km/h Principaux villages 4 80 à 90 noeuds 20 à 30km/h < 100 habitants Position toutes les 6 heures Vitesse de Direction et hauteur de 100 à 700 hab. 1 2 3 90 à 100 noeuds >30km/h et vitesse des vents moyens déplacement la houle significative > 700 habitants 4m 60 à 70 noeuds < 10km/h (Veena) 70 à 80 noeuds 10 à 20km/h Principaux villages 4 80 à 90 noeuds 20 à 30km/h < 100 habitants 100 à 700 hab.
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