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Finnish-Estonian Codeswitching in Interaction

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Finnish-Estonian Codeswitching in Interaction Department of Finnish, Finno-Ugrian and Scandinavian Studies University of Helsinki Finnish-Estonian Codeswitching in Interaction Maria Frick Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, by due permission of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Helsinki in auditorium XII, on the 28th of September, 2013 at 12 o’clock. Helsinki, 2013 1 Supervisors: Ritva Laury Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen Anna Verschik Pre-examiners: Helena Halmari Renate Pajusalu ISBN 978-952-10-9018-9 (paperback) ISBN 978-952-10-9019-6 (PDF) Alfapress Tallinn 2013 2 Emergent Bilingual Constructions: Finnish-Estonian Codeswitching in Interaction Maria Frick, University of Helsinki, Finland This study investigates codeswitching by Finns who live in Estonia. It draws from spoken and written interactional data where mainly Finnish is used, but where the participants also employ their Estonian resources. The articles in the study focus on a selection of grammatical and discourse-related phenomena, namely the formation of compound nouns, codeswitching in reported speech, conversational sequence closings, and the functions of codeswitching in social media. The introductory article provides a general overview of codeswitching in the data: patterns of forming bilingual constructions, their emergence in the flow of conversation and their consequences in interaction. The theoretical framework of the study comes from the field of interactional linguistics, drawing from conversation analysis as well as construction grammar and contact linguistics. The data consist of ca. 900 cases of Finnish-Estonian codeswitching in audio- and videorecorded conversations, email messages, and writings in social media, which were all collected in 2002-2012 from Finns who had lived in Estonia for up to 17 years at the time of recording. An internet-based survey and the researcher’s field notes gave additional sociolinguistic background data. The data show that Estonian lexical forms and meanings are employed in Finnish contexts, that the case assignment of phrasal and clausal constructions may be mixed, and that the speakers sometimes use Estonian-like word order. Two shapes are described that often attract codeswitching in one- or multi-word constructions. The first one (named ravioli in the study) are bilingual homophones whose form is similar, although not necessarily identical, in the two languages, but whose meaning differs. These constructions attract semantic borrowing so that they are used in their Finnish form but Estonian meaning. It is argued that especially in the case of verbs, this kind of switching can happen below the level of consciousness. The second shape (named farfalle) are bipartite constructions such as noun-noun compounds, existential and subject complement clauses and voicing constructions, where one of the parts specifies, modifies, characterises or demonstrates that which is identified in the other part. In them, the switch happens in between the parts, typically so that the part doing specification, characterisation, modification or demonstration is in Estonian. Interactional linguists understand grammar to be emergent in interaction, for the needs of the on-going situation (although based on speakers’ memories of past interactional situations and modification of constructions they have priorly used or heard). This view is supported by findings of sequentially motivated codeswitching in the data. Codeswitching is a heteroglossic device that speakers use for indirect evaluation, social indexing, and distancing themselves from what is said. This characteristic makes it a useful resource for stance taking in different sequences and sequential positions, including in narratives, assessment sequences and sequence closings. Codeswitching is also used for tying utterances to previous ones, and for the modification of an utterance that is repeated. Usually codeswitching helps further the participants’ interactional projects, but in some cases it becomes an obstacle that results in side sequences and disalignment, disaffiliation or even teasing. 3 Harvey Sacks (1995(I): 462) on kertonut havainnostaan, ett tapahtumista puhutaan usein mainitsemalla vain paikka: "So, for example, people will say ’I'm going to the bathroom,’ where the place reference serves to indicate … the activity or class of activities … done there". Tm vitskirja syntyi siten, ett kvin Virossa, Tarton yliopistossa, Frat! Fennicassa, laivalla, Helsingin yliopiston suomen kielen laitoksella, taas laivalla, tiss Tartossa, tartonsuomalaisten saunailloissa Tampere-majalla, Romaniassa, kirjastoissa, seminaareissa, konferensseissa, lentokentill ja luentosaleissa, bussissa, junassa, Tvrminness, Tallinnassa, Turussa, Oulussa, Joensuussa, Jyväskylss, Budapestiss, Berliiniss, Billnsiss, tutkijakoulu Langnetissa, Lammilla, kursseilla, vastaanotoilla, Metstalossa, keskusteluntutkimuksen datasessioissa, Facebookissa ja shkpostilaatikolla, kokouksissa, kahveilla, kytävill, kvelyill, lounailla, lukupiireiss, työhuoneella, projektitapaamisissa, työpajoissa ja symposiumeissa. Jatkuvasti menossa, ja aina uusissa keskusteluissa on tm ty syntynyt. Eik se tietenkn ole yksin minun työni, vaan kaikkien tartonsuomalaisten sek koko laajan tutkijayhteisn: kaikkien niiden ihmisten, joiden sanoista olen thn ammentanut. Ensimminen kiitokseni kuuluukin tämän työn ppuhuhille – teille tartonsuomalaisille, jotka rohkeasti suostuitte kuvattaviksi ja nauhoitettaviksi milloin kodeissanne, milloin saunailloissanne ja muissa tapaamisissa. Teidn panoksenne ansiosta saimme vironsuomalaisten kielest tutkimustietoa, joka tulee tallennettujen keskustelujen pohjalta karttumaan viel tämn tyn valmistuttuakin. Kiitos! Samuti tänan eestlastest osavõtjaid sek teit 166 vironsuomalaista, jotka osallistuitte verkkokyselyyn, ja teit, jotka annoitte luvan kytt shkpostiviestejänne ja Facebook-pivityksinne tutkimukseen! Minulla on ollut onni saada työskennell ympristss, jossa on erittin vahvaa osaamista vuorovaikutuslingvistiikan, kielikontaktien, keskustelunanalyysin ja konstruktiokieliopin alalta. Kuinka monta tohtoria ja tohtorikoulutettavaa sitten oikein tarvitaan tekemään yksi väitöskirja? Tmän tekemiseen tarvittiin monta! Vitöskirjaprosessin alusta asti tarvittiin Ritva Laurya, joka toimi työn pohjaajana lukien ja tukien kaikkia sen vaiheita asiantuntemuksella ja antaumuksella. Ritva oli ensimmäinen oppaani vuorovaikutuslingvistiikan ihmeelliseen maailmaan, erityisesti emergenttiin kielioppiin, projektioon ja lauseyhdistelmiin. Hän myös loi tämn(kin) työn toteutumista varten puitteet perustamassaan FiDiPro-tutkimusryhmss Kielioppi ja vuorovaikutus: kielellisten toimintojen kytkökset puheessa ja kirjoituksessa, josta sain paitsi nelivuotisen rahoituksen, myös viikoittaista tieteellist antia, joka edisti väitöskirjan synty. Kiitos, Ritva! Itse FiDiPro – Finland Distinguished Professor – oli tietysti Elizabeth Couper Kuhlen, who became my supervisor in the second year. Betty’s thoughts on contextualisation and voicing were crucial for this work, and she was one of the people who, during these years, kept opening up new angles of approach to interaction. The careful reader will notice her influence throughout the introductory part and the latest articles. Thank you, Betty! FiDiPro-hankkeessa meit väitöskirjantekijit ehti olla useita. Marjo Savijrven ajatukset kaksikielisest kierrtyksest nkyvt työssni. Marjo jatkoi työprosessini tukemista viel väiteltynkin ollen aina valmis kuuntelemaan, keskustelemaan ja palauttamaan minut maan pälle milloin aineiston liian innokkaista tulkinnoista, milloin orastavasta väitöskirja-ahdistuksesta. Aina silloin tällöin hn huomasi muistuttaa, ett 4 meritoitua voi myös meren rannalla, ja ett jatko-opiskelijan kuuluu kyd jatkoilla. Vaikka aiheemme olivat erilaisia, muidenkin projektikumppanien tutkimuksissa oli yhtymkohtia, jotka viikottaisten keskustelujen kautta muovasivat tät työt: mukana on ajatuksia Katariina Harjunpään tutkimasta kääntämisest, Aino Koiviston ja Heidi Vepslisen tutkimusalaan kuuluvista responsiivisista partikkeleista, Anna Vatasen tuntemasta pllekkispuhunnasta, Saija Merken tutkimista haastavista kysymyksist sek tietenkin referoinnista, jota Lauri Haapanenkin tarkastelee. Hanketta koordinoinut Marja Etelämki vaikutti työhön poikkeuksellisen kriittisen lukijana ja erityisesti muodon ja merkityksen suhteen pohtijana. Hänen ilmaan heittämns kysymys pienten ja suurten konstruktioiden saman- tai erilaisuudesta saa tss työss vain pienen himpun verran vastausta. Kaikille projektikumppaneille lmmin kiitos! Soomelahe lõunakaldal oli selle t juhendajaks Anna Verschik, koodivahetuse teooriate vsimatu vahendaja ja uuendaja, kes nitas oma eeskujul, et keelekontaktid vrivad jtkuvalt uurimist. Anna tutvustas mulle koodikopeerimise teooriat, mis on kaudselt mõjutanud seda td, ning temaga vestlesime muuhulgas diakroonilise ja sünkroonilise ning indiviidi ja sootsiumi keele kujunemise teemadel. Aitäh, Anna! Samankaltaisia kysymyksi oli pohtinut myös Helka Riionheimo, jonka kanssa kirjoitimme yhdess yhden tmän väitöskirjan artikkeleista – sek vaikka mit pytälaatikkoon. Aineistokokoelmiemme vertailun kautta muovautui ksitys vironsuomen puhujien monilähtöisist, emergenteist monikielisist repertuaareista. Kiitos yhteistyöst, Helka! Hanna Lanton kanssa kvimme pitki keskusteluja koodinvaihdosta, jonka eri puoliin psimme perehtymään jrjestämällmme kurssilla vierailleiden luennoitsijoiden ja viisaiden opiskelijoiden ansiosta. Olen saanut arvokkaita kommentteja tyhöni mys muilta monikielisten käytänteiden tutkijoilta, kuten Hanna-Ilona
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