Name: Luke lwipa

Subject: building construction

Date of submission: / /

Lecturer: DrBradley z duma

Question : build a stone ? TABLE OF CONTENTS introduction...... 1

How to build a natural ...... 1

Reconstituted stone wall...... …2

How to build a wall...... 3

Lay the base course...... 3

Build up the wall and mark the stone to cut...... 3

How to build a stone wall...... 4

Different between and dry stone walls...... 5

How to build a dry stone wall...... ….5

Local materials and styles...... 6

Set course of the wall...... 7

Dig trench with depth and width...... 7

Tamp down gravel...... 7

Place and level stones...... 8

Types of stone wall...... 9

Summary...... ,...... 10

References...... Introduction

A stone wall could be in a measure of a landscape projects, it could just want to make among holding the attention that which indicates wall. A adorning stone wall can really add personality to a garden whilst being involving basic and fundamental.

How to build a natural stone wall.

Prepare the footing as they could fora wall. The least quantity width of a double face freestanding stone wall is 45mm and the footing should continue by 120mm on both sides. The need to mark the footing to point out the line each face of the walls will follow.

Step 1: To join through the pile of stones and select carefully some similarcorner stones. If there are no obvious one's the shape of a stone by chipping it with a bricklayers hammerora stone axe. But make sure wearing propergloves and safety goggles is very necessary when doing the work.

Step 2: put mortaronto the footing and set a quoin at each end of it, on the marked line.

Act up filling in the line stone between the two ends use a combination of stones, they don't all have to be the some height.

Step 3: Build up the cornerand ends first, as they would, if you were laying bricks. Use a spirit level to ensure that the quoins are vertical. Again stretch a level line from one end of the wall to the other, 300mm to 400mm above the footing move the line up the wall. 1 Step 5: To carry on one- side of the wall up to a height of no more than 500mm, then go to the otherside orshift and build that side up in a rough manner, level with the first.

Use large stones known as jumpers, if like which will change the height of the course.

There is no need to work from one end to other.

Step 6: Meeting adequate standards wall ties no more than 900mm away from another on the horizontal plane and 450mm away from anotheron the vertical plane . fill the centre with mortarand small off cuts of stones wall.

Step 7: There are different ways to use to cut the stone wall. Including using slab or even brick one of the most familiarmethods is coch and hen capping, where could alternate upright large and small stones, which are usually , put in place with .

Before the mortaris completely dry, remove away any surplus with a travel and brush the stones with a medium soft banisterbrush.

Reconstituted stone wall: reconstituted stone wall comes in a wide range of colours, shapes, and size. The composition blocks were featuring here on interlocking which makes them very quick and easy to build.

Begin by extending mortaron the footing and laying orpreparing the first course. Build course by course and add mortarto all the joints with these interlocking orto unite by locking blocks, there is no need to build up ends and corners first. Extending mortaron the top course and are the reconstituted stone wall slabs orspecial copying stone.

2 How to build a rock wall

Prepare the footing: excavate a trench that is in a lowerplace the frost line and 2 feet widerthe wall. Line it with Framework and cape overlapped 12 inches at the seams, put a 6 inch layerof 3÷4 inch stone, and blasterit with a plate compactor. Make an addition and tamp orblastermore layers until the footing is about 8 inches undergrade.

About a foot beyond each end of a straight walls section drive two stakes, differently of the wall.

Lay the base course

Being joined in close association the stake with a masons line set just above grade place the first stone at a cornerwith its face grazing the line. Hence the next stone counterbalance the first face to face to the line, and so on unilt the course is set down according to a plan . mark on the orrepeat on the opposite side fill between the two rows with smallerstones, set flash with the top of the stone.

Build up the wall

Dislodge the line higherup the hazard and begin the next course from a corner. Dry fit each stone first to perceive by sight that the vertical joints are staggered and the outside face just touch the line. Remove the stone, spread a trawel full of mortaron the wall, and tamp the stone into it with a mallet. The face stones open edges should rest only on stone, not mortarso remove away any mortarthat squeeze out.

3 How to build a stone wall

Building with stone is one of the long duration, not new and most enduring arts of human culture. There are stone walls in Britain still standing that date back to 3500 BC.

These days, there are a lot simpler, cheaperand fasterways, to determine ourout door space, but Nome of them carry the exact characterorlook of a stone walls. That's the reason people still value them, whetherliving in the middle of a city orout on a farm.

The simplest component stone, gravity ingenuity still create, forsome of the people the most perfect solution. Talking about the exercise of the powerof choice available and decision to be made forbuilding, as well as the tools and materials which are necessary.

Mainly, on the dry stone technique, although these days almost any stone building projects contain as a part at least a bit . Mortered wall, which are constructed by applying a construction paste in between the stone as a fixative, are the othermajor option here and are very similarbut, the concentration mostly on the former.

Dry stone wall depend on entirely on gravity to keep theirenduring shape, and thus take more work to build properly. Fora day stone wall, the local stone should be a hard, flat, cleaving stone such as shale, orschist. Howeverlong angles meaning flat tops and bottoms, when possible, so look forstone that are naturally breaks into those shapes to ensure strength and durability of the finished project.

4 The difference between brick wall and dry stone walls

A brick wall is made from ordinary heap of exactly a like shape blocks locked together with a kind of clogging adhesive called mortar. A dry stone wall is much more natural, it a bit more than a vertical heap of stones laid togetherslowly and carefully so they lock togetherbelow theirown weight.

Brick wall need mortarto hold them up because some times they reach high in the air.

Dry stone walls, on the otherpart are used mainly forfencing in animals ormarking out the edges of a garden, so they don't often need to go higherthan 1- 1.5 meters. By selection the stones carefully and packing them tightly togetherwith very considerate plan making a really strong structure that completely self supporting. Apart from looking great, it will proved beautiful home forlivestock and habitants forrock plants.

How to build a dry stone wall

To make a dry stone wall to began with clearand level the ground to prepare the foundations. Then separate the heap into different sizes, typically with pile of large, medium and small stone, again stamp out the area where you will be building the wall with taught line of string, by marking chalk line on the ground, using wooden pile or keep, orin some otherway.

Once the area are marked forwalls, simply pile the stones up in flat layers. each layer consists of tightly packed stones with a mixture of a few large stone called tie stone.

5 Local materials and styles

The beautiful thing about dry stone walls is that they are usually built from local stones.

Using materials made locally is good forthe environment energy is not wasted, carrying from one place to anotherheavy overlong distances. It also helps place to continue to hold theirdistinctive character.

Dry stone wall built in one place may look very different from those built elsewhere , simply because the stone have not the some shape, size orcolor. In some places, the natural stone wall are like small cobbles and dry stone walls to bend back this elsewhere, the stone may be chipped from rocks in local to make biggerand square piece.

DissimilarWallerbuild in dissimilarstyle sometimes to sign theirwork and sometimes forotherreasons. Walls built up hills common use a style where the stones are package in at angles so theirweight prevent the structure from collapsing. Walls designed forlivestock common have a extending out above layerof stones nearthe top that help to stop sheep ordearfrom jumping over.

Something also that's very apparent is the sense that dry stone walls are a living feature of the land scape, forone reason oranotherthrough ground movement, strong winds and rain, orlivestock throw togetherin confusion against them forhome walls collapse from time to time and have to be rebuilt.

6 Set course of the wall

To prepare out the curve of the wall and to explains the area that needs to be dug out forthe trench orfoundation some otherthings that walls just fine are garden hole even a length rope. If the wall were to be straight, we could have used string and heap, but the hole workers great forlying out a curved wall.

Dig trench with depth and width

Subsequently, lying out the markerextension cord, it's moment to dig out the trench skin off any grass, and set the dirt of the trench aside forafteruse. If the wall is going to be long, a back hole ortillerschedule can be a back serving investment, but since this wall is not going to be all that long, the long handled shovels and some good old having a certain style sweat get the work done.

Advantageous rule of thumb when digging the trench is to dig it about 6 deep and fill it with about 3- 4 of fill gravel. Press down tightly to a about 2, to fix the boundaries of the width of the trench add 6 to the width of the stones you are using. This makes it possible to place stones with 2 left up front and 4 left behind.

Tampa down gravel. The trench is the solid foundation on which to build a wall, so make sure that the fill gravel is put into the trench and actually press down tightly until it is compacted and level. To prss down tightly as solidly as important they will need to use a tamper. there are two types a hand and powertampers.

7 Place and level stones

Put the stones so that they tough side by side, they should be fairly snug as they are press down. Lay it on the line each stone as it's put in, use a torpedo level to check the side to side level of the stones as well as the front to back level.use the gravel to help level the stone, finish the first course of stones.

Saw odd stones

It may be important to cut some of the stones as the wall comes togetherthat is where the wet saw comes into play. The wet saw is the precisely accurate tool to income when building a retaining wall with its , it cut the stones pleasing without being striking easily. But if they are going to be cutting only a few stones,that can be done with a hammerand mosons as well.

Put in drainage with PVC pipes

Now that the first row of stones in get ready to put into the drainage in the wall. The first step is to add gravel to the back of the first run of stones. Put into the trench and press down lightly, the gravel performed as an aid in drainage.

PVC drainage is laid on top of the gravel with the drain holes facing down to evenly make available the draining water. It runs the length of the wall and out into the yard.

The end will be connected with PVC pipe to let out forthe drainage. This serves the purpose of moving waterany from the wall to reduce to a minimum any damage.

8 Types of stone walls

There are many types of dry stone walls. J ust to mention the few, dry stone wall, single dry stone wall, and double dry stone wall.

Single dry stone walls. This types of wall occurs, in a typical manner, between field and also along roadside and bohreans. These walls are only one stone in thickness and are usually triangularin cross section ora sample ment to be representative of a whole, with the largest stones at the deep down graduating to smallerstones on top. Any available aboriginal field stone was and is, used. They may at times be rounded in shape from past resembling performance, orlong and flat, and laid on theirends as seen in some area

There is no foundation, they are built expressly on the ground common the dismissal of the top soil and the height rarely exceeds 1.5 meters. This type of wall is common in some area and is quite established if well built. The wind speed across the land is lowerin grade as the wind is broken up orfragmented when passing through the aperture between stones, unlike a solid wall which can increase.

Double dry stone walls

These are built with two faces tied togetherwith through stones. Stone foundations when provided are rarely laid deep and no consideration is allowed forfrost heave as unlike a mortared wall, such movement has a bit orno effect on a double dry stone wall.

9 Summary and conclusion

This sharp explosive sound about the dry laid walls and the land scape projects, such as build a natural stone wall, reconstituted stone wall, build a rock wall, build a stone wall, build a dry stone wall and different between bricks walls and dry stone walls.

The introduction to what can be make distinction and recognizable as a hand book for building stone walls is an ability to perform well through short article about the common types of stones and stone walls.

The art of decorative design and handicraft of stones seems to be dying since there is a bit demand fortraditional handcrafts in the modern building industry.

10 References.

1. Danagher, Kevin. 's Traditional House. 1991.

2. Evans, E. Estyn. Irish folkways. Dundalk 1989.

3. Erik Bjorkqvist, Thobias Danielson Ekberg, Niklas, J imi karlsson.

4. Lindstrom M, Lundqvist T. Sveriges geologi, Frau urtid till nutid andra upplagan.

2001.

5.Saron, J saaremaa ja Muhu talude ajalooliselt tarastusest.