Exploration Geophysics: a Review

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Exploration Geophysics: a Review FREDERICK E. ROMBERG Box 35463, Dallas, Texas Exploration Geophysics: A Review Abstract: The art of exploration geophysics is re- The instruments and devices used by exploration viewed with reference to classical and current lit- geophysics have in general surpassed its fundamental erature. Its main features are described, the state of needs. In 1930 the reflection seismograph was un- instrumentation and theory in it is discussed, and tested, and the field gravity meter was not in- the problems it has yet to solve are examined. vented, although they were clearly needed, and Exploration geophysics is both a science and an their prototypes, the refraction seismograph and industry. As a science it draws on its parent sciences the torsion balance, were plainly inadequate. Now of physics and geology, and it has a reciprocal rela- it is possible to take almost any geophysical meas- tionship with its sister disciplines of seismology and urements found desirable, and the instrumental geodesy. Since its predictions often cannot be veri- problem is usually to take them faster and with fied, it lacks one indispensable ingredient of science lighter and more dependable gear. —the power of self criticism. It also suffers because The present frontiers of the art are not in the ob- its discoveries are proprietary and therefore often serving of data but in their interpretation and ap- not published to be built on or challenged. In spite plication to the search for minerals. The interpreta- of these handicaps, its scientific status is rising. tion of seismic records is still in a relatively primi- More trained workers than ever before are in the tive form. How far it will be developed in the field, and their publications are of better quality. future depends on how acutely it is needed, but it As an industry, exploration geophysics has long is not easy to see the end of the data-processing had the financial support that public funding has techniques that are now being studied. The interpre- only recently given to science in general. It has tation of gravimetric, magnetic, electrical, and served the demand for mineral discoveries well, but radioactivity observations still requires personal has sometimes failed to give the best possible sup- skill, although automatic computing techniques port to its clients through lack of rapport between have been applied to the first two types. those who study problems and those who make de- cisions about them. Resume: L'auteur passe en revue 1'art de Pexplora- services dans la decouverte de ressources mmerales, tion geophysique d'apres les travaux classiques et mais n'a pas toujours pu donner le meilleur appui a contemporains. 11 en decnt les principaux caracteres, cause des divergences de vue qui separent ceux qui discute de 1'etat actuel de ['instrumentation et de etudient les problemes de ceux qui prennent les la theorie et examine les problemes qui restent a decisions a leur sujet. resoudre. Les instruments et techniques utilises par la La geophysique d'exploration est a la fois une geophysique d'exploration ont en general devance science et une Industrie. Comme science elle s'appuie ses besoins fondamentaux. En 1930, le seismographe sur les sciences meres de la physique et de la a reflexion n'avait meme pas etc mis a 1'epreuve et geologie, et a des rapports etroits avec les disciplines les appareils de mesure du champ de la pesanteur soeurs de la seismologie et de la geodesie. Parceque n'etaient pas inventes, et pourtant le besom s'en ses predictions ne peuvent pas souvent etre veri- faisait sentir, et leurs prototypes, le seismographe a fiees, il lui manque un element indispensable a la refraction et la balance a torsion, etaient manifeste- science, le pouvoir de se cntiquer soi-meme. Elle ment insuffisants. De nos jours on peut faire presque souffre aussi du fait que ses decouvertes sont n'importe quelle mesure geophysique qui soil soumiscs aux droits de la propnete, et ne sont done souhaitable, et le probleme des instruments se pas generalement rendues publiques, done ne reduit a accelerer les mesures et a alleger et rendre peuvent pas etre utihsees, ou mises en question. plus precis les appareils. Malgre de tels handicaps, son rang dans le monde Les limites actuelles de 1'art ne resident pas dans scientifique s'eleve. De plus en plus de chercheurs 1'observation des faits, mais dans leur interpretation exerces s'y adonnent et la qualite de leurs publica- et dans leur application a la recherche des mineraux. tions s'ameliore. L'interpretation des donnees seismiques est encore En qualite d'industne, la geophysique d' explora- a un stade assez primitif. Son developpement futur tion recoit depuis longtemps 1'appui financier que dependra de 1'urgence des besoins, mais on voit mal les finances publiques n'ont que recemment accorde ou aboutiront les techniques d'analyse des donnees a la science en general. Elle a rendu de grands actuellement a 1'etude. L'interpretation des donnees Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 72, p. 883-932, 19 figs., June 1961 883 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/72/6/883/3416890/i0016-7606-72-6-883.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 884 F. E. ROMBERG-EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICS d'observation gravimetriques, magnetiques, elec- iques de calcul commencent a etre employees dans triques et radioactives demande encore un talent les 2 premiers cas. personnel, quoique des techniques mecanograph- Resumen: Se hace una resena del arte de la geo- estrecha entre los que estudian los problemas y los fisica exploratoria con referencia a la literatura que toman las decisiones sobre ellos. clasica y actuel. Se describen sus aspectos principales, Los instrumentos y equipo usados en la geofisica se discute el estado de la instrumentacion y de la exploratoria en general, han sobrepasado las teoria y se examinan los problemas que se tienen necesidades fundamentales. En 1930, el sismografo aun por resolver. de refleccion no se habia probado y el gravimetro La geofisica exploratoria es tanto una ciencia de campo no se habia inventado, aunque eran como una industria. Como ciencia, depende de las altamente necesitados, y sus prototipos, el sismo- ciencias originadoras, como la fisica y la geologi'a, y grafo de refraccion y la balanza de torsion, eran tiene relaciones reciprocas con las disciplinas her- claramente inadecuados. Actualmente es posible manas, que son la sismologia y la geodesia. Debido tomar casi cualquier medicion geofisica que se a que sus pronosticos a menudo no pueden ser desee, y el problema instrumental generalmente comprobados, carece de un ingrediente indispen- consiste en reducir el tiempo necesario para tomar sable de una ciencia, o sea la fuerza de la autocritica. la mediciones, disminuir el peso del equipo y Sufre tambien la inconveniencia de que sus des- hacerlo mas seguro. cubrimientos son de naturaleza privada y pocas Las fronteras actuales de este arte no se encuen- veces se publican, evitando asi que se aprovechen en tran en la observacion de los datos, sino en su trabajos nuevos o se critiquen. A pesar de estas interpretacion y aplicacion en la busqueda de desventajas, su posicion cientifica esta subiendo. Un minerales. La interpretacion de registros si'smicos numero mayor que nunca de investigadores esta aiin en una forma primitiva. Que tan lejos se capacitados se encuentran en esta profesion, y sus desarrollara esta tecnica en el future dependera de publicaciones son de mejor calidad. la urgencia con que se necesitara, pero no es facil Como una industria, la geofisica exploratoria ha prever el fin del desarrollo de las tecnicas empleadas tenido por largo tiempo el apoyo economico que para procesar los datos que actualmente se en- solo recientemente ban dado las instituciones cuentran en estudio. La interpretacion de ob- gubernamentales a las ciencias en general. Ha servaciones gravimetricas, magneticas, electricas y servido bien a la demanda de descubrir yacimientos de radioactividad aun requieren la pericia personal, minerales, pero a veces no ha dado el mejor apoyo aunque ya se han empleado para los dos primeros posible a sus clientes, por falta de una colaboracion tipos de observaciones, tecnicas de computo automatico. Zusammenfassung: Die Anwendbarkeit der Er- lichen Geldmitteln fiir die allgemeine Wissenschaft forschungs-Geophysik wird mil Bezugnahme auf zur Verfugung gestellt wurde. Sie hat, was die die klassische und gegenwartige Literatur faes- Entdeckung von Mineralien anbelangt, der An- prochen. Ihre Hauptmerkmale werden beschrieben, forderung voll geniigt, aber sie hat manchmal der Entwicklungsstand der Instrumente und ihre versaumt, ihren Klienten die bestmogliche Unter - theoretischen Grundlagen werden diskutiert, und stiitzung zu geben. Das ist eine Folge von man- die Probleme, die noch zu losen sind, untersucht. gelnder Verbindung zwischen denen, die Probleme Erforschungs-Geophysik ist beides Wissenschaft untersuchen und denen, die Entscheidungen und Industriezweig. Als Wissenschaft fusst sie auf dariiber treffen. Die Instrumente und Vorrich- ihren elterlichen Wissenschaften, Physik und tungen, die von der Erforschungs-Geophysik Geologic, und steht in enger Beziehung zu ihren benutzt werden, haben im allgemeinen ihre Schwester-Fachern, der Erdbeben-und der Ver- fundamentalen Bediirfnisse iibertroffen. Im Jahre messungskunde. Da ihre Voraussagungen nicht oft 1930 war der Reflektions-Seismograph noch nicht bestatigt werden konnen, fehlt ihr ein fiir die ausprobiert, und der statische Schweremesser noch Wissenschaft unerlasslicher Bestandteil, der Einfluss nicht erfunden, obwohl beide eindeutig gebraucht der Selbstkritik. Sie leidet auch darunter, dass ihre wurden, und ihre Vorbilder, der Refraktions- Entdeckungen dem Eigentiimerrecht unterfallen Seismograph und die Torsionswaage, deutlich und nicht oft veroffentlicht werden, sodass man unzureichend waren. Heute ist es moglich, fast alle darauf aufbauen oder dagegen Einwendungen geophysikalischen Messungen vorzunehmen, die machen konnte. Trotz dieser Hindernisse ist ihre wiinschenswert erscheinen, und das Problem ist wissenschaftliche Anerkennung im Aufstieg beg- gewohnlich, solche Instrumente zu verwenden, die riffen.
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