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CHUNKEY, CAHOKIA, AND INDIGENOUS CONFLICT RESOLUTION by ANNE GREGORY A THESIS Presented to the Conflict and Dispute Resolution Program and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science June 2020 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Anne Gregory Title: Chunkey, Cahokia, and Indigenous Conflict Resolution This thesis has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science degree in the Conflict and Dispute Resolution Program by: Kirby Brown Chair Eric Girvan Member and Kate Mondloch Interim Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded June 2020. ii © 2020 Anne Gregory This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (United States) License. iii THESIS ABSTRACT Anne Gregory Master of Science Conflict and Dispute Resolution June 2020 Title: Chunkey, Cahokia, and Indigenous Conflicts Resolution Chunkey, a traditional Native American sport, was a form of conflict resolution. The popular game was one of several played for millennia throughout Native North America. Indigenous communities played ball games not only for the important culture- making of sport and recreation, but also as an act of peace-building. The densely populated urban center of Cahokia, as well as its agricultural suburbs and distant trade partners, were dedicated to chunkey. Chunkey is associated with the milieu surrounding the Pax Cahokiana (1050 AD-1200 AD), an era of reduced armed conflict during the height of Mississippian civilization (1000-1500 AD). The relational framework utilized in archaeology, combined with dynamics of conflict resolution, provides a basis to explain chunkey’s cultural impact. -
Moorhead Ph 1 Final Report
Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Ecological Assessment of a Wetlands Mitigation Bank August 2001 (Phase I: Baseline Ecological Conditions and Initial Restoration Efforts) 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Kevin K. Moorhead, Irene M. Rossell, C. Reed Rossell, Jr., and James W. Petranka 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Departments of Environmental Studies and Biology University of North Carolina at Asheville Asheville, NC 28804 11. Contract or Grant No. 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered U.S. Department of Transportation Final Report Research and Special Programs Administration May 1, 1994 – September 30, 2001 400 7th Street, SW Washington, DC 20590-0001 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notes Supported by a grant from the U.S. Department of Transportation and the North Carolina Department of Transportation, through the Center for Transportation and the Environment, NC State University. 16. Abstract The Tulula Wetlands Mitigation Bank, the first wetlands mitigation bank in the Blue Ridge Province of North Carolina, was created to compensate for losses resulting from highway projects in western North Carolina. The overall objective for the Tulula Wetlands Mitigation Bank has been to restore the functional and structural characteristics of the wetlands. Specific ecological restoration objectives of this Phase I study included: 1) reestablishing site hydrology by realigning the stream channel and filling drainage ditches; 2) recontouring the floodplain by removing spoil that resulted from creation of the golf ponds and dredging of the creek; 3) improving breeding habitat for amphibians by constructing vernal ponds; and 4) reestablishing floodplain and fen plant communities. -
1 Oral Pathological Conditions in Early Postcontact Guale, St
Oral Pathological Conditions in Early Postcontact Guale, St. Catherines Island, Georgia Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Kendra Susan Weinrich, B.S. Graduate Program in Anthropology The Ohio State University 2020 Thesis Committee Dr. Clark Spencer Larsen, Advisor Dr. Debra Guatelli-Steinberg Dr. Mark Hubbe 1 Copyrighted by Kendra Susan Weinrich 2020 2 Abstract Situated within the broader context of oral health preceding and proceeding Spanish contact, documentation of oral pathological conditions in Guale individuals from the pre-Spanish mission Fallen Tree site, St. Catherines Island, Georgia, provides a record of oral health during initial Spanish contact. Oral pathological conditions, including dental caries, periodontal disease (PD), antemortem tooth loss (AMTL), and abscesses, reflect the outcome of multifaceted behavioral and biological circumstances and provide insight into individual and community-based oral health trends. This thesis tests the hypotheses that age-at-death, sex, and/or tooth class correlate directly with presence and severity of dental caries, PD, AMTL, and abscesses in Guale individuals (n=56) from Fallen Tree. Situated in the larger context of Guale oral health, this thesis predicts higher rates of oral pathological conditions in the Fallen Tree community and declining oral health during Spanish contact. Results from chi-square analyses revealed significant relationships between: 1) age and all oral pathology; 2) sex and dental caries and PD; and 3) tooth class and dental caries and AMTL. Results from a binomial logit generalized linear model revealed significant relationships between sex and dental caries by tooth (p≤0.05). -
The Nikwasi Indian Mound
The Nikwasi Indian Mound The Nikwasi Indian Mound is the last remnant of a Cherokee town of the same name which once stood here on the banks of the Little Tennessee River. The Cherokee Nation towns were divided into Lower, Middle, and Over the Hill Towns. The Middle Towns, of which Nikwasi was one, were found every few miles along the Little Tennessee and its tributaries from its headwaters to the Smokies. While the mound was probably built during the earlier Mississippian Culture, it was the spiritual center of the area. A Council House, or Town House, used for councils, religious ceremonies, and general meetings, was located on top the mound, and the ever-burning sacred fire, which the Cherokee had kept burning since the beginning of their culture, was located there. Thus the mound was a most revered site. The town of Nikwasi was a "white", or peace, town. It was believed that the Nunne'hi, the spirit people, lived under this mound. When James Mooney was studying the legends of the Cherokee for the Smithsonian in 1887 - 1890, he was told the legend of these Spirit Defenders of Nikwasi by an old medicine man name Swimmer. Today it stands as a stately and silent reminder of a time, a culture, and a people of a bygone era. The mound has never been excavated for any reason, agricultural, archeological, or commercial. It stands at near its original height. One cannot truly experience the mound by merely driving by. One must stand at the base to appreciate the size and grace of Nikwasi, and try to envision a time from the past when the mound was surrounded not by busy 21st century traffic and businesses, but by fields, orchards, and a people who lived in complete harmony with the land and the river. -
Schedule of Presentations, 2019 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Jackson, Mississippi
Schedule of Presentations, 2019 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Jackson, Mississippi Wendesday Afternoon Assemblages from the St. Albans November 6 Site Sexual Harrasment Training 8:40 Miller, D. Shane, Stephen Briarwood Carmody What Happened at the 3:00-5:00 End of the Early Archaic?: SEAC Board Meeting Examining Paleoindian and Newbury Archaic Subsistence Trajectories 7:30 in the Mid-South Thursday Morning 9:00 Hollenbach, Kandace Nuts, November 7 Seeds, and River Valleys: The Newbury Late Archaic/Early Woodland 9:00- Film Screenings Haley, Messer, Transition in East Tennessee 12:00 Analise Hollingshead, Jayur 9:20 Baumann, Timothy J., Gary Mehta, Mike Russo, Jeff Shanks Crites, Peggy Humes, Tony Windsor IV and V Krus Full of Beans: The Story of 10:00- NAGPRA Workshop: the Common Bean (Phaseolus 1:00 Cultivating a Community of vulgaris) in the Midsouth Practice for Southeastern 9:40 Purcell, Gabrielle Sweet NAGPRA Practitioners Potatoes on Cherokee Sites: A Amanda Thompson, Tim Closer Look Using SEM Analysis Bauman, Jennifer Bedell, 10:00 BREAK RaeLynne Butler, Bryant Celeste, 10:20 Whyte, Thomas R. How Ancient Melanie O'Brien, Kirk Perry, Lithic Scavenging Influences Aexandra Smith, Emman Spain, Models of Settlement, Mobility, Ian Thompson, Victor Thompson, and Exchange in the Appalachian John Underwood, LeeAnne Summit Wendt, and Ryan Wheeler 10:40 Kimball, Larry R., Alice P. Windsor I Wright, Timothy J. Horsley, Symposium, Backhoes & Thomas R. Whyte, Gary Trowels, Ancestor Idols & Crites, John Wolf, Cala Murals: Some Contributions to Castleberry, M. Scott Shumate Southeastern Archaeology by Biltmore Mound and Village Jefferson Chapman and 11:00 Sherwood, Sarah The Legacy of Friends, Part I Prepared Clay Surfaces 8:00 Davis, R. -
Archeology Inventory Table of Contents
National Historic Landmarks--Archaeology Inventory Theresa E. Solury, 1999 Updated and Revised, 2003 Caridad de la Vega National Historic Landmarks-Archeology Inventory Table of Contents Review Methods and Processes Property Name ..........................................................1 Cultural Affiliation .......................................................1 Time Period .......................................................... 1-2 Property Type ...........................................................2 Significance .......................................................... 2-3 Theme ................................................................3 Restricted Address .......................................................3 Format Explanation .................................................... 3-4 Key to the Data Table ........................................................ 4-6 Data Set Alabama ...............................................................7 Alaska .............................................................. 7-9 Arizona ............................................................. 9-10 Arkansas ..............................................................10 California .............................................................11 Colorado ..............................................................11 Connecticut ........................................................ 11-12 District of Columbia ....................................................12 Florida ........................................................... -
Occupation Polygons
Polygon Date & Period Archaeological Phase Cultural - Historical Source & Comment Hist or Arch Pop & Sites Group Estimate 1 early 16th century Little Tennessee site 16th century Chiaha mid-16th century, Little Tennessee site cluster cluster and sites 7-19 and sites 7-19, Hally et al. 1990:Fig. 9.1; 16th century, Chiaha, three populations, Smith 1989:Fig. 1; mid-16th century, Little Tennessee cluster plus additional sites, Smith, 2000:Fig. 18 2 early 16th century Hiwassee site cluster mid-16th century, Hiwassee site cluster, Hally et al. 1990:Fig. 9.1; 16th century, Smith 1989:Fig. 1; mid-16th century, Hiwassee cluster, Smith, 2000:Fig. 18 3 early 16th century Chattanooga site cluster 16th century Napochies mid-16th century, Chattanooga site cluster, Hally et al. 1990:Fig. 9.1; 16th century Napochies, Smith 1989:Fig. 1; mid-16th century, Chattanooga site cluster, Smith, 2000:Fig. 18 4 early 16th century Carters site cluster; 16th century Coosa mid-16th century, Carters site cluster, Hally et al. X Barnett phase 1990:Fig. 9.1; Barnett phase, Hally and Rudolph 1986:Fig. 15; 16th century Coosa, Smith 1989:Fig. 1; mid-16th century, Carters site cluster, Smith, 2000:Fig. 18 5 early 16th century Cartersville site cluster; mid-16th century, Cartersville site cluster, Hally et Brewster phase al. 1990:Fig. 9.1; Brewster phase, Hally and Rudolph 1986:Fig. 15; 16th century, Smith 1989:Fig. 1; mid-16th century, Cartersville site cluster, Smith, 2000:Fig. 18 6 early 16th century Rome site cluster; 16th century Apica mid-16th century, Rome site cluster, Hally et al. -
Mississippi Period Archaeology of the Georgia Coastal Zone
UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA Laboratory of Archaeology Series Report No. 23 Georgia Archaeological Research Design Paper, No. 1 - MISSISSIPPI PERIOD ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE GEORGIA COASTAL ZONE II I I I \ I By Morgan R. Crook, Jr. I Department of Sociology and Anthropology West Georgia College \ Department of Anthropology I Georgia State University 1986 Reprinted, 1995 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . 4 THE COASTAL ZONE ENVIRONMENT 5 THE STRUCTURAL MODEL . 11 Ethnohistoric Summary The Annual Model Discussion GEORGIA COASTAL MISSISSIPPI PERIOD: THE ARCHAEOLOGY . 34 Background Irene Mound Site Altarnaha and Savannah Regions Barrier Islands Marsh Islands Princess Ann Fonnation Interior Coastal Zone DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS . 52 The Mississippi Period Adaptation Evaluation of the Structural Model Research Needs Management Recommendations COMMENTS . 58 Jerald T. Milanich Robin L. Smith Charles E. Pearson Stephen Wi l liams REPLY . 71 REFERENCES CITED 75 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1 Major Geological Formations of the Coastal Zone . .. 8 FIGURE 2 The Guale Annual Model ....................... 18 FIGURE 3 Monthly Occurrence of Four Fish Families in Georgia Tidal Streams ...................... 23 FIGURE 4 Archaeological Locations ...................... 35 FIGURE 5 Coastal Mississippi Period C-14 Dates ............... 39 4 INTRODUCTION This document represents an effort to synthesize existing archaeological information concerning the Mississippi Period (A.D. 900-1540) in the Georgia coastal zone. Its purpose is to provide an operating plan for the protection of important cultural resources of this period on the coast. As with the other 35 operating plans being developed for Georgia's cultural resources, this one provides basic information for effective management and protection. This basic information includes synthesis and evaluation of the available archaeological information, identification of data needs, formulation of significance criteria, and development of an ideal plan for preservation and protection (see Crook 1985). -
Appalachian Studies Bibliography Cumulation 2013-June 2016 ______
Appalachian Studies Bibliography Cumulation 2013-June 2016 _____________________ CONTENTS Agriculture and Land Use ................................................................................................................3 Appalachian Studies.........................................................................................................................8 Archaeology and Physical Anthropology ......................................................................................14 Architecture, Historic Buildings, Historic Sites ............................................................................18 Arts and Crafts ..............................................................................................................................21 Biography .......................................................................................................................................27 Civil War, Military.........................................................................................................................29 Coal, Industry, Labor, Railroads, Transportation ..........................................................................37 Description and Travel, Recreation and Sports .............................................................................63 Economic Conditions, Economic Development, Economic Policy, Poverty ................................71 Education .......................................................................................................................................82 -
Former UST Site Reused As Greenspace and Access to Ancient Ceremonial Nikwasi Mound in North Carolina
Former UST Site Reused As Greenspace And Access To Ancient Ceremonial Nikwasi Mound In North Carolina A former underground storage tank (UST) site fronting on the Little Tennessee River in Franklin, NC is now reused as an attractive greenspace with parking and Main Street access to the Nikwasi Mound. This ancient Mississippian period (800-1600 CE) ceremonial mound was later the center of the Cherokee Town of Nikwasi. Across the street from the Mound, the reused UST site, which is now owned by the Mainspring Conservation Trust, contains walkways leading to the riverfront, new native plantings, a rain garden, and repurposed remediation activities materials that serve as educational art pieces and functional reminders of the site’s environmental legacy. Work is ongoing to determine cleanup activities and reuse for another adjacent site with petroleum groundwater contamination. Future reuse could include a greenspace connecting the existing 4.5-mile Little Tennessee River Greenway directly to the Nikwasi Mound. Reusing the site this way would result in a continuous pathway leading from the existing riverfront greenway to a planned observation deck and new education path around the Mound itself. As other properties surrounding the Nikwasi Mound become available, the Mainspring Conservation Trust will work with several partners to further plans for eventually having a Cherokee Heritage interpretive center adjacent to the Mound. Removing USTs at former site McRae, Barbara. 1993. Franklin’s http://paws.wcu.edu/ https://mountainx.com/blogwir Ancient Mound: Myth and History pcoyle/National- e/community-foundation- of Old Nikwasi Franklin, North Register/content/site. announces-grant-awards/ Carolina. -
Cultural Resources Existing Conditions Report, North Shore Road Environment Impact Statement, Swan and Graham Counties, North
CULTURAL RESOURCES EXISTING CONDITIONS REPORT, NORTH SHORE ROAD ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT, SWAIN AND GRAHAM COUNTIES, NORTH CAROLINA FINAL REPORT ARPA Permit GRSM 03-001 SEAC Accession No. 1850 Submitted to ARCADIS G&M OF NORTH CAROLINA, INC. 800 Corporate Center, Suite 300 Raleigh, North Carolina 27607 By TRC GARROW ASSOCIATES INC. 501 Washington Street, Suite F Durham, North Carolina 27701 Project No. 02427 Authored by Paul A. Webb with contributions by Heather L. Olson and David S. Leigh January 2004 ABSTRACT/MANAGEMENT SUMMARY Cultural resource background studies have been undertaken as part of the North Shore Road Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), which is designed to determine the feasibility of and assess the potential environmental effects associated with fulfillment of a 1943 agreement among the U.S. Department of Interior (DOI), the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), Swain County, and the state of North Carolina, calling for the construction of a road along the North Shore of Fontana Lake in western North Carolina. This road proposal originated in the early 1940s with the construction of TVA’s Fontana Lake in Swain and Graham counties. Due to the inundation of parts of the Little Tennessee and Tuckasegee valleys, road access was cut off to some 44,000 acres lying above the reservoir pool on the north side of the lake. Rather than construct a road to access the area during wartime conditions, the TVA acquired the entire 44,000-acre area and subsequently transferred its ownership to Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP). Although limited road construction took place between 1948 and the early 1970s, construction was stopped in 1972 due to environmental and engineering concerns. -
Foodways Archaeology: a Decade of Research from the Southeastern United States Tanya M
Florida State University Libraries 2017 Foodways Archaeology: A Decade of Research from the Southeastern United States Tanya M. Peres The final publication is available at Springer via https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-017-9104-4 Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] Foodways Archaeology: A Decade of Research from the Southeastern United States Tanya M. Peres Department of Anthropology Florida State University 1847 W. Tennessee Street Tallahassee, Florida 32306 [email protected] Uncorrected Author’s Version (Final, accepted). The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/DOI: 10.1007/s10814-017-9104-4. 1 Abstract Interest in the study of foodways through an archaeological lens, particularly in the American Southeast, is evident in the abundance of literature on this topic over the past decade. Foodways as a concept includes all of the activities, rules, and meanings that surround the production, harvesting, processing, cooking, serving, and consumption of food. We study foodways and components of foodways archaeologically through direct and indirect evidence. The current synthesis is concerned with research themes in the archaeology of Southeastern foodways, including feasting, gender, social and political status, and food insecurity. In this review I explore the information that can be learned from material remains of the foodstuffs themselves and the multiple lines of evidence that can help us better understand the meanings, rituals, processes, and cultural meanings and motivations of foodways. Key words: Feasts, Gender, Socioeconomic status, Food security 2 Introduction Foodways are the foundation of all archaeological studies.