International Cooperative Biodiversity Group (ICBG) AP5 Conservation Research and Vertebrate Survey
Taxa: HERPETOFAUNA (AMPHIBIANS & REPTILES) Site : MEKONGGA-CAMP 2, SE SULAWESI, INDONESIA (July 3-15, 2010)
Written by: Hellen Kurniati Research Center for Biology-Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Widyasatwaloka Building-LIPI, Jalan Raya Cibinong Km 46, Cibinong 16911, West Java, INDONESIA. Email :
Supported by: Wahyu Tri Laksono Research Center for Biology-Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Widyasatwaloka Building-LIPI, Jalan Raya Cibinong Km 46, Cibinong 16911, West Java, INDONESIA
Reviewed by: Alan T. Hitch, Ph.D University of California, Davis, California, USA Email:
CONTENTS SUMMARY ……………………………………………………………………………………………….... 4 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………...... 4 METHODOLOGY .……………………………………………………………………………………….... 5 A. Transect Sampling ...... ………………………………………………………...... 5 A.1. Survey sites ...... …………………………………………...... 5 A.1.1. Stream in Cacao plantation ...... 5 A.1.2. Stream in swamp area ...... ………………………………………...... 6 A.1.3. Stream at Point 2 ...... ……………………………………………...... 6 A.1.4. Trail at Point 4 ...... 7 A.1.5. Trail at Point 2 ...……………………………………………………………...... 7 B. Visual Encounter Surveys (VES) ...... ……………………………………...... 8 B.1. Survey sites in Plots .………………………………………………….……...... 8 B.1.1. Plot 1 ..………………………………………………………………………...... 8 B.1.2. Plot 2 ...... 8 B.1.3. Plot 3 ...... 8 B.1.4. Plot 4 ...... 8 B.2. Survey site in swamp ...... 8 B.2.1. Swamp-Plot 5 ...... 8 C. Analysis …………………………………………………………………………...... 9 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ...……………………………………………………...... 9 A. Transect Sampling ……………………………………………………………...... 10 A.1. Survey sites ...... …………………………………………...... 10 A.1.1. Stream transect in Cacao plantation ...... 10 A.1.2. Stream transect in swamp area ...... ………………………………………...... 11 A.1.3. Stream transect at Point 2 ...... ……………………………………………...... 13 A.1.4. Trail transect at Point 4 ...... 14 A.1.5. Trail transect at Point 2 ...……………………………………………………………...... 15 B. Visual Encounter Surveys (VES) ...... 15 C. Analysis ...... 15 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 16 REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………………...... 16 SPECIES ACCOUNT-AMPHIBIA ……………………………………………………...... 23 A. Family Bufonidae ...... ………………………….……………………………………...... 23 1. Ingerophrynus celebensis (Günther, 1859) ...... 23 2. Ingerophrynus cf celebensis ...... 23 B. Family Microhylidae ...... ……………………….…………………………………...... 23 1. Microhyla sp ...... 24 2. Oreophryne zimmeri Ahl, 1933 ...... 24 C. Family Dicroglossidae ...... 24 1. Limnonectes arathooni (Smith, 1927) ...... 24 2. Limnonectes grunniens (Latreille, 1801) ...... 25 3. Limnonectes microtympanum (van Kampen, 1909) ...... 25 4. Limnonectes modestus (Boulenger, 1882) ...... 26 5. Limnonectes torajae ...... 26 IV. Family Ranidae ……………………….....……………….…………………………...... 27 1. Hylarana chalconota (Schlegel, 1837) ...... 27 2. Hylarana everetti (Boulenger, 1882) ...... 27 V. Family Rhacophoridae ...... ……………………………….……...... 29 1. Polypedates leucomystax (Gravenhorst, 1829) ...... 28 Appendix 1 ...... 29
2 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 List of species (based on specimens, excepted Xenopeltis unicolor) that were found during survey time July 3 to July 15, 2010 (13 days) in Mekongga-Camp 2, SE Sulawesi ...... 18 Table 2 Major herpetofauna habitats of herpetofauna in Mekongga-Camp 2, SE Sulawesi ...... 19 Table 3 Herpetofauna plots monitoring at Mekongga-Camp 2 by using Visual Encounter Survey (VES) 21
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Location of Mekongga Mountain ...... 5 Figure 2 Stream in cacao plantation ...... 6 Figure 3 View of strong water currant stream that located in swamp area ...... 6 Figure 4 View of fast flowing stream that located at Point 2 ...... 7 Figure 5 View of habitat at Point 4 where low vegetation was not so dense ...... 7 Figure 6 View of secondary forest at Point 2 ...... 8 Figure 7 View of the swamp area ...... 9 Figure 8 Species accumulation of Amphibians and Reptiles in Camp 2 of Mekongga Mountain during 13 days field work (July 3-15, 2010) ...... 10 Figure 9 Distribution of frogs and reptiles along 120 m transect at the stream in Cacao plantation (first survey) ...... 10 Figure 10 Distribution of frogs and reptiles along 120 m transect at the stream in Cacao plantation (second survey) ...... 11 Figure 11 Distribution of frogs and reptiles along 160 m transect at the stream in swamp area (first survey) ...... 11 Figure 12 Distribution of frogs and reptiles along 160 m transect at the stream in swamp area (second survey) ...... 12 Figure 13 Distribution of frogs and reptiles along 160 m transect at the stream in swamp area (third survey) ...... 12 Figure 14 Distribution of frogs and reptiles along 250 m transect at the stream in Point 2 (first survey) ..... 13 Figure 15 Distribution of frogs and reptiles along 250 m transect at the stream in Point 2 (second survey).. 13 Figure 16 Distribution of frogs and reptiles along 300 m transect at the trail of Point 4 (first survey) ...... 14 Figure 17 Distribution of frogs and reptiles along 300 m transect at the trail of Point 4 (second survey) ..... 14 Figure 18 Distribution of reptile along 300 m transect at trail of Point 2 ...... 15 Figure 19 Dendrogram of species richness similarities among sites using cluster analysis with complete linkage ...... 16 Figure 20 Ingerophrynus celebensis that found in Camp 2-Mekongga Mountain and distribution map of the species in Sulawesi ...... 23 Figure 21 Ingerophrynus cf celebensis that found in Camp 2-Mekongga Mountain ...... 23 Figure 22 Microhyla sp that found in Camp 2-Mekongga Mountain ...... 24 Figure 23 Oreophryne zimmeri that found in Camp 2-Mekongga Mountain ...... 24 Figure 24 Limnonectes arathooni that found in Camp 2-Mekongga Mountain and distribution map of the species in Sulawesi ...... 25 Figure 25 Limnonectes grunniens that found in Camp 2-Mekongga Mountain and distribution map of the species in Sulawesi, Moluccas and West Papua ...... 25 Figure 26 Limnonectes microtympanum that found in Camp 2-Mekongga Mountain and distribution map of the species in Sulawesi ...... 26 Figure 27 Limnonectes modestus that found in Camp 2-Mekongga Mountain and distribution map of the species in Sulawesi and Moluccas ...... 26 Figure 28 Limnonectes torajae that found in Camp 2- Mekongga Mountain ...... 27 Figure 29 Hylarana chalconota that found in Camp 2-Mekongga Mountain ...... 27 Figure 30 Hylarana everetti that found in Camp 2-Mekongga Mountain ...... 28 Figure 31 Polypedates leucomystax that found in Camp 2-Mekongga Mountain and distribution map of the species in SE Asia ...... 28
3 SUMMARY
Sulawesi has been known for its high endemism of animal biodiversity, including amphibians and reptiles (Herpetofauna). The LIPI joint project with the University of California- Davis (UC-Davis) are conducting a biodiversity inventory in the Mekongga Mountains, Southeast Sulawesi. The purpose of this project is to estimate species richness and determine the ecology of the wildlife (include Herpetofauna) along an altitudinal gradient (200-2500 meters asl). Three major habitats were selected, which consisted of hilly secondary tropical forest (Plot 1, Plot 2, plot 3 and Plot 4), cacao plantation and swamp area (Plot 5). Elevations of the survey sites ranged from 350 meters asl to approximately 500 meters asl. Systematic methodologies were used for the three major habitat types, including Transect Sampling and Visual Encounter Survey (VES). A total of 12 species of amphibians and 21 species of reptiles (7 snakes and 14 lizards) were recorded during 13 day surveys in 5 plot sampling sites; however based on life style and major habitat relationship, 10 forest species, 15 generalist species and 8 non-forest species were found inside 5 survey sites. Based on the dendrogram of species similarities between sites showed that all sites clustered as three distinct groups. The first group consisted of the sites that referred to as degraded habitat; the second group included the sites that had hilly secondary forest; and the third group was a swamp area and is referred to as the swamp group. The dendrogram showed that differences on microhabitat can affect species encountered.
Key Words: Sulawesi, Mekongga Mountains, Herpetofauna Biodiversity.
INTRODUCTION
Sulawesi has been known for its high endemism of animal biodiversity, including amphibians and reptiles hereafter noted as Herpetofauna. Inventory of Herpetofauna in Sulawesi has been conducted by many Indonesian and foreign researchers which show that there are still many new species occur in the mainland of Sulawesi. To further explore the species richness of biodiversity in Sulawesi, LIPI joint project with the University of California-Davis (UC-Davis) are conducting a biodiversity inventory in the Mekongga Mountains, Southeast Sulawesi. The purpose of this project is to estimate species richness and determine the ecology of the wildlife (include Herpetofauna) along an altitudinal gradient, ie starting from elevation 200 meters above sea level (asl) to the summit of the mountain at altitude of approximately 2500 meters asl. The Mekongga Mountains, area lies in the southeastern peninsula of Sulawesi (between latitudes 30 and 40 South) (Figure 1). The mountainous region of Southeastern Sulawesi contains 30% of the remaining secondary and primary rainforests on the island (Cannon et al., 2007). Secondary forests are interspersed with cacao plantation is a common view in the forested area of Mekongga Mountains. There are no current plans for conservation within this region, but it has been opened to forestry and mining interests. The protection of contiguous forest patches and intact watersheds in this region remains one of critical importance for long-term conservation of Sulawesian biodiversity (Coates and Bishop, 1997, Cannon et al., 2007).
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Figure 1. Location of Mekongga Mountain (red circle). Source of map: Google Earth.
METHODOLOGY
Three major habitats were selected, which consisted of hilly secondary tropical forest (Plot 1, Plot 2, plot 3 and Plot 4), cacao plantation and swamp area (Plot 5). Elevations of the survey sites ranged from 350 m above sea level (asl) at the swamp area to approximately 500 m asl at the Plot 1 secondary forest. Systematic methodologies were used for the three major habitat types, including:
A. Transect Sampling Based on Jaeger (1994), the purpose of transect sampling method is to know relative abundance and densities across habitat gradients. That is the method is very useful in determining intra-specific and inter-specific changes in amphibians populations across some continuously changing environmental feature. Using this method, three streams and two trails were selected inside the three types of habitats. We need to do on each stream and trail: a) Lay out a transect by marking stations with consecutive numbers (e.g., 0m, 10m, 20m, 30m etc.). Use red or yellow plastic flagging spaced 10 m apart; each transect must be at least 150 m, preferably 250 m or more. b) Walk each transect at night, collecting all frogs, lizards, and snakes seen. c) Record position of each specimen on transect by recording stream name or trail name, closest station number, position of animal relative to waters edge or trail, and substrate (for example, on rock, on leaf of shrub, etc.). d) On each visit to the site, run each transect three times but not on consecutive nights.
A.1. Survey sites
A.1.1. Stream in Cacao plantation (GPS: S 030 6’ 42.20”; E 1210 09’51.7”. Elevation: 419 m asl) This stream is located in cacao plantation (Figure 2). Length of the transect was 120 meters; width of stream was about 50 cm; depth of water was between 10-30 cm; high of the 5 ground from water surface was between 5-50 cm (at both sides); slope of stream bank was between 100-900; Slop of the stream was about 100; water current was quite strong, color of the water was clear; substrate was rocky; vegetation around the stream at sub transect 1-9 were old cacao trees and leaf litter, however at sub transect 10-12 was dense with lianas and ferns.
Figure 2. Stream in cacao plantation (Photograph by H. Kurniati).
A.1.2. Stream in swamp area (GPS: S 030 6’ 43.44”; E 1210 09’ 7.60”. Elevation: 391 m asl) This stream is located in swamp area or Plot 5 (Figure 3); surrounding habitat was agriculture, clear cut and swamp. Length of transect was 160 meters. Average width of stream was 1 meter; depth of water 10-60 cm; high of the ground from water surface is between 0 cm-2 meters (at both sides); slope of stream bank about 100-900; slope of the stream was about 200; water current was very strong, color of the water was clear; substrate: rocky; low vegetation around the stream was dense.
Figure 3. View of strong water currant stream that located in swamp area (Photograph by W.T. Laksono).
A.1.3. Stream at Point 2 (GPS: S 030 6’ 41.74”; E 1210 09’ 9.90”. Elevation: 495 m asl) This stream was located in secondary forest of Point 2 (Figure 4). Length of the transect was 250 meters. Width of stream is between 80-150 cm; depth of water 15-50 cm; high of the ground from water surface is between 50-100 cm (at both sides); slope of stream bank 150 in 6 average; Slope of the stream was about 100; water current was very strong, color of the water was clear; substrate: stone and sand; low vegetation along the stream was not dense.
Figure 4. View of fast flowing stream that located at Point 2 (Photograph by W.T. Laksono).
A.1.4. Trail at Point 4 (GPS: S 030 6’ 42.52”; E 1210 09’ 16.4”. Elevation: 381 m asl) This trail was located in secondary forest of Point 4 (Figure 5). Length of the transect was 300 meters. Width of the trail was between 30-50 cm; slope of the trail was about 00; substrate: soil and rocky; low vegetation around the trail was dense to not so dense; searching area: 10 meters right and leaf of the trail.
Figure 5. View of habitat at Point 4 where low vegetation was not so dense (Photograph by W.T. Laksono).
A.1.5. Trail at Point 2 (GPS: S 030 6’ 41.74”; E 1210 09’ 9.90”. Elevation: 495 m asl) This trail was located in secondary forest of Point 2 (Figure 6). Length of transect was 300 meters. Width of the trail was between 50-200 cm; slope of the trail was about 00; substrate: rocky; low vegetation around the trail was dense; searching area: 10 meters right and leaf of the trail.
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Figure 6. View of secondary forest at Point 2 (Photograph by W.T. Laksono).
B. Visual Encounter Surveys (VES) Based on Crump and Scott (1994), the visual encounter survey is used to determine the species richness of an area, to compile a species list (species composition of an assemblage) and to estimate relative abundance of species within an assemblage. This method by itself is not an appropriate method for determining densities because not all individuals actually present in an area are likely to be visible during the survey. A VES can be done along a transect, in a plot, along a stream, around a pond and so forth, and it samples all amphibians and reptiles that are visible.
B.1. Survey sites in Plots
B.1.1. Plot 1 (GPS: S 030 6’ 45.16”; E 1210 10’ 0.20”. Elevation: 440 m asl) Habitat type at Plot 1 survey site consisted of low land hill secondary forest. Microhabitat types for amphibians and reptiles in this area include, tree trunks, fallen logs and forest floor litter.
B.1.2. Plot 2 (GPS: S 030 6’ 41.74”; E 1210 09’ 9.90”. Elevation: 495 m asl) Habitat type at Plot 2 survey site consisted of low land hill secondary forest. Microhabitat types for amphibians and reptiles in this area include fast flowing streams, slow flowing streams, temporary pools, tree trunks, fallen logs and forest floor litter.
B.1.3. Plot 3 (GPS: S 030 6’ 38.58”; E 1210 09’ 5.62”. Elevation: 547 m asl) Habitat type at Plot 3 survey site consisted of low land hill secondary forest. Microhabitat types for amphibians and reptiles in this area include temporary pools, tree trunks, fallen logs and forest floor litter.
B.1.4. Plot 4 (GPS: S 030 6’ 42.52”; E 1210 09’ 16.4”. Elevation: 381 m asl) Habitat type at Plot 4 survey site consisted of low land hill secondary forest. Microhabitat types for amphibians and reptiles in this area include fast flowing streams, slow flowing streams, temporary pools, tree trunks, fallen logs and forest floor litter.
B.2. Survey site in swamp
B.2.1. Swamp-Plot 5 (GPS: S 030 6’ 43.44”; E 1210 09’ 7.60”. Elevation: 391 m asl)
8 This survey area is a wetland which consists of grassy and weedy areas and few small trees (Figure 7). Microhabitat types for amphibians and reptiles included ditches, sloughs and swamp areas.
Figure 7. View of the swamp area (Photograph by W.T. Laksono).
Photographic record of all species captured will be taken in the field using digital camera. Relatively little effort was expended collecting specimens for animals that were easily identified, even at considerable distance. Greater effort was directed toward collecting specimens that were at times difficult to distinguish by sight under field conditions. All collected specimens were deposited in the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB), Cibinong,West Java, Indonesia. For identification, major taxonomy of snakes followed Lang and Vogel (2005), for lizards, geckos and skinks were based on de Rooij (1915), McGuire et al. (2007) and for amphibians followed IUCN (2010). All of these groups were also identified by using MZB collections as references.
C. Analysis Cluster analysis (Minitab version 13) was used to estimate similarities of amphibian and reptile diversity between survey sites based on species presence/absence.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A total of 12 species of amphibians and 21 species of reptiles (7 snakes and 14 lizards) were recorded during 13 day surveys in 5 plot sampling sites. Curatorial results of all species and specimens were shown at Appendix 1. Species accumulation of the total species is shown at Figure 8. Detail of species found inside 5 plot sampling sites were shown at Table 1; however based on life style and major habitat relationship (Table 2), herpetofauna species that found in each survey site were classified into three groups (Inger and Stuebing, 1989): 1. Forest species: None of the amphibians or reptiles can tolerate much habitat change. 2. Non-forest species: This species group closely associates with humans and is almost entirely dependent on human disturbance to create a preferred environment condition. 3. Generalist: This species group consists of amphibians and reptiles with broad ecological tolerance.
9 Species Accumulation 30
25
20
15
10
Number ofspecies 5
0 Day 1Day 2Day 3Day 4Day 5Day 6Day 7Day 8Day 9Day 10Day 11Day 12Day 13 Number of day
Amphibians Reptiles
Figure 8. Species accumulation of Amphibians and Reptiles in Camp 2 of Mekongga Mountain during 13 days field work (July 3-15, 2010).
On the graph of species accumulation (Figure 8) shows that the reptile’s graph is still going up at the end of the survey period, it indicates that increasing of species found on reptile is still possible at the Camp 2, while on amphibian shows a flat graph at the end of survey period.
A. Transect Sampling
A.1. Survey sites
A.1.1. Stream transect in Cacao plantation. -First survey (Figure 9). -Length of transect: 120 meters. Date of survey: 6 July 2010; Environmental conditions: small moon, clear sky; number of people involved: 3 (Hellen, Tri, Iir). Limnonectes modestus group included: L. modestus, L. microtympanum, L. torajae. Hylarana chalconota group included H. chalconota and H. everetti. Ingerophrynus celebensis group included I. celebensis and I. cf celebensis. -Start time: 8.40 p.m.; finish time: 9.30 p.m.
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2
1
0 Number of individual 123456789101112 Sub-transect
Limnonectes modestus group Hylarana chalconota group Ingerophrynus cebensis group Sphenomorphus variegatus Eutrophis rudis
Figure 9. Distribution of frogs and reptiles along 120 m transect at the stream in Cacao plantation (first survey).
10 -Second survey (Figure 10). -Length of transect: 120 meters. Date of survey: 11 July 2010; Environmental conditions: no moon shine, cloudy sky; number of people involved: 4 (Hellen, Tri, Iir, Eddy). Limnonectes modestus group included: L. modestus, L. microtympanum and L. torajae. -Start time: 7.50 p.m.; finish time: 8.45 p.m.
3
2
1 Number of individual of Number 0 123456789101112 Sub-transect
Limnonectes modestus group Polypedates leucomystax Sphenomorphus variegatus Eutrophis rudis Cyrtodactylus jellesmae
Figure 10. Distribution of frogs and reptiles along 120 m transect at the stream in Cacao plantation (second survey).
First survey in this stream has been carried out on 3 July 2010; however transect method was not implemented, because on the first day of work for herpetofauna was to train herpetofauna team on collecting amphibians and reptiles in the field. In the first survey (Figure 9), found five species of herps along the 120 m transect, whereas in the second survey (Figure 10) also found five species of herps; however in the second survey of H. chalconota group and I. celebensis group did not appear and were replaced by P. leucomystax and C. jellesmae.
A.1.2. Stream transect in swamp area. -First survey (Figure 11). -Length of transect: 160 meters. Date of survey: 5 July 2010; Environment condition: small moon, clear sky, after rain; number of people involved: 4 (Hellen, Alan, Tri, Jolly). Limnonectes modestus group included: L. modestus, L. microtympanum and L. torajae. Hylarana chalconota group included H. chalconota and H. everetti. -Start time: 7.40 p.m.; finish time: 9.30 p.m.
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2
1 Number of individual of Number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516 Sub-transect
Limnonectes modestus group Hylarana chalconota group Limnonectes grunniens Cyrtodactylus jellesmae Bioga dendrophila gemmicincta Elaphe erythrura celebensis
Figure 11. Distribution of frogs and reptiles along 160 m transect at the stream in swamp area (first survey).
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-Second survey (Figure 12). -Length of transect: 160 meters. Date of survey: 8 July 2010; Environment condition: small moon, clear sky, number of people involved: 3 (Hellen, Tri, Iir). Limnonectes modestus group included: L. modestus, L. microtympanum and L. torajae. Hylarana chalconota group included H. chalconota and H. everetti. Ingerophrynus celebensis group included I. celebensis and I. cf celebensis. -Start time: 8.00 p.m.; finish time: 9.30 p.m.
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2
1
0 Number of individual of Number 12345678910111213141516 Sub-transect
Cyrtodactylus jellesmae Limnonectes modestus group Hylarana chalconota group Ingerophrynus celebensis group
Figure 12. Distribution of frogs and reptiles along 160 m transect at the stream in swamp area (second survey).
-Third survey (Figure 13). -Length of transect: 160 meters. Date of survey: 13 July 2010; Environment condition: no moon shine, clear sky, after rain (in afternoon), number of people involved: 2 (Hellen, Eddy). Limnonectes modestus group included: L. modestus, L. microtympanum and L. torajae. -Start time: 7.45 p.m.; finish time: 9.25 p.m.
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2
1
0 Number of individual of Number 12345678910111213141516 Sub-transect
Cyrtodactylus jellesmae Limnonectes modestus group Xenopeltis unicolor
Figure 13. Distribution of frogs and reptiles along 160 m transect at the stream in swamp area (third survey).
In the first survey (Figure 11) six species were found along the 160 m transect; L. grunniens was encountered the most (5 individuals), followed by L. modestus group and H. chalconota group were found 4 and 2 individuals respectively. Results from the second survey (Figure 12) showed that four species of herps were found, in which L. grunniens did not occur but I. celebensis group were found in the stream; however on the third survey (Figure 13) C. jellesmae and L. modestus
12 group still occurred. The sunbean snake, X. unicolor appeared after B. d. gemmicincta and E. e. celebensis were taken in the first survey.
A.1.3. Stream transect at Point 2. -First survey (Figure 14). -Length of transect: 250 meters. Date of survey: 10 July 2010; Environment condition: no moon shine, cloudy sky; Number of people involved: 2 (Tri, Iir). Limnonectes modestus group included: L. modestus, L. microtympanum and L. torajae. -Start time: 7.20 p.m.; finish time: 9.50 p.m.
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2
1
Number of Number individual 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516171819202122232425 Sub-transect
Cyrtodactylus jellesmae Spenomorphus sp1 Spenomorphus variegatus Limnonectes modestus group
Figure 14. Distribution of frogs and reptiles along 250 m transect at the stream in Point 2 (first survey).
-Second survey (Figure 15). -Length of transect: 250 meters. Date of survey: 13 July 2010; Environment condition: after rain (in afternoon), no moon shine, clear sky; Number of people involved: 2 (Tri, Iir). Limnonectes modestus group included: L. modestus, L. microtympanum and L. torajae. -Start time: 7.47 p.m.; finish time: 8.55 p.m.
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2
1
Number of Number individual 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516171819202122232425 Sub-transect
Cyrtodactylus jellesmae Limnonectes modestus group
Figure 15. Distribution of frogs and reptiles along 250 m transect at the stream in Point 2 (second survey).
In the first survey (Figure 14), found four types of herps in the 250 m long transect and L. modestus group is the most dominant species (15 individuals), while the other three types of reptiles is a minor species. In the second survey found only two types of herps (Figure 15), type L.
13 modestus group still dominates the 250 m long transect; however declining in number, namely 10 individuals, whereas C. jellesmae numbers rose slightly, from two up to three individuals.
A.1.4. Trail transect at Point 4. Habitat along sub-transect 1-19 was heavily degraded forest; sub-transect 20-30 was secondary forest. -First survey (Figure 16). -Length of transect: 300 meters. Date of survey: 7 July 2010; Environment condition: small moon, clear sky; Number of people involved: 3 (Hellen, Tri, Iir). Limnonectes modestus group included: L. modestus, L. microtympanum and L. torajae. -Start time: 8.00 p.m.; finish time: 9.25 p.m.
l 2
1
Number of Number individua 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324252627282930 Sub-transect
Cyrtodactylus jellesmae Psammodynastes pulverulentus Limnonectes modestus group Polypedates leucomystax
Figure 16. Distribution of frogs and reptiles along 300 m transect at the trail of Point 4 (first survey).
-Second survey (Figure 17). -Length of transect: 300 meters. Date of survey: 14 July 2010; Environment condition: after rain, no moon shine, clear sky; Number of people involved: 4 (Hellen, Tri, Iir, Eddy). Hylarana chalconota group included H. chalconota and H. everetti. Ingerophrynus celebensis group included I. celebensis and I. cf celebensis. -Start time: 7.45 p.m.; finish time: 9.05 p.m.
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2
1 Number of individual of Number
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324252627282930 Sub-transect
Cyrtodactylus jellesmae Psammodynastes pulverulentus Limnonectes modestus group Hylarana chalconota group Varanus togianus Limnonectes arathooni Ingerophrynus celebensis group
Figure 17. Distribution of frogs and reptiles along 300 m transect at the trail of Point 4 (second survey). 14
In the first survey, four species of herps were found (Figure 16), in which three species were found in heavily degraded forest (P. leucomystax, C. jellesmae and P. pulverulentus) occurred along sub-transect 1-19, whereas L. modestus group was found in temporary pools along the sub- transect 28-30. Herpetofaunal diversity along trail transect at the Point 4 was different from the other sites, because in the second survey (Figure 17), seven species of herps were found, in which two species were found on heavily degraded forest and five species at temporary pools.
A.1.5. Trail transect at Point 2. -The transect was surveyed once (Figure 18). Length of transect: 300 meters. Date of survey: 10 July 2010; Environment condition: no moon shine, cloudy sky; number of people involved: 2 (Hellen and Syahar).
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1 Number of individual Number 0 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930 Sub-transect
Cyrtodactylus jellesmae
Figure 18. Distribution of reptile along 300 m transect at trail of Point 2.
Only one species of reptile (C. jellesmae) was found at the trail along 300 m in Point 2 (Figure 18); however the site was surveyed only once. Probably herpetofauna at Point 2 was not so diverse, because microhabitats at this point were fewer compared to the other points.
B. Visual Encounter Surveys (VES)
Results of the VES were shown at Table 3. Five genus of herps (Ingerophrynus, Limnonectes, Microhyla, Eutrophis, Spenomorphus and Draco) were seen during the 15 days survey with three replications for each plot. Most of the species inhabit leaf litter.
C. Analysis
Based on the dendrogram of species similarities between sites showed that all sites clustered as three distinct groups (Figure 19). The first group consisted of Basir House, Plot 2 and Plot 1 and was referred to as degraded habitat; the second group included the sites that had hilly secondary forest (Plot 3 and Plot 4); and the third group was a swamp area and is referred to as the swamp group. The dendrogram showed that differences on microhabitat can affect species encountered; at the first group that were influenced by agriculture area generally populated by the herps that were known as non-forest species which usually found in man made habitats and generalist species which occurred in the forest and also in man made habitat (see Table 2), included I. celebensis 15 group, H. chalconota group, L. modestus group and Eutropis spp; however the second group (Plot 3 and Plot 4) which were largely covered by secondary forest, inhabited several forest species, included O. zimmeri, Microhyla sp, L. arathooni and several species of forest lizards. Swamp area had a specific habitat. Lianas were the major plants in the area. In the analysis, swamp area clustered as a specific group that was relatively close to degraded habitat group (Basir House, Plot 2 and Plot 1).
Figure 19. Dendrogram of species richness similarities among sites using cluster analysis with complete linkage.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many thanks are given to Prof. Dr. Elizabeth A. Widjaya who has supporting the field work. Special thanks are given to Dr. Andre Koch of University of Bonn and Dr. Jimmy McGuire of UC-Berkeley for their assistance in helping some herps identification. Official support has come from Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI); for this we would like to thank to Dr. Siti N. Priyono and Ahmad J. Arief M.Sc. Finally, many thanks are given to all field assistants and porters who have supporting herpetofauna team for the success of the field works.
REFERENCES
Cannon, C.H., M. Summers, J.R. Harting, and P.J.A. Kessler. 2007. Developing conservation priorities based on forest type, condition, and threats in a poorly known Ecoregion: Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biotropica 29: 747-759. Coates, B. J. and K. D. Bishop. 1997. A Guide to the Birds of Wallacea. Dove Publications. Alderley, Australia. Crump, M.L and N.J. Scott. 1994. Visual encounter surveys. In: Heyer, W.R., M.A. Donnelly, R.W. McDiarmid, L.C. Hayek and M.S. Foster (eds.). Measuring and monitoring biological diversity. Standard methods for amphibians. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington. Pp 84-92. De Lang, R and G. Vogel. 2005. The snakes of Sulawesi. Edition Chimaira. Frankfurt. De Rooij, N. 1915. The reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago I. Lacertilia, Chelonia, Emydosauria. E.J. Brill. Leiden.
16 Inger, R.F. and R.B. Stuebing. 1989. Frogs of Sabah. Sabah Park Publication No. 10. Kota Kinabalu. Inger, R.F., B.L. Stuart and D.T. Iskandar. 2009. Systematics of a widespread Southeast Asian frog, Rana chalconota (Amphibia: Anura: Ranidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 155: 123–147. IUCN. 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.2.
17 Table 1. List of species (based on specimens, excepted Xenopeltis unicolor) that were found during survey time July 3 to July 15, 2010 (13 days) in Mekongga-Camp 2, SE Sulawesi. (+) species present; (-) species absent.
Swamp Species and classification Basir House Plot 1 Plot 2 Plot 3 Plot 4 (Plot 5) AMPHIBIA Ordo ANURA Family Bufonidae Ingerophrynus celebensis - - - - + + Ingerophrynus cf celebensis + - - + + + Family Microhylidae Oreophryne zimmeri - - + - - - Microhyla sp - - - + - - Family Dicroglossidae Limnonectes arathooni - - - + + - Limnonectes grunniens - - - - - + Limnonectes microtympanum + - + + - + Limnonectes modestus + + + - + + Limnonectes torajae + - + + + + Family Ranidae Hylarana chalconota - - - - - + Hylarana everetti + - - - + + Family Rhacophoridae Polypedates leucomystax + - - - + + REPTILIA Ordo OPHIDIA Family Colubridae Boiga dendrophila gemmicincta - - - - - + Chrysopelea paradisi celebensis + - - - - - Elaphe erythrura celebensis - - - - - + Psammodynastes pulverulentus - - - + + - Xenochrophis trianguligerus - - + - - + Xenopeltis unicolor - - - - - + Family Viperidae Tropidolaemus wagleri - - + - - - Ordo LACERTILIA Family Gekkonidae Cyrtodactylus jellesmae + + + + + + Family Scincidae Eutropis grandis + - + + + - Eutropis multifasciata - - - - - + Eutropis rudis + - + - + - Lamprolepis smaragdina - - - - + - Sphenomorphus nigrilabris - - + - - - Sphenomorphus textus - + - - - - Sphenomorphus tropidonotus - + + + + - Sphenomorphus cf tropidonotus - + - + - - Sphenomorphus variegatus + + + + + - Sphenomorphus sp1 - - + - - - Sphenomorphus sp2 + + - - - - Family Agamidae Draco cf beccari - - - + + + Family Varanidae Varanus cf togianus + - - - - - Number of species 13 7 13 12 15 16
18 Table 2. Major herpetofauna habitats of herpetofauna in Mekongga-Camp 2, SE Sulawesi. (+) species present; (-) species absent.
Species and Forest species Generalist Non-forest species classification Terrestrial Aquatic Arboreal Terrestrial Aquatic Arboreal Terrestrial Aquatic Arboreal AMPHIBIA Ordo ANURA Family Bufonidae Ingerophrynus celebensis - - - + - - - - - Ingerophrynus cf celebensis - - - + - - - - - Family Microhylidae Oreophryne zimmeri - + ------Microhyla sp + ------Family Dicroglossidae Limnonectes arathooni - + ------Limnonectes grunniens - - - - + - - - - Limnonectes microtympanum - - - - + - - - - Limnonectes modestus - - - - + - - - - Limnonectes torajae - - - - + - - - - Family Ranidae Hylarana chalconota ------+ Hylarana everetti - - - - + - - - - Family Rhacophoridae Polypedates leucomystax ------+ REPTILIA Ordo OPHIDIA Family Colubridae Boiga dendrophila ------+ gemmicincta Chrysopelea paradisi ------+ celebensis Elaphe erythrura ------+ - - celebensis Psammodynastes pulverulentus ------+ Xenochrophis trianguligerus ------+ - Xenopeltis unicolor ------+ - - Family Viperidae Tropidolaemus wagleri - - + ------Ordo LACERTILIA Family Gekkonidae Cyrtodactylus jellesmae - - - - - + - - - Family Scincidae Eutropis grandis - - - + - - - - - Eutropis multifasciata - - - + - - - - - 19 Eutropis rudis - - - + - - - - - Lamprolepis smaragdina - - + ------Sphenomorphus nigrilabris + ------Sphenomorphus textus + ------Sphenomorphus tropidonotus + ------Sphenomorphus cf tropidonotus + ------Sphenomorphus variegatus - - - + - - - - - Sphenomorphus sp1 + ------Sphenomorphus sp2 - - - + - - - - - Family Agamidae Draco cf beccari - - - - - + - - - Family Varanidae Varanus cf togianus - - - + - - - - - Number of species 6 2 2 8 5 2 2 1 5 Total number 10 15 8
20 Table 3. Herpetofauna plots monitoring at Mekongga-Camp 2 by using Visual Encounter Survey (VES).
Point Plot Date Species or genus Number of Habitat Notes individual seen 4 1 4 July 2010 -Spenomorphus tropidonotus 2 Buttress -Spenomorphus variegatus 1 Leaf litter 4 2 4 July 2010 Spenomorphus tropidonotus 1 Buttress 4 3 4 July 2010 -Spenomorphus tropidonotus 1 Buttress -Spenomorphus variegatus 1 Leaf litter -Eutropis sp 1 Leaf 4 4 4 July 2010 -Eutropis sp 1 Buttress -Spenomorphus variegatus 1 Leaf litter
3 1 5 July 2010 -Ingerophrynus cf celebensis 1 - Sound -Spenomorphus tropidonotus 2 Soil -Spenomorphus variegatus 1 Buttress 3 2 5 July 2010 Spenomorphus tropidonotus 2 Buttress 3 3 5 July 2010 Microhyla sp 2 Leaf litter 3 4 5 July 2010 -Ingerophrynus cf celebensis 1 Buttress -Spenomorphus tropidonotus 1 Buttress
2 1 6 July 2010 ------2 2 6 July 2010 -Spenomorphus tropidonotus 2 Leaf litter -Spenomorphus variegatus 2 Buttress 2 3 6 July 2010 Eutropis sp 1 Buttress 2 4 6 July 2010 Spenomorphus variegatus 2 Buttress
1 1 7 July 2010 ------1 2 7 July 2010 -Spenomorphus tropidonotus 1 Buttress -Spenomorphus variegatus 1 Leaf litter 1 3 7 July 2010 Eutropis sp 1 Buttress 1 4 7 July 2010 -Spenomorphus tropidonotus 1 Leaf litter -Spenomorphus variegatus 1 Buttress
4 1 8 July 2010 -Spenomorphus tropidonotus 1 Leaf litter -Spenomorphus variegatus 1 Buttress 4 2 8 July 2010 Spenomorphus tropidonotus 2 Buttress 4 3 8 July 2010 Draco sp 3 On tree stem; high about 30 m from the ground 4 4 8 July 2010 -Spenomorphus tropidonotus 1 Leaf litter
-Spenomorphus variegatus 1 Buttress
3 1 9 July 2010 Spenomorphus variegatus 1 Leaf litter on Rocky ground 3 2 9 July 2010 Spenomorphus tropidonotus 2 Buttress
3 3 9 July 2010 -Spenomorphus tropidonotus 1 Soil -Spenomorphus variegatus 1 Leaf letter -Eutropis sp 2 Rocky ground 3 4 9 July 2010 -Spenomorphus tropidonotus 1 Buttress -Eutropis sp 1 Buttress
2 1 10 July 2010 -Spenomorphus variegatus 1 Leaf litter -Eutropis sp 1 Buttress 2 2 10 July 2010 Ingerophrynus cf celebensis 1 - Sound 2 3 10 July 2010 -Eutropis sp 1 Buttress -Spenomorphus variegatus 1 Leaf litter 2 4 10 July 2010 Eutropis sp 1 Leaf litter
1 1 11 July 2010 Eutropis sp 1 Leaf litter 1 2 11 July 2010 ------1 3 11 July 2010 Spenomorphus tropidonotus 2 Leaf litter 1 4 11 July 2010 ------
4 1 12 July 2010 -Spenomorphus tropidonotus 1 Buttress -Eutropis sp 2 Soil 4 2 12 July 2010 -Spenomorphus tropidonotus 1 Leaf litter -Spenomorphus variegatus 1 Leaf litter 4 3 12 July 2010 -Ingerophrynus cf celebensis 1 - Sound 4 4 12 July 2010 -Spenomorphus tropidonotus 1 Leaf litter
21 3 1 13 July 2010 ------3 2 13 July 2010 -Draco sp 1 On tree stem; high about 30 m from the ground 3 3 13 July 2010 -Spenomorphus tropidonotus 1 Buttress -Ingerophrynus cf celebensis 1 - Sound 3 4 13 July 2010 -Spenomorphus tropidonotus 2 Buttress -Spenomorphus variegatus 1 Leaf litter
2 1 14 July 2010 -Limnonectes microtympanum 2 Stream -Spenomorphus variegatus 1 Leaf litter
2 2 14 July 2010 Eutropis sp 1 Leaf litter 2 3 14 July 2010 ------2 4 14 July 2010 -Spenomorphus tropidonotus 1 Buttress -Spenomorphus variegatus 1 Leaf litter -Eutropis sp 1 Lower vegetation
1 1 15 July 2010 ------1 2 15 July 2010 -Eutropis rudis 1 Leaf litter on Trail 1 3 15 July 2010 ------1 4 15 July 2010 -Spenomorphus tropidonotus 2 Buttress -Spenomorphus variegatus 1 Buttress
22 SPECIES ACCOUNT-AMPHIBIANS
AMPHIBIA ORDO ANURA
A. Family Bufonidae
1. Ingerophrynus celebensis (Günther, 1859) -Former name: Bufo celebensis -Habitat in Mekongga-Camp 2: Swamp area at Point 5. -Distribution: This species is endemic to Sulawesi, Muna, Buton and Banggai Islands in Indonesia. It occurs up to at least 1,000m asl (IUCN, 2010).
Figure 20. Ingerophrynus celebensis that found in Camp 2-Mekongga Mountain and distribution map of the species in Sulawesi. Photograph by H. Kurniati and source of map IUCN (2010).
2. Ingerophrynus cf celebensis -Habitat in Mekongga-Camp 2: Leaf litter at Plot 2, Plot 3 and Plot 4. -Distribution: Sulawesi. -Notes: The species has been described by Djoko Iskandar as a new species.
Figure 21. Ingerophrynus cf celebensis that found in Camp 2-Mekongga Mountain. Photograph by H. Kurniati.
B. Family Microhylidae
23 1. Microhyla sp -Habitat in Mekongga-Camp 2: Leaf litter at Plot 3. -Distribution: Mekongga, Sulawesi.
Figure 22. Microhyla sp that found in Camp 2-Mekongga Mountain. Photograph by H. Kurniati.
2. Oreophryne zimmeri Ahl, 1933 -Habitat in Mekongga-Camp 2: Leaf litter at Plot 2. -Distribution: this species is known only from the Mekongga Mountains in south-eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia. However, the exact location of these mountains is not clear (IUCN, 2010)
Figure 23. Oreophryne zimmeri that found in Camp 2-Mekongga Mountain. Photograph by H. Kurniati.
C. Family Dicroglossidae
1. Limnonectes arathooni (Smith, 1927) -Former name: Rana arathooni -Habitat in Mekongga-Camp 2: Temporary pool at Plot 2 and Plot 4. -Distribution: This species is known only from Mount Lompobatang and Mount Latimojong, in south-western Sulawesi, Indonesia, above 1,200m asl (IUCN, 2010). -Notes: The present of the species in Mekongga was new information for its extending distribution in Sulawesi.
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Figure 24. Limnonectes arathooni that found in Camp 2-Mekongga Mountain and distribution map of the species in Sulawesi. Photograph by H. Kurniati and source of map IUCN (2010).
2. Limnonectes grunniens (Latreille, 1801) -Former name: Rana grunniens -Habitat in Mekongga-Camp 2: Strong water stream at swamp area (Plot 5). -Distribution: This species occurs on the eastern peninsula and southeastern peninsula of Sulawesi, and on Muna, Buton, Wowoni and Kabaena Islands, in Indonesia, where it occurs up to 600m asl. It also occurs in the Maluku Islands (Halmahera, Seram, Ambon, Haluku, Saparua, Buru, and some other smaller islands) and is widespread on the New Guinea mainland in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. It ranges up to 1,600m asl in New Guinea (IUCN, 2010).
Figure 25. Limnonectes grunniens that found in Camp 2-Mekongga Mountain and distribution map of the species in Sulawesi, Moluccas and West Papua. Photograph by H. Kurniati and source of map IUCN (2010).
3. Limnonectes microtympanum (van Kampen, 1909) -Former name: Rana microtympanum -Habitat in Mekongga-Camp 2: Stream bank at cacao plantation, Stream bank at swamp area and stream bank at Plot 2. -Distribution: This species is known only from Mount Lompobatang in south-west Sulawesi, Indonesia. It lives above 1,000m asl (IUCN, 2010). -Notes: The present of the species in Mekongga was new information for its extending distribution in Sulawesi.
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Figure 26. Limnonectes microtympanum that found in Camp 2-Mekongga Mountain and distribution map of the species in Sulawesi. Photograph by H. Kurniati and source of map IUCN (2010).
4. Limnonectes modestus (Boulenger, 1882) -Former name: Rana modestus -Habitat in Mekongga-Camp 2: Stream bank at cacao plantation, stream bank at swamp area and stream bank at Plot 2. -Distribution: This species occurs on the islands of Sulawesi, Togian, Peleng, Seram, Buru, Ambon, Obi, Bacan, Batudaka, Togian and Talatakoh and Halmahera in Indonesia, up to 1,200m asl. It might also occur on Salayar, Sangihe and Talaud, but these are not yet confirmed, and so are not mapped here (IUCN, 2010).
Figure 27. Limnonectes modestus that found in Camp 2-Mekongga Mountain and distribution map of the species in Sulawesi and Moluccas. Photograph by H. Kurniati and source of map IUCN (2010).
5. Limnonectes torajae -Habitat in Mekongga-Camp 2: -Distribution: Sulawesi. -Notes: The species has been described by Djoko Iskandar as a new species.
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Figure 28. Limnonectes torajae that found in Camp 2- Mekongga Mountain. Photograph by H. Kurniati.
D. Family Ranidae
1. Hylarana chalconota (Schlegel, 1837) -Former name: Rana chalconota -Habitat in Mekongga-Camp 2: -Distribution: We restrict this species to southern Sumatra, Java and Bali (Indonesia). Specimens from outside this range are referred to in the accounts for H. raniceps and H. mocquardi (Sulawesi only). It is present below 1,571 m asl (IUCN, 2010). -Notes: Based on Inger et al. (2009), Hylarana chalconota group in Sulawesi is referred to H. mocquardi.
Figure 29. Hylarana chalconota that found in Camp 2-Mekongga Mountain. Photograph by H. Kurniati.
2. Hylarana everetti (Boulenger, 1882) -Former name: Rana everetti -Habitat in Mekongga-Camp 2: -Distribution: This species is known with certainty from several localities on Mindanao Island in the southern Philippines. Populations on Negros, Panay and Masbate Islands in the Philippines have also been attributed to this species, but might be considered a separate taxon in the future. Until this taxonomic revision is in place, they are still considered here as being part of this species. A population from Lore Lindu National Park in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, has also been attributed to this species but this is most likely in error (Brown pers. comm.) and hence it is not included here (IUCN, 2010).
27 -Notes: This species was identified by using MZB specimens from Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi.
Figure 30. Hylarana everetti that found in Camp 2-Mekongga Mountain. Photograph by H. Kurniati.
E. Family Rhacophoridae
1. Polypedates leucomystax (Gravenhorst, 1829) -Habitat in Mekongga-Camp 2: -Distribution: This species occurs throughout northeast India and Bangladesh, it is marginal in Nepal, and possibly occurs in Bhutan (although this requires confirmation). It is considered here to be present in western Yunnan, China. It also occurs throughout most of mainland southeast Asia, including islands large and Singapore and small (e.g. vegetated rocks off Tioman and Redang), and is widespread (and introduced) throughout the Philippines, and is present in Borneo, Mentawai, Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, Bali, Lombok, Natuna Islands, Anambas Islands, Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores, Timor and is introduced to Papua (not mapped here). It also is found in China. It is introduced to Japan and is found in Okinawajima, Tonakijima, Kurimajima, Miyakojima, Iejima, Iheyajima, Izenajima, Sesokojima and Yabuchijima. It is found up to 1,500m asl (IUCN, 2010). -Notes: This species has been revised by Jimmy McGuire et al.; the new name is Polypedates iskandari, but the name has not valid yet.
Figure 31. Polypedates leucomystax that found in Camp 2-Mekongga Mountain and distribution map of the species in SE Asia. Photograph by H. Kurniati and source of map IUCN (2010).
28 Appendix 1. Curatorial results of amphibians and reptiles from Camp 2, Mekongga, SE Sulawesi, 3-15 July 2010 (all of photographs by H. Kurniati).
-FROGS NUMBER OF FAMILY SPECIES PHOTOGRAPH NOTES SPECIMEN Ingerophrynus celebensis 3 The specimens were identified by using MZB collections as references.
Bufonidae Ingerophrynus cf celebensis 10 The species has been described by Djoko Iskandar.
Microhyla sp 2 There is no specimen of Microhyla from Sulawesi in MZB collection. Do not know what species of Microhyla it is.
Oreophryne zimmeri (?) 1 Possibly Oreophryne Microhylidae zimmeri. Based on IUCN (2010), this species is known only from the Mekongga Mountains in south- eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia. However, the exact location of these mountains is not clear. Limnonectes arathooni 4 The specimens were identified by using MZB collections as references. Dicroglossidae
Limnonectes grunniens 3 The specimens were identified by using MZB collections as references.
29
Limnonectes microtympanum 16 The specimens were identified by using MZB collections as references.
Limnonectes modestus 24 The specimens were identified by using MZB collections as references.
Limnonectes torajae 15 The species has been described by Djoko Iskandar
Hylarana chalconota The specimens were identified by using MZB collections as references.
Hylarana everetti 25 The specimens were identified by using MZB collection as reference. Based on Ranidae IUCN (2010), this species is known with certainty only from Mindanao Island in the southern Philippines. Its taxonomy is not clear; however A population from Lore Lindu National Park in central Sulawesi, Indonesia, has also been attributed to 30 this species but this is most likely in error (Rafe Brown, pers. comm.) Polypedates leucomystax 7 This species has been revised by Jimmy McGuire et al.; the new name is Rhacophoridae Polypedates iskandari, but the name has not valid yet.
-LIZARDS NUMBER OF FAMILY SPECIES PHOTOGRAPH NOTES SPECIMEN Varanus cf togianus 1 These monitors are closely related with V. togianus and merely represent an undescribed subspecies, which is Varanidae more colourful, while the real togianus is nearly black dorsally (Andre Koch, personal communication). Draco cf beccari 10 The specimens were identified by using MZB collections as references. Agamidae
Cyrtodactylus jellesmae 45 The specimens were identified by using MZB collections as references. Gekkonidae
Eutropis grandis 6 The specimens were identified by using MZB collections as references. Scincidae
Eutropis multifasciata 1 The specimen was identified by using MZB collections as references.
31
Eutropis rudis 7 The specimens were identified by using MZB collections as references.
Lamprolepis smaragdina 1 The specimen was identified by using MZB collections as references.
Sphenomorphus nigrilabris 1 The specimen was identified by using MZB collections as references.
Sphenomorphus textus 1 The specimen was identified by using MZB collections as references.
Sphenomorphus tropidonotus 14 The specimens were identified by using MZB collections as references.
Sphenomorphus cf tropidonotus 1 The specimen was identified by using MZB collections as references.
32 Sphenomorphus variegatus 48 The specimens were identified by using MZB collections as references.
Sphenomorphus sp1 1 The specimen was identified by using MZB collections as references.
Sphenomorphus sp2 2 The specimen was identified by using MZB collections as references.
-SNAKES NUMBER OF FAMILY SPECIES PHOTOGRAPH NOTES SPECIMEN Boiga dendrophila gemmicincta 1 The specimens were identified by using MZB collections as references and De Lang and Vogel (2005).
Colubridae
Chrysopelea paradisi celebensis 1 The specimens were identified by using De Lang and Vogel (2005) as reference.
Elaphe erythrura celebensis 1 The specimens were identified by using De Lang and Vogel (2005) as reference.
33
Psammodynastes pulverulentus 6 - The specimens were identified by using MZB collections as references and De Lang and Vogel (2005). -The species has two form colors, light brown color and grey
color.
Xenochrophis trianguligerus 4 The specimens were (1 adult; 3 identified by using juveniles) MZB collections as references and De Lang and Vogel (2005).
Adult
Juvenile
Tropidolaemus wagleri 2 The specimens were (all juveniles) identified by using MZB collections as references and De Lang and Vogel Viperidae (2005).
Juvenile
Notes: We missed Sunbeam Snake (Xenopeltis unicolor) that found at stream transect in swamp area (Plot 5).
34