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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting OTHERWORLDLY BODIES: READING THE REVENANT IN MIDDLE ENGLISH LITERATURE By MATTHEW J. SNYDER A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2014 1 © 2014 Matthew J. Snyder 2 In memory of James J. Paxson 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge and thank R. A. Shoaf, Terry Harpold, Richard Burt, and Will Hasty for serving on my committee. My many conversations with Al Shoaf about Chaucer, the England of the fourteenth century, and the politics of professing medieval literature have been illuminating and enlightening. I am proud to call myself his student and even more so that he calls me his colleague and friend. From the days when I was a master’s degree student in his graduate seminar on psychoanalysis, Terry Harpold’s warmth and unflagging support have buoyed me in moments of uncertainty. The late James J. Paxson helped me shape my early ideas about revenancy in medieval literature through long discussions during his office hours, over lunches, and on the road to and from the International Congress on Medieval Studies in the summer of 2009. I would not have started down this path without Jim’s enthusiasm for and insight into my proposed topic, and as such, this work is dedicated to his memory. He is sorely missed. The Department of English at the University of Florida has provided material support throughout my graduate work. I have been the beneficiary of numerous teaching assistantships, a research assistantship working under Peter L. Rudnytsky as Assistant to the Editor of the journal American Imago from 2008 to 2011, a Robert Bowers Fellowship in Medieval and Renaissance Studies in 2011, a Graduate Mentoring Fellowship with the University Writing Program in 2012, and a number of graduate travel grants. I’m grateful to have been so generously supported during my time at UF. I forged a number of friendships in Gainesville that will surely long outlive the too- brief time we were able to spend here together before lighting out for new destinations. 4 Among those, I hope that Rex and Angela Krueger, Paul Des Jardins and Kristin Denslow, David and Ginny Lawrimore, and Rob Houston and Rebekah Fitzsimmons will remain in my life for its duration. Finally, I could not have completed this project without the near-constant encouragement of my first reader, best friend, and wife, Christy, and the motivation provided by the birth of our son, Kieran, for both of whom I do all that I do. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................. 9 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: REVENANCY IN THE MIDDLE AGES: THE OTHERWORLDLY BODY RETURNS .................................................................... 12 The Zombie (as Post-Human) ................................................................................. 12 The Ontology of the Medieval Revenant ................................................................. 14 There and Back Again: A Brief History of the Otherworldly Body ........................... 18 The Revenant by Definition Returns: Chapter Summaries ..................................... 24 John of Salisbury’s “Organic Analogy” and the Revenant as Wound ...................... 26 2 “MUSE ON MY MIRROUR”: REFLECTION AND REFRACTION IN THE AWNTYRS OFF ARTHURE ................................................................................... 30 A Distant Mirror ....................................................................................................... 30 A Prismatic Revenant ............................................................................................. 33 The Progressive Hybridity of AA ............................................................................. 35 By the Tarn in Inglewood: The Revenant Appears ................................................. 36 Guenevere’s First Question .................................................................................... 38 In Defense of Gawain’s Reply ................................................................................. 39 The Otherworldly Body of AA’s Revenant ............................................................... 41 The Eclipsing, Reflecting Mother ............................................................................ 43 Hell or Purgatory? ................................................................................................... 46 The Signum ............................................................................................................ 48 On the Question of the Revenant’s “Mynnyng”: Further Fractured Readings ......... 51 Chronicle, Romance, and the Specter of Lancelot in AA ........................................ 58 Spectating through the Prism: Two Views of Chivalric Violence ............................. 65 Psychoanalytic Readings of the Mother-Daughter Mirror........................................ 66 Sigmund Freud ................................................................................................. 66 Jacques Lacan and D. W. Winnicott ................................................................. 68 Other Readings ................................................................................................ 70 Nancy Chodorow ....................................................................................... 71 Jane Flax ................................................................................................... 72 Luce Irigaray .............................................................................................. 72 Ronnie Scharfman ..................................................................................... 74 Marianne Hirsch ......................................................................................... 75 Terry Harpold ............................................................................................. 77 No Way out of the Mirror ......................................................................................... 78 6 3 HISTORICAL TRAUMA, THE CRITIC, AND THE WORK OF MOURNING IN CHAUCER’S PRIORESS’S TALE .......................................................................... 79 Who Speaks in Chaucer’s Texts? ........................................................................... 79 Hard and Soft Readings of PRT .............................................................................. 80 Historical Trauma and the Blood Libel Legend ....................................................... 82 The Labor of the Tale.............................................................................................. 84 Important Differences between PRT and the Trinity College Manuscript ................ 86 The Hugh of Lincoln Case ...................................................................................... 88 Kiddush ha-Shem and PRT ..................................................................................... 90 The Work of Mourning ............................................................................................ 92 4 THE CORPSE OF LAW AND THE CORPUS OF TRADITION: CHIVALRY, LITERARY NATIONALISM, AND SIR GAWAIN AND THE GREEN KNIGHT’S THEMATICS OF REVENANCY .............................................................................. 94 Caxton and the “Use” of Chivalry ............................................................................ 94 Reading the Revenant in SGGK ............................................................................. 97 The Resurgence of Chivalry in Fourteenth-Century England .................................. 99 An Untenable “Technique of Living” ...................................................................... 103 Chivalry’s “Revenant Logic” .................................................................................. 105 The Green Knight’s Arrival .................................................................................... 108 Gawain’s Speech .................................................................................................. 110 Shame and Chivalric Law ..................................................................................... 114 The Poem’s Thematics of Revenancy .................................................................. 118 “If þou redez hym ryʒt” .......................................................................................... 121 A Forfeiture of Life ................................................................................................ 123 To the High Hermitage .......................................................................................... 127 Gawain’s Identity and the Stakes of Literary Nationalism ..................................... 129 Gavains Contrefez ................................................................................................ 132 “I be not now he þat ʒe of speken”: The Gawain-Poet’s Agenda .......................... 135 A Jewel for the Jeopardy: The Lady’s Trap, the Pentangle, and Sleʒt .................. 144 Becoming Chivalry: Gawain’s Self-Conceived Apotheosis ................................... 147 Confessions, Withholdings ...................................................................................
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