Nonanoic Acid
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Petition To National Organic Standards Board April 26, 2011 Petitioner: William G. Reifenrath Stratacor, Inc. 1315 South 46th Street Richmond, CA 94804 510-965-1545 [email protected] Action Requested: We hereby petition the NOSB to add the naturally occurring fatty acid “nonanoic acid” to Section 205.603 of the National Organic Program as a synthetic substance allowed for use as an insect repellent/insecticide in organic livestock production. Specifically, the action requested is the allowance for combination of nonanoic acid with octanoic and decanoic acids in mineral oil or clay formulations applied directly to the skin of livestock to control biting flies, lice, ticks and other ectoparasites on cattle and horses. Background: C8910R fly repellent is a mixture of 3 medium chain fatty acids, octanoic (C8), nonanoic (C9), and decanoic (C10) formulated in light mineral oil (baby oil) or in clay dusts. All of the actives have Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status with the U.S. FDA and have been approved for use as food additives in the U.S. and elsewhere (see Exhibits A, a summary of safety data for C8, C9 and C10 and Exhibit B for ecotoxicology). The C8 and C10 components are natural sourced from coconut or palm kernel oil by a process of steam hydrolysis. While C9 exists in many plants and is found in the atmosphere from the action of lightning on ambient oxygen and oleic acid present as a film on water droplets (King et al., 2009), a practical source of C9 does not exist in nature. 1 C8910 was developed under an SBIR grant from the USDA as a natural fly repellent for livestock. The following 2 paragraphs were taken from the 2006 Annual CRIS Report: Arthropod repellent formulations, based on economical, low-toxicity, all natural ingredients were developed for cattle and horses to provide relief from stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans), horn flies (Haematobia irritans), and cattle lice (Bovicola bovis, Solenopotes capillatus, and Linoganthus vituli). The repellent also had activity against face flies (Musca autumnalis), house flies (Musca domestica), sand flies (Lutzomyia longipalpis), mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus) and ticks (California black-eyed tick (Ixodes pacificus) and lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum)). Solid formulations having appropriate flow properties were developed for use in dust bags or cattle rubs. Liquid formulations were developed for spray or wipe-on application. Liquid and dust formulations were physically stable. Extraction and assay procedures based on HPLC demonstrated chemical stability of the actives in both types of formulation (over 7 years in the case of the liquid formulation). Horn fly repellency was demonstrated under actual use conditions in three trials using dust bags, and when tested in comparison to pesticide treatments (coumaphos and tetrachlorvinphos), gave similar reductions in horn fly numbers (approximately 90%) on pastured cattle. The liquid formulation provided reduction in stable fly counts when applied to the legs of pastured horses and dairy cattle. Expected Impact: Animal agriculture contributes significantly towards total U.S. farm income, with one estimate at about 50% or approximately 87 billion in 1994 dollars. The production of range cattle, confined beef and pastured beef cattle and the dairy industry are important segments of this activity. The revenue generated by these activities is adversely affected by arthropod pests, specifically the horn fly and stable fly. Traditional methods of pest control have involved the use of topically applied pesticides (pyrethroids and organophosphorus chemicals). Because of the increasing concerns of the impact of these chemicals on the environment and human health and the increasing costs of maintaining the EPA registration of these compounds, the number of agents available for livestock pest management has declined. Reliance on only a few active ingredients has created additional problems with pesticide resistance. Since the completion of the USDA SBIR grant, the mixture of fatty acids (trademarked C8910) has undergone additional safety and efficacy tests and a data package was submitted to the US EPA in 2007. In the fall of 2009, the Biopesticides and Pollution Prevention Division of US EPA issued unconditional registration for the use of C8910 on food producing livestock (beef and dairy cattle) and for horses to repel stable flies, horn flies, house flies, ticks, and cattle lice. C8910 has recently been registered by the USEPA for fly control on livestock (Exhibit C). USEPA has further decided that C8910 can be used on 2 food producing animals (Exhibit D).Efforts are underway to register and market C8910 world-wide for use on livestock. A comparison of C8910 efficacy vs. pyrethroid pesticides is given in Exhibit E for horn flies and Exhibit F for stable flies. Exhibit F also contains efficacy data for C8910 against house flies, cattle lice and ticks. Exhibit G is the MSDS for C8910 and the MSDS for nonanoic acid itself is exhibit H. Additional research has shown that other formulations of C8910 had effective repellency against mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus), house flies, sand flies, and eye flies, insects that are a direct concern for humans. These activities have a global impact, as no new public health insecticides have been developed for vector control in disease ridden counties for 30 years. Mosquitoes are notorious for vectoring such important tropical diseases as malaria, yellow fever, and human filariasis. The ordinary house fly is a world-wide problem; it can transmit typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery, pinworms, hookworms, and some tapeworms. Musca species filth flies are also involved in the spread of trachoma, the lending cause of preventable blindness in the world. Leishmaniasis is a complex of diseases spread by the sand fly. World- wide, approximately 12 million people have leishmaniasis and about 350 million people are at risk for catching the disease. Eye gnats and eye flies (genus Siphunculina) are small insects (1-2 mm) that infest large areas of the tropics and subtropics. They are extremely annoying to humans and domestic animals, feeding on mucous secretions and most surfaces of the host body such as eyes, nose, ears, and lips. Due to annoyance or actual spread of disease, flies inflict billions of dollars of loss in world-wide livestock production. In the developing world, these economic losses have a direct negative impact on human health. Preliminary studies have shown that C8910 has activity against the tsetse fly (personal communication, Brian Weiss, Dept. of Entomology and Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, August 3, 2009). The tsetse fly is well known for its role in African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness in humans) and trypanosoma-caused nagana has eliminated most animal agriculture throughout large areas of Africa. Field testing and registration activities are underway with a collaborating company, Afrivet, in South Africa to register several formulation of C8910 for livestock as well as for direct application to human skin. Of particular interest are the promising results against Culicoides midges which transmit the viral disease, horse sickness, a major concern to the horse breeding and racing industry due to the inadequacies of the vaccines currently available. Similarly, protecting ruminant livestock against mosquitoes transmitting Rift Valley fever, a zoonotic disease which causes abortions and death even of some game species during outbreaks which occur during years of abundant rains, as were seen this year. Mosquito repellent efficacy was confirmed at the South African Bureau of Standards as malaria is an important disease in the north-eastern parts of South Africa and the rest of the continent of Africa. The results above were added to information received from the suppliers and applications for registration of the products for use on man and livestock have been submitted. 3 OMRI Review: On January 23, 2010, Stratacor submitted a product application, “C8910 Fly Repellent Oil” for consideration as an addition to the OMRI Products List for organic production. In a letter dated May 17, 2010 from Mr. Deder Siedler, Product Review Coordinator for OMRI , Stratacor was informed that the OMRI Review Panel recommended that subject product be prohibited for use in organic production. Specifically, the panel felt that all the active ingredients, octanoic, nonanoic, and decanoic acids were synthetic ingredients, based on their method of commercial preparation. Following receipt of this letter at Stratacor, the Review Panel objections were discussed with Mr. Siedler. He indicated that the process of steam hydrolysis to make octanoic and decanoic acids from palm oil was acceptable and that the primary objection was the commercial preparation of nonanoic acid. Mr. Siedler recommended that Stratacor petition the National Organic Program to have nonanoic acid listed as an allowable synthetic. Petitioner’s Appeal On the basis of the data included in this petition, the petitioner believes that all livestock, whether organic or conventional, contain traces of nonanoic acid as well as many other naturally occurring fatty acids. Thus, nonanoic acid is on or in all non-processed meat products and is organic. Justification: The many years of academic and USDA testing for new, more effective pesticides for organic farming have not been rewarding. In a 1994 Report entitled “Research and Extension Needs for Integrated Pest Management for