Readings

Mango Z Crane and Campbell. 1994. • The Family Anacardiaceae • Univ. Florida, IFAS, Fact Sheet HS-2. Genus Z Pernezny and Marlatt. 1993. • Common diseases of Mango in Florida Species indica • Univ. Florida, IFAS, PP-23.

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Taxonomy Vegetative Structure Z Tree Z Related plants in the Anacardiaceae • Large trees, 30’ to • Cashew up to 100’ • Pistachio • Canopy trees of • Poison Ivy Tropical Forests • Trees dispersed in Z Origin -Indo-Burma Region wild • About 40 related species • Deep tap root • Long-lived (300 years old)

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Flowers Flowers Z Inflorescence - • Terminal panicles • Up to 4,000 flowers Z Flowers • Most male • Few hermaphroditic • Insect pollinated • Flies, thrips Z Ability to set fruit related to #

hermphroditic flowers Z Alexander, 1986. The Mango in Australia, CSIRO. Z Flower over 4-6 weeks

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1 Only a few fruit set per panicle Mango has been cultivated in Drupes for 4,000 years

1 0th cent 1861 ury?

4 1800s - Spanish 0 0 - 5 0 0 B C y ur nt 1700 - Portuguese ce th 16

In Florida, set less than 1 fruit per 5 panicles

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Tropical Fruit Production Mango Production in the World

FAOSTAT database, 1970-2000 Crop Production (1000s mt) 25,000

Banana 72,167 20,000

Plantains 25,309 15,000 Mangoes 28,730 10,000 Pineapple 15,723 5,000 Production (1000s Mt) 0 Papaya 5,878 1970 1975 1980 1985 1900 1995 2000

FAOSTAT database, 2000-2002 Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

World Production 0f Mango World Production 0f Mango Region Region 1,000s mt % Africa Nigeria (730), Egypt (317), Africa 2,556 9% Madagascar (210), Congo (209) Asia India (11,100), China (3,276), Asia 22,684 79% Thailand (1,678), Pakistan (1,021), Philippines (873), Indonesia (854) Americas 3,490 12% Americas Mexico (1,517), Brazil (621), Haiti (253) Total 28,730 Total

FAOSTAT database, 2000-2002 FAOSTAT database, 2000-2002

Production in the USA is 3,000 mt Production in the USA is 3,000 mt

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2 World Yields of Mango Mango Per Capita Production in the World Yield in the USA is 4.3 mt/ha FAOSTAT database, 1970-2000 Region Mt/ha 4.5 4 3.5 Africa 7.2 3 2.5 2 Asia 8.0

(kg/person) 1.5 1 Per Capita Production Production Capita Per 0.5 Americas 9.5 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1900 1995 2000 FAOSTAT database, 2000-2002

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Adaptation Mango Yield in the World Z Evolved as canopy tree in lowland tropical forests FAOSTAT database, 1970-2000 • < 300 to 600 m 10 Z Temperature Limitations 8 • Best growth between 25-30 C (77 - 86 F) • Very high temperatures may cause fruit sunburning 6 • Low temperatures • Flowers/fruit killed below 40 F 4 • Cool temp (5 C - 41 F) during flowering decrease set

Yield (Mt/ha) Yield 2 • Below 30 F damage trees • Below 25 F damage established trees 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1900 1995 2000

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Adaptation Adaptation Z Best soils Z Adapted to areas with distinct dry season • Deep ,well drained, fertile, loam, high OM • Excessive rains during flowering • pH 6.0 to 7.0 • Reduce fruit set Z Tolerant of soils that are • Excessive rain during fruiting • Infertile sands, volcanic ash, limestone based soil • Excessively drained or periodically flooded • Anthracnose • pH range of 4.5 to 7.5 • Bacterial black spot Z Sensitive to saline and sodic soils • Fruit flies Z Windbreaks used to minimize wind damage • Best production in dry areas with irrigation • Protect young trees by staking • Older trees Z For good floral initiation a dry period of 3-4 • Limb breakage months desirable • Poor pollination, flower/fruit drop if dry wind • Leaf rub

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3 Mango has been cultivated India for 4,000 years Indian Type Southeast Asia for 2,500 years

Z Highly colored fruit • Many with red blush • Yellow to orange ground color

4 Z Susceptible to 0 0 - 5 0 0 B • Anthracnose C • Mildew

Z Strong flavor (hints of turpentine) Z Monoembryonic

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Indochinese Type Mono vs Poly Embryonic Z Poorly colored • Pale green/yellow • No red blush Z Resistant • Anthracnose • Mildew Z Fruit shape • Often cylindrical or flattened Z Lack strong aromatic flavors • Most are less acidic Z Polyembryonic

Alexander, 1986. The Mango in Australia, CSIRO. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

Florida developed Mango Varieties Indian Types with Red Blush Mono vs Poly Embryonic First Important Commercial Variety in Florida Mulgoba Z Z Monoembryonic Polyembryonic Z Seedling selections • Indian race • IndoChinese race • Capt. Haden • Sexual • Asexual • Coconut Grove,FL • Variable from seed • True from seed • 1910 • Zygotic is Z Thick skin suppressed Z Breeding Z Dominated the Florida for 25 years implications Z Replaced • S to anthracnose • Inconsistent production

Alexander, 1986. The Mango in Australia, CSIRO. • Internal breakdown June to July

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4 Florida developed Mango Varieties Florida developed Mango Varieties Indian Types with Red Blush Indian Types with Red Blush Two Main Mango Varieties in Florida Used Commercially throughout the Americas

Keitt Tommy AtkinsHaden Z Seedling selections • Discoverer’s name • Made in Florida • 1920s and 1939 Z Thick skins Z Ship well Z Some R to anthracnose Z Productive Z June to JulyJune to July July to August August to early October

June to July August to early October Susceptible to Anthracnose

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Asia Uses Different Varieties Propagation

Mulgoba CarabaoManila Nam Doc Mai Z Seed • Viable for 80 - 100 days • 3 - 10 years to bearing • Rootstocks • Scions if polyembryonic Z Vegetative - Monoembryonic varieties • Grafting

India ?? Philippines Thailand • 4 years to full production

Varieties from SE Asia are frequently longer and flatter than Indian types

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Production Fertilization

Z Transplanting - clear cut forest Z Mango can usually absorb • Spacing 10 x 10 M Standard trees adequate nutrients from fertile soil • 6 x 6 M Dwarf trees Z Heavy N appl can cause Soft Nose

Z Pruning varies • Corrected with Soil appl of CaNO3, • Open center with frequent tipping to CaSO4, CaCO3 induce more terminals Z Zn deficiency corrected with 1pt

• Minimal NZN per 100 gal H2O

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5 Forcing Flowering Anthracnose Colletotrichum gloesporioides

Z Cessation of vegetative growth needed to induce vegetative to reproductive Z Most important disease in Florida transformation Z Attacks • Water stress • Fowers, young fruits • Cold period • Leaves, young twigs Z Black sunken irregular Z Induction of early flowering lesions • Reduce irrigation to induce water stress • Causing leaf spotting • Foliar applications of • Fruit staining • KNO (2 - 8%, 1 or 2 times) 3 • Fruit rot. • NH4NO3 (1-4%, 1 or 2 times)

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Anthracnose Colletotrichum gloesporioides Anthracnose Spread and Control

Z Most important disease in Florida Z Spread by rains Z Attacks Z Controlled by weekly Cu sprays* • Fowers, young fruits • Leaves, young twigs • From panicle appearance until fruit Z Black sunken irregular set. lesions • Follow with mid May & mid June Cu • Causing leaf spotting • Fruit staining sprays until harvest . • Fruit rot Z * Neutral Cu at 1.5 to 2 lbs metallic Cu.

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Harvesting - by hand Harvesting Z N latitudes - begins in April Z First harvest in 4th year • Peak in summer months • Remove fruit first 3 years Z Pole harvesting • Fruit set < 1% Z Water bath for latex Z Fruit development period • 100-150 days Z Harvest over 6-8 week period • Bloom over 6-8 week period Z Pole harvesting

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6 Marketing Any Questions about Mango?

Z Perishable - Quality problem • Necessity to harvest immature • Need more rapid shipping • Lowest storage temperature - 55 F • Below 50 F - chilling injury Z Heat treatment for fruit flies

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