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The Push for Effective Prevention and Intervention Programs for Youth

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Gangs: The Push for Effective Prevention and Intervention Programs for Youth Approved: Dr. Cody Gaines Date: 12/23/2019 2 Gangs: The Push for Effective Gang Prevention and Intervention Programs for Youth A Seminar Paper Presented to The Graduate Faculty University of Wisconsin-Platteville In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree Master of Science in Criminal Justice By Olabamigbe C Olapo 2019 3 Table of Contents Approval Page 1 Title Page 2 Table of Contents 3 Acknowledgements 4 Abstract 6 Chapter 1: Introduction 7 Statement of Problem Purpose of Study Significance or Implications of the Study Assumptions Necessary Methods of Approach Chapter 2: Literature Review 12 History of Gangs Defining Gangs Why Youth Join Gangs Consequences of Gang Involvement Prior Research on Gang Prevention Programming Chapter 3: OJJDP Comprehensive Gang Model 20 Chapter 4: Recommendations for the Future 24 Keys for Success Logic Model for the Gang Rescue and Support Project Treatment versus Incarceration Chapter 5: Conclusion 30 Chapter 6: References 31 4 Acknowledgements The fact that I am at the closing stages of completing my master’s degree is so unbelievable that I have to pinch myself a few times to see if I am dreaming. Getting to this stage has not been an easy task. I have had to overcome tremendous hurdles to get to this point. Initially, I had no plans on going back to school when I completed my bachelors because I was convinced that my bachelor’s degree would be all I would need to pursue a career in law enforcement. Through trial and error though, I realized that the law enforcement avenue was not my calling and the desire I once had to pursue such career path was no longer there. As time progressed and while I began to figure out what my next steps were, I realized that one thing was still evident: my desire to help others overcome adversities. My education and personal experiences have helped me to understand how the system has been working against people of color and disadvantages. As an African American, I have been blessed to live a privileged life which includes having both parents in the picture, having access to great schools, violence-free neighborhoods, a disciplined upbringing, and strong support system that have played a major role towards where I am today. It was not until during college that I realized that the world is not fair. I have come across some people with great hearts who have faced circumstances that shaped their criminal thinking and did not have very many people in their corner to direct them in the right path. I want to thank God for blessing me unconditionally. My family and close friends for being my backbone, for encouraging and uplifting me when things were difficult and I felt like giving up. I want to thank my previous employer, Professional Services Group for providing me the opportunity to be a youth worker. It was at that point that I realized my calling. I want to thank Jake Leigh, James Place Obama School coordinator, for allowing me to volunteer and mentor 5 disadvantage high schoolers dealing with trauma. I want to thank Dereck Wolfgram for providing me with such an amazing internship opportunity. My dad and Uncle Theo for not only allowing me to come to their office to work on homework but to use their printer to print my research articles (sorry I used so much paper). My supervisor, Tim Trbovich, for allowing me to do my homework while at work even though I was supposed to be looking at the cameras and greeting the visitors as they entered our facility. Lastly, I want to thank my professors for guiding me throughout my graduate career and assisting me whenever I needed help. Thank you everybody! 6 Abstract Gang activity is one of the most contributing factors to juvenile delinquency among youth. The problem is that little to no research has been done on the effective program features and their influence on prevention or discouraging youth from joining gangs. Street gangs have been around America since the late 1700s when immigrants began migrating to America. Gangs emerged as a result of the social disorganization and turmoil that evolved overtime. In the late 20th century, juveniles were becoming more involved in the gang lifestyle while the older individuals left to assimilate to the social norms of society. Other factors that influenced these individuals to leave were changes in life events such as employment, marriage, and/or children. There are individual, family, peer, school, and community factors that influence gang membership. Weakness in one or many of these factors increase the likelihood of gang membership. While prison for gang members is a reactive approach to reducing gang violence but causes taxpayers money, therapy and other intervention methods are a proactive approach to steer youth away from gangs. Intervention programs have developed to assist at-risk/gang involved youth and their families in turning their lives around and minimizing their criminal thinking. The OJJDP gang model has suggested that to be effective, programs would need to address the problem, develop and effective organizational plan, develop a mobilization strategy, create goals and objectives for services and organization, implement rationales for services, engage community participation, hold youth accountable, and hire and train the right staff with knowledge of the problem. 7 Chapter 1: Introduction Statement of the Problem The word gang has a variety of definitions with the intent of defining an organization of three or more people who claim a group identity. This common definition alone does not necessarily refer to a criminal or street gang. In fact, it can refer to a boy scout group, student organization, or a sports team because they too are an organization of three or more people who claim a group identity. Wisconsin Statute § 939.22(9) defines criminal street gangs as: “an ongoing organization, association or group of 3 or more persons, whether formal or informal, that has as one of its primary activities the commission of one or more of the criminal acts, or acts that would be criminal if the actor were an adult…that has a common name (ie. Vice Lords) or a common identifying sign or symbol” (Wisconsin Legislature, n.d.) Bates and Swan (2014) define gangs as an “organization of the street composed of either 1.) the socially excluded or 2.) alienated, demoralized, or bigoted elements of a dominant racial, ethnic, or religious group” (p. 230). Lastly, NCJRS (n.d.) defines gangs as groups of three or more individuals engaging in criminal activity. For the purpose of this research, we look to explore the definition of gangs as an organization of three or more people who claim a group identity whose intent is to commit criminal activity. According to Lenzi et al. (2015), gang membership among youth is a widespread issue that is receiving more attention. Between 2002 to 2010, the United States saw nearly a 35% increase of youth gangs (Simon, Ritter, and Mahendra, 2013). Gang violence has also become a widespread issue since the mid- 20th century. All 50 states including District of Columbia have made reports of gang problems (Howell, 2010). There are around 30,000 gangs in the United 8 States today with approximately 800,000 members (Gottfredson et al., 2018). The National Gang Center (n.d.) reports that there are more Hispanic, Black, and male gangs than any other race or gender. Gang affiliation is not something youth leave behind when they enter school grounds. Behaviors, attitudes, and conflicts tend to follow youth when they enter the school environment as well (National Gang Center, 2019). Gang membership affects school involvement and educational attainment and is an issue for youth between the ages of 12 and 24 (NIJ, 2011). Estrada, Gilreath, Astor & Benbenishty (2016) found that schools are one of the important places to implement gang prevention and intervention strategies. Lenzi et al. (2015), suggests that youth are more likely to join gangs when influenced by delinquent peers and for protection because they feel the school environment is unsafe. Youth males are more susceptible to gang membership in pursuit to find a sense of belonging. The obstacles that those who live in urban areas face are what influence gang involvement. Ice-T, a former gang member turned successful actor, talks about how certain circumstances lead youth to get in trouble. He explains that when a child has no hope, they have nothing to lose and it is easy to make bad decisions (Ice-T., 2015). Depending on where the youth is from, these bad decisions can range anywhere from a minor theft to auto theft to intentional homicide. It is important and concerning that youth in gang are more likely to commit more crimes than non-gang members. This notion can be supported with the ideology that broken youth will do any and everything to feel a sense of belonging. Hill, Lui, and Hawkins (2001) suggest that it is important to understand what factors predict gang membership in order to prevent youth from joining gangs. Such factors can be found within neighborhood, family, school, individual, and peer group domain levels. 9 Purpose of the Study Gangs in schools often cause an issue with threats, youth recruiting, and criminal activities (National Gang Center, 2019). According to NIJ (2019), gang members engage in more serious and violent crimes than non-gang members. The United States Department of Justice (n.d.) explains that gang violence has risen drastically in larger cities and youth gangs continue to become more violent. Organizations have taken steps to create programs to prevent, intervene, and reduce the impact of gang involvement.
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