INTERNATIONAL UNION OF (UIS) INTERNATIONAL GEOGRAPHICAL UNION (IGU) INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY, RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VORONEZH STATE UNIVERSITY VORONEZH METROPOLIA OF THE RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH RUSSIAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY DEPARTMENT OF CULTURE OF THE VORONEZH REGION NATURAL, ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM-RESERVE DIVNOGORYE

CAVES AS OBJECTS OF HISTORY AND CULTURE

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC FORUM VORONEZH – DIVNOGORYE, , 19–22 APRIL 2016

Edited by A. A. Gunko, S. K. Kondratieva, M. I. Lylova

Voronezh Publishing and Printing Centre “Nauchnaya Kniga” 2016 ɆȿɀȾɍɇȺɊɈȾɇɕɃɋɈɘɁɋɉȿɅȿɈɅɈȽɈȼ 8,6 ɆȿɀȾɍɇȺɊɈȾɇɕɃȽȿɈȽɊȺɎɂɑȿɋɄɂɃɋɈɘɁ ,*8 ɂɇɋɌɂɌɍɌȽȿɈȽɊȺɎɂɂɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃȺɄȺȾȿɆɂɂɇȺɍɄ ȼɈɊɈɇȿɀɋɄɂɃȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɃɍɇɂȼȿɊɋɂɌȿɌ ȼɈɊɈɇȿɀɋɄȺəɆɂɌɊɈɉɈɅɂəɊɍɋɋɄɈɃɉɊȺȼɈɋɅȺȼɇɈɃɐȿɊɄȼɂ ɊɍɋɋɄɈȿȽȿɈȽɊȺɎɂɑȿɋɄɈȿɈȻɓȿɋɌȼɈ ȾȿɉȺɊɌȺɆȿɇɌɄɍɅɖɌɍɊɕȼɈɊɈɇȿɀɋɄɈɃɈȻɅȺɋɌɂ ɉɊɂɊɈȾɇɕɃȺɊɏɂɌȿɄɌɍɊɇɈȺɊɏȿɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂɃɆɍɁȿɃɁȺɉɈȼȿȾɇɂɄ©ȾɂȼɇɈȽɈɊɖȿª

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