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Seasonal Abundance and Distribution of Leafminer, Liriomyza Trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and Its Parasitoids on Bean Crop in South Florida

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Seasonal Abundance and Distribution of Leafminer, Liriomyza Trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and Its Parasitoids on Bean Crop in South Florida SEASONAL ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF LEAFMINER, LIRIOMYZA TRIFOLII (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE) AND ITS PARASITOIDS ON BEAN CROP IN SOUTH FLORIDA By JIAN LI A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2011 1 © 2011 Jian Li 2 To my parents and my friends 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I sincerely thank my advisor Dr. Dakshina Seal for his academic guidance and support during my graduate study and research. I also extend my gratitude to my co- chair advisor Dr. Gary Leibee and my graduate committee Dr. Oscar Liburd. I thank them for their unending instruction and assistance in promoting my research project. I thank all the technicians, C. Sabines, C. Carter, E. Arias and J. Betancourt in Vegetable Insect Pest Management Laboratory for their hard work in planting and maintaining the bean crops for my research. I would like to extend my appreciation to Dr. Gary Steck (Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, Florida) for the leafminer identification and Dr. Sonja Scheffer (Systematic Entomology Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Maryland) for the assistance of parasitoid identification. I appreciate the opportunity studying at University of Florida. I really enjoyed my graduate study in the Entomology and Nematology Department, and I thank all of the faculties who ever instructed me in the courses etc. I thank my great parents Pizeng Li and Yulan Feng for their tremendous love and support overseas. I thank Charles Stuhl for his help in my study and my life. I also thank all of my friends both in China and USA for their help and company. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 7 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 8 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE LEAFMINER LIRIOMYZA TRIFOLII (BURGESS) ............................................................................................................ 12 Biology and Life Cycle ............................................................................................ 12 Economic Importance ............................................................................................. 13 Management ........................................................................................................... 14 Chemical Control and Insecticide Resistance .................................................. 14 Physical Control ............................................................................................... 15 Biological Control ............................................................................................. 16 Ecological Study ............................................................................................... 18 Research Objectives ............................................................................................... 19 2 SEASONAL ABUNDANCE AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF LEAFMINER LIRIOMYZA TRIFOLII (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE) AND ITS PARASITOID OPIUS DISSITUS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) IN SOUTH FLORIDA ........ 21 Materials and Methods............................................................................................ 23 Study Sites and Bean Production ..................................................................... 23 Seasonal Density of Leafminer and Parasitoid ................................................. 24 Spatial Distribution of Leafminer and Parasitoid ............................................... 25 Parasitism and Host Density ............................................................................ 26 Distribution Pattern and Insects’ Density .......................................................... 27 Results .................................................................................................................... 27 Seasonal Density of Leafminer and Parasitoid ................................................. 27 Spatial Distribution of Leafminer ....................................................................... 28 Spatial Distribution of Parasitoid ....................................................................... 30 Parasitism and Host Density ............................................................................ 31 Distribution Pattern and Insects’ Density .......................................................... 31 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 31 3 DIEL DENSITY PATTERN OF LEAFMINER, LIRIOMYZA TRIFOLII AND THE PARASITOIDS, OPIUS DISSITUS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) AND DIGLYPHUS SPP. (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE) .......................................... 45 5 Materials and Methods............................................................................................ 46 Study Site and Beans Preparation ................................................................... 46 Plot Design and Diel Activity ............................................................................. 47 Statistical Analysis ............................................................................................ 48 Results .................................................................................................................... 48 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 51 4 THE COMPOSITION AND SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF HYMENOPTERAN PARASITOIDS OF LIRIOMYZA TRIFOLII ON BEANS IN SOUTH FLORIDA ........ 62 Materials and Methods............................................................................................ 63 Study Site ......................................................................................................... 63 Leaf Sampling and Insect Rearing ................................................................... 63 Results and Discussion........................................................................................... 64 5 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................ 79 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 82 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ............................................................................................ 88 6 LIST OF TABLES Table page 2-1 Taylor’s power law and Iwao’s patchiness regression parameters pertaining to the distribution of L. trifolii and O. dissitus on beans in September 2010 ....... 40 2-2 Taylor’s power law and Iwao’s patchiness regression parameters pertaining to the distribution of L. trifolii and O. dissitus on beans in November 2010 ........ 40 2-3 Taylor’s power law and Iwao’s patchiness regression parameters pertaining to the distribution of L. trifolii and O. dissitus on beans in December 2010 ........ 41 2-4 Taylor’s power law and Iwao’s patchiness regression parameters pertaining to the distribution of L. trifolii and O. dissitus on beans in January 2011 ............ 41 2-5 Taylor’s power law and Iwao’s patchiness regression parameters pertaining to the distribution of L. trifolii and O. dissitus on beans in February 2011 ........... 42 4-1 Number of leafminer L. trifolii and its parasitoids (%) reared from the bean foliages (300 leaves / month) from September 2010 to February 2011 in south Florida ....................................................................................................... 78 7 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 2-1 Density (mean ± SE / 5 leaves) of leafminer pupae, emerged L. trifolii and O. dissitus at bean site 1, from September to October 2010. .................................. 35 2-2 Density (mean ± SE / 5 leaves) of leafminer pupae, emerged L. trifolii and O. dissitus at bean site 2, from October to December 2010. ................................... 36 2-3 Density (mean ± SE / 5 leaves) of leafminer pupae, emerged L. trifolii and O. dissitus at bean site 3, from December 2010 to February 2011. ........................ 37 2-4 Density (mean ± SE / 5 leaves) of leafminer pupae, emerged L. trifolii and O. dissitus in each month, from September 2010 to February 2011. ...................... 38 2-5 Density (mean ± SE / yellow sticky card / 24 h) of L. trifolii and O. dissitus adults in each month, from September 2010 to February 2011. ......................... 39 2-6 Bean crop field (50 m 30 m) was divided into 15 equal plots (10 m 10 m).... 43 2-7 Bean foliages were sampled and placed in the laboratory. ................................ 43 2-8 Leafminer and the parasitoids were reared in the laboratory. ............................. 44 3-1 Bean site 1, Nov-09-2010. Mean ( SE) number of the L. trifolii, O. dissitus and Diglyphus spp. / yellow sticky trap during each 2 h interval. ........................ 54 3-2 Bean site 1, Nov-16-2010. Mean ( SE) number of the L. trifolii, O. dissitus and Diglyphus spp. / yellow sticky trap during each 2 h. .................................... 55 3-3 Bean site 1, Nov-23-2010. Mean ( SE) number of the L. trifolii, O. dissitus and Diglyphus spp. / yellow sticky trap during each 2 h. ...................................
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