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Adoption of Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices and Its Impact on Crop Productivity and Smallholder Farmers' Income

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Adoption of Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices and Its Impact on Crop Productivity and Smallholder Farmers' Income ADOPTION OF CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AND ITS IMPACT ON CROP PRODUCTIVITY AND SMALLHOLDER FARMERS’ INCOME; THE CASE OF BIBUGN DISTRICT, AMHARA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA. M .Sc. THESIS LAKACHEW LIMENIH YIZENEGAW HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, WONDOGENET, ETHIOPIA JUNE, 2020 ADOPTION OF CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AND ITS IMPACT ON CROP PRODUCTIVITY AND SMALLHOLDER FARMERS’ INCOME; THE CASE OF BIBUGN DISTRICT, AMHARA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA. LAKACHEW LIMENIH YIZENEGAW MAIN ADVISOR: ALEMAYEHU MULUNEH /PhD/ CO-ADVISOR: FANTAW YIMER /Professor/ A THESIS PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRO FORESTRY, WONDOGENET COLLEGE OF FORESTRY AND NATURAL RESOURCES SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, WONDOGENET, ETHIOPIA IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT JUNE, 2020 APPROVAL SHEET-II We, the undersigned, members of the Board of examiners of the final open defense by Lakachew Limenih have read and evaluated the thesis entitled “Adoption Of Climate- Smart Agricultural Practices And Its Impact On Crop Productivity And Smallholder Farmers’ Income; The Case Of Bibugn District, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia” and examined the candidate. This is, therefore, to certify that the thesis has been accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Climate smart agriculture landscape assessment at Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources. _______________________ ______________________ _____________ Name of Chairman Signature Date _______________________ ______________________ _____________ Name of Major Advisor Signature Date _______________________ ______________________ _____________ Name of Internal Examiner Signature Date _______________________ ______________________ _____________ Name of External Examiner Signature Date _______________________ ______________________ _____________ SGS Approval Signature Date ACKNOWLEDEGMNT First and foremost, I would like to thank the almighty God for helping me in all my duties. I am glad to reach and express my appreciations thoroughly to those who helped me to achieve this success. First, I would like to express my special thanks to my major advisor Alemayehu Muluneh (PhD) for his unreserved supervision, guidance and advisor-ship for successfully completion of the thesis. He had been very helpful throughout the work starting from the beginning. My acknowledgment also goes to my co-advisor Fantaw Yimer (Professor) for his guidance and advisor-ship for successfully completion of the thesis. My thanks also go to Ministry of agriculture for giving me the chance for the post graduate scholarship and financial support. I also thank Bibugn District office of Agriculture and Rural Development leaders and experts, and the three kebeles Agricultural office Development Agents for their unreserved support during fieldwork and data collection. My special and deep gratitude thanks also goes to Debre Medihanite, Digo Kaneta and Gena Memecha kebele farmers who were willing to conduct and to give primary data’s for my thesis work, as this thesis work would have not been conducted without their positive willingness to give the basic and necessary data. My special thanks also go to my family: my beloved wife Atsedewoin Alemayehu and my children Soliana and Kaleb for their invaluable encouragement and support during the entire course of my study. iii DECLARATION I, Lakachew Limenih, hereby declare that this MSC thesis is my own original work and has not been presented for any other institution for the award of any academic degree, diploma or certificate in anywhere. Again, all sources of materials used for this thesis have been indicated and duly acknowledged with references. Student Name and Signature: Lakachew Limenih_____________________ Place: Hawassa University, Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resource Date of submission: _____________________________ iv ABBREVIATION /ACRONYMS CA Conservational Agriculture CC Contingency Coefficient CRGE Climate Resilient Green Economy CSA Central Statistical Agency CSA Climate Smart Agriculture CSAPs Climate Smart Agricultural Practices FAO Food and Agricultural Organization FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia FGD Focused Group Discussion GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Green House Gas GTP Growth and Transformation Plan IPCC Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change KIs Key Informants MDGs Millennium Development Goals MVM Multivariate model NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations RLLP Resilient Landscape and Livelihood Project SLMP Sustainable Land Management Program SSA Sub Sahara Africa SWC Soil and Water Conservation TLU Tropical Livestock Unit UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change VIF Variance Inflation Factor iv CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDEGMNT .......................................................................................................... iii DECLARATION ...................................................................................................................... iv ABBREVIATION /ACRONYMS ............................................................................................ iv LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. viii LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. ix LIST OF APPENDICES ........................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... x 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Background ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Statement of the problem .............................................................................................................. 4 1.3. Objective of the study ................................................................................................................... 6 1.3.1. General objective .................................................................................................................... 6 1.3.2. Specific objectives .................................................................................................................. 6 1.4. Research question .......................................................................................................................... 6 1.5. Significance of the study .......................................................................................................... 6 1.6. Scope of the Study .................................................................................................................... 7 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................... 8 2.1. Definition and concepts ................................................................................................................. 8 2.2. The concept of climate change ...................................................................................................... 8 v 2.3. Climate Change impact on Agriculture ......................................................................................... 9 2.4. Impact of climate change on smallholder farmers (income) in Ethiopia ............................... 11 2.5. Farming systems and climate-smart agriculture practices in Ethiopia ................................... 12 2.5.1. Farming system in Ethiopia ............................................................................................ 12 2.5.2. Concept and practices of CSA practices adopted in Ethiopia ........................................ 13 2.6. Role of CSA practices for enhanced income of rural households .......................................... 18 2.7. Factors influencing adoption of CSA strategies ..................................................................... 19 2.8. Conceptual framework ................................................................................................................ 22 3. METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................... 23 3.1. Description of the Study Area ..................................................................................................... 23 3.1.1. Population ............................................................................................................................. 24 3.1.2. Geographical Location ......................................................................................................... 24 3.1.3. Topography, climate and soil ............................................................................................... 25 3.1.4. Means of livelihood and sources of income ......................................................................... 26 3.2. Selection of specific study site .................................................................................................... 26 3.3. Overview of the Resilient Landscape and Livelihood Project (RLLP) ....................................... 27 3.4. Research design
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