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A Decade of Research Exploring Biology and Communication Justin P Santa Clara University Scholar Commons Communication College of Arts & Sciences 2011 A Decade of Research Exploring Biology and Communication Justin P. Boren Santa Clara University, [email protected] Alice E. Veksler Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.scu.edu/comm Part of the Communication Commons Recommended Citation Boren, J. P. & Veksler, A. E. (2011). A decade of research exploring biology and communication: The brain, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, and immune systems. Communication Research Trends, 30(4), 1 -31 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Arts & Sciences at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Communication by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Decade of Research Exploring Biology and Communication The Brain, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, and Immune Systems Justin P. Boren Alice E. Veksler [email protected] [email protected] The study of communication has come a long controversial with allegations ranging from these way since Aristotle’s conceptualization of persuasion being overly deterministic (Condit, 2000) to being in Rhetoric from the 4th century B.C. Today, scholars based on inadequate analysis of prior research find- conceptualize communication in much more compre- ings (Nelson, 2004). Nonetheless, the original com- hensive ways than did those Greek Aristotelian munibiology scholars argue that these propositions philosophers. Still, much of the discipline of communi- are “an alternative to the purely situational paradigm cation focuses on the way that messages have an that began to dominate behavioral science” (Beatty et impact on individuals or societies. Since the late 1970s al., 2009, p. 14) and that these propositions only illus- a small group of communication scholars, greatly trate that communication behaviors may be explained influenced by their peers in other social-science disci- through both proximal or distal biological influences. plines (i.e., psychology) began to direct their attention Based on these points, we present the following to the way that communication influences and is influ- review of recent and relevant literature on the biolog- enced by processes in the human body. ical dimensions of human communication. To start During the early 1990s, a group of researchers our review, we examined every issue of the top 20 proposed a set of meta-theoretic axioms leading to the communication journals (according to the Thompson goal that specific theories could be generated related to Reuters Social Science Citation Index) beginning the ways that the human body influences communica- with issue one in 2001 through the most recent issue tive messages and behaviors (Beatty, McCroskey, & of 2011. We identified those articles that deal specifi- Pence, 2009). These researchers called this set of cally with communication and biology. It was impor- propositions a communibiological paradigm (see tant for us to only include articles that dealt with Beatty, McCroskey, & Valencic, 2001). While we are physiology and not self-reports (e.g., self-reports of not going to belabor each of the major premises of this stress were not included, but physiological analyses paradigm, it is important to recognize these proposi- of stress hormones were). Studies within the commu- tions, as they relate to this review: nibiology paradigm either focus on the direct effects Proposition 1: All mental processes involved in of communication on markers of physiological health, social interaction are reducible to brain activity. or utilize physiological outcome measures as indica- Proposition 2: Communicator traits and tem- tors of psychological processes. For example, schol- perament characteristics represent individual ars may utilize measures of heart rate to suggest the differences in neurobiological functioning. direct effect of an interaction on cardiovascular health Proposition 3: Individual differences in the neu- or they may use heart rate as a measure of arousal robiological systems underlying communicator (indicative of increased cognitive processing of a traits are principally (but not completely) inher- message). In both cases, physiological measures are ited. primarily employed as outcome measures in such Proposition 4: Dimensions of situations have studies. On rare occasions, communication scholars only negligible direct effects on behavior. look at physiology as the independent variable where (Beatty et al., 2009, pp. 5-12) health (such as breast cancer diagnosis) affects the For many scholars operating from social con- process and nature of peoples’ communication (e.g., struction paradigms, these propositions seem rather Manne et al., 2004). We have omitted cases such as 4— VOLUME 30 (2011) NO. 4 COMMUNICATION RESEARCH TRENDS these where researchers did not directly manipulate or also limited the scope of our review. In doing so, we measure biological or health variables. Nevertheless, mean not to highlight one communication domain over we would be remiss if we did not note that there is an others, nor do we intend to say that any particular extensive literature exploring the direct effects of domain is more important than the rest. Furthermore, health on communication. we have decided to limit the scope of body systems to In Table 1, we have included a list of the journals four primary systems—brain/nervous, endocrine, we reviewed by year with a frequency count of the immune, and cardiovascular, as they represent the cor- number of articles focused on communication and biol- pus of literature from communication perspectives. ogy. From 2001–2005, the relative number of research Finally, we have attempted to limit our review of liter- articles in communication journals dealing with biolo- ature to those articles that are communication-based, gy was low with many articles of this type found in broadly defined as dealing with symbolic message other disciplines’ journals. Due to a number of special transmission and/or interpretation. Because of that, we issues of communication journals, the frequency count have excluded articles in some related social science of articles increased greatly in 2006 and has remained fields (most notably, psychology). With these points in relatively stable since that time. Despite that, relatively mind, the present review is designed to explore con- few communibiological research articles have temporary elements of communication and biology. To appeared in exclusively communication outlets. do this, we will first provide background on four pri- In preparing this review, we do not discuss every mary systems. We will then highlight relevant research published research article related to communibiology; applications across a variety of communicative con- rather, we decided to select the most appropriate and texts. We will conclude with a brief summary of some representative research articles to illustrate the current general themes and provide some potential suggestions state of the art of this paradigm. Importantly, we have for future research endeavors. Journal name ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ’05 ’06 ’07 ’08 ’09 ’10 ’11 Communication Methods and Measures - - - - - - 2 1 - 1 - Commmunication Monographs - - - - - - - 3 - 1 1 Communication Quarterly - - - - - - - - - - - Communication Reports 1 - 1 - - 1 1 - 1 - - Communication Research 1 1 - - - - 2 - 1 - - Communication Research Reports - - - 1 - - - - - 1 1 Communication Studies - - - - - - - - 1 - - Health Communication - - - - - - 1 - - - - Human Communication Research - - - 1 - 1 2 - 1 - 2 Journal of Applied Communication Research - - - - - - 1 - - - - Journal of Communication 1 - - - - 1 - - - - Journal of Nonverbal Behavior - - - - - 2 - - - 1 - Journal of Social and Personal Relations - - - - 2 9 2 1 2 2 1 Management Communication Quarterly - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 Media Psychology - - 1 3 1 9 2 1 3 2 1 Personal Relationships - - - - - 1 - - 1 - 9 Western Journal of Communication - - - 1 - 1 - - 1 - - Total 2 2 2 6 4 24 14 6 11 8 16 Table 1. Listing of communication journals with frequency count of bio-communication articles by year. Note: The following journals had no qualifying articles to review, based on our criteria: Communication Theory, Journal of Health Communication, and Southern Journal of Communication. COMMUNICATION RESEARCH TRENDS VOLUME 30 (2011) NO. 4 — 5 2. The Brain and Nervous System No review of anatomy or human physiology is While these brain structures have clear and complete without mention of the control center of the direct connections to the process of human communi- human body—the brain. The brain, a relatively small cation, other major brain structures have important organ in the human body responsible for the regulation implications for communication as well. One of those of all human body subsystems, has four major structures, the diencephalon , located right above the regions—the cerebrum, diencephalon, the brain stem, brain stem (Duvernoy & Bourgouin, 1999), includes and the cerebellum (Floyd, Mikkelson, & Hesse, the thalamus, hypothalamus, and the pineal gland. 2008). The nervous system, consisting of nerves and The hypothalamus forms part of the limbic system, chemical compounds, acts to transmit messages which regulates stress, sex drive, pleasure, and pain; between various body subsystems and the brain, mak- we will discuss this system in greater depth in our ing the nervous system a distinct but connected part of section on endocrinology. The brain
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