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Notes for Other-Objects, J. Hedberg © 2017 PHY 454 - other-objects - J. Hedberg - 2017 Other Objects 1. Solar System 1. Jupiter 2. Stars and Their evolution 1. Stellar Nursury 2. Protostar 3. Main Sequence Stars 4. Brown Dwarf 5. White Dwarf 6. Supernovae 7. Neutron Stars 8. Pulsars 9. Black Holes 10. Quasars 3. Collections of Stars 1. Globular Clusters 2. Galaxies 4. Cosmology Simulations 1. Fermi Paradox Solar System Fig. 1 MESSENGER has provided multiple lines of evidence that Mercury’s polar regions host water ice. The permanently shadowed craters near Mercury’s north pole have thermal environments that allow water ice to be stable in these craters either at the surface or a few tens of centimeters below the surface. NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington Page 1 PHY 454 - other-objects - J. Hedberg - 2017 Fig. 2 Jupiter Fig. 3 Jupiter / JunoCam Sean Doran Stars and Their evolution Stellar Nursury Page 2 PHY 454 - other-objects - J. Hedberg - 2017 Fig. 4 NGC 2174, 6400 light-years away in the constellation of Orion. The nebula is mostly composed of hydrogen gas, which is ionized by the ultraviolet radiation emitted by the hot stars. ESA/Hubble & NASA Carina Nebula, 7500 light years away By Hubble image: NASA, ESA, N. Smith (University of California, Berkeley), and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)CTIO data: N. Smith (University of California, Berkeley) and NOAO/AURA/NSF - This file has been extracted from another file: [[:File:|]][[File:|100x100px|original file]], Public Domain, Page 3 PHY 454 - other-objects - J. Hedberg - 2017 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4833115 Fig. 5 Mystic Mountain Fig. 6 Homunculus Nebula NASA/CXC/SAO Page 4 PHY 454 - other-objects - J. Hedberg - 2017 Fig. 7 NASA, NOAO, ESA, the Hubble Helix Nebula Team, M. Meixner (STScI), and T.A. Rector (NRAO). Page 5 PHY 454 - other-objects - J. Hedberg - 2017 Fig. 8 The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has revisited one of its most iconic and popular images: the Eagle Nebula’s Pillars of Creation. This image shows the pillars as seen in visible light, capturing the multi-coloured glow of gas clouds, wispy tendrils of dark cosmic dust, and the rust-coloured elephants’ trunks of the nebula’s famous pillars. NASA, ESA/Hubble and the Hubble Heritage Team Protostar Page 6 PHY 454 - other-objects - J. Hedberg - 2017 Fig. 9 Using data from orbiting observatories, including NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope, and ground-based facilities, an international team of astronomers has discovered an outburst from a star thought to be in the earliest phase of its development. The eruption, scientists say, reveals a sudden accumulation of gas and dust by an exceptionally young protostar known as HOPS 383. Credits: E. Safron et al.; background: NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Megeath (Univ. of Toledo) Another protostar region NASA/ESA/JPL-Caltech/STScI/NOAO/University of Arizona/ Max Planck Institute for Astronomy/University of Massachusetts, Amherst NASA's Spitzer and Hubble space telescopes have teamed up to uncover a mysterious infant star that behaves like a police strobe light. [Left] -- This is an infrared-light Spitzer image of LRLL 54361 inside the star-forming region IC 348 located 950 light-years away. The Spitzer Space Telescope discovered an unusual variable object that has the typical signature of a protostar. The object emits a burst of light every 25.34 days. [Center] -- This Hubble Space Telescope monochromatic-color image resolves the detailed structure around the protostar, consisting of two cavities that are traced by light scattered off their edges above and below a dusty disk. The cavities were likely blown out of the surrounding natal envelope of dust and gas by an outflow launched near the central object. [Right] PIA16689 -- This is an artist's Page 7 PHY 454 - other-objects - J. Hedberg - 2017 impression of the hypothesized central object that may be two young binary stars. Astronomers propose that the flashes are due to material in a circumstellar disk suddenly being dumped onto the growing stars and unleashing a blast of radiation each time the stars get close to each other in their orbit. Fig. 10 Star formation simulation Image copyright Matthew Bate. Main Sequence Stars Fig. 11 The main sequence stars By Rursus - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3015833 A video showing an H-R diagram for stars in globular cluster Omega Centauri. https://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1017b/ Our Sun Page 8 PHY 454 - other-objects - J. Hedberg - 2017 Fig. 12 Betelgeuse Fig. 13 Betelgeuse, as seen by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)/E. O’Gorman/P. Kervella Brown Dwarf Page 9 PHY 454 - other-objects - J. Hedberg - 2017 Fig. 14 A Brown Dwarf - too small to be a star, too big to be a planet Chuck Carter and Gregg Hallinan/Caltech Fig. 15 Page 10 PHY 454 - other-objects - J. Hedberg - 2017 Fig. 16 stellar evolution NASA/Chandra White Dwarf A white dwarf compared to Earth ESA and NASA Supernovae Page 11 PHY 454 - other-objects - J. Hedberg - 2017 Fig. 17 The supernova remnant called G299.2- 2.9 (or G299 for short) is located within our Milky Way galaxy Fig. 18 A violent and chaotic-looking mass of gas and dust is seen in this Hubble Space Telescope image of a nearby supernova remnant. Denoted N 63A, the object is the remains of a massive star that exploded, spewing its gaseous layers out into an already turbulent region. The supernova remnant is part of a star-forming region in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), an irregular galaxy 160,000 light-years from our own Milky Way galaxy and visible from the southern hemisphere. Supernova remnants have long been thought to set off episodes of star formation when their expanding shock encounters nearby gas. The Hubble images show that N 63A is still young, and its ruthless shocks are destroying the ambient gas clouds, rather than coercing them to collapse and form stars. NASA/ESA/HEIC and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA) Page 12 PHY 454 - other-objects - J. Hedberg - 2017 Fig. 19 The crab nebula is a supernova remnant in the constellation of Taurus NASA, ESA and Allison Loll/Jeff Hester (Arizona State University). Acknowledgement: Davide De Martin (ESA/Hubble) Neutron Stars Fig. 20 A neutron star is the crushed core of a massive star that ran out of fuel, collapsed under its own weight, and exploded as a supernova NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Pulsars Fig. 21 what-is-a-pulsar NASA Goddard, Public Domain Black Holes Page 13 PHY 454 - other-objects - J. Hedberg - 2017 Fig. 22 An artist's drawing a black hole named Cygnus X-1. It formed when a large star caved in. This black hole pulls matter from blue star beside it. Credits: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss An artist's drawing a black hole named Cygnus X-1. It formed when a large star caved in. This black hole pulls matter from blue star beside it. Page 14 PHY 454 - other-objects - J. Hedberg - 2017 Fig. 23 By NASA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA) - HubbleSite: gallery, release., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=102873 This Hubble Space Telescope photograph shows the jet of matter ejected from M87 at nearly the speed of light, as it stretches 1.5 kpc (5 kly) from the galactic core. Fig. 24 Lensing ALMA (NRAO/ESO/NAOJ)/Luis Calçada (ESO) Page 15 PHY 454 - other-objects - J. Hedberg - 2017 Fig. 25 A lensed galaxy. By Lensshoe_hubble.jpg: ESA/Hubble & NASAderivative work: Bulwersator (talk) - Lensshoe_hubble.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17750437 Quasars Page 16 PHY 454 - other-objects - J. Hedberg - 2017 Fig. 26 This artist's concept illustrates a quasar, or feeding black hole, similar to APM 08279+5255, where astronomers discovered huge amounts of water vapor. Gas and dust likely form a torus around the central black hole, with clouds of charged gas above and below. Credit: NASA/ESA A quasi-stellar radio source (QUASAR) refers to the supermassive black hole and its surrounding accretion disk, lying at the center of a galaxy. They emit massive amounts of energy, more so than entire galaxies. Since they are so bright, we can see them very far away: oldest was from when the universe was 770 million years old. Collections of Stars Globular Clusters Page 17 PHY 454 - other-objects - J. Hedberg - 2017 Fig. 27 Messier 68, a globular cluster. Might have 106 stars within a small (30 pc) diameter. ESA/Hubble & NASA Galaxies Elliptical Fig. 28 M87 Virgo a Spirals Page 18 PHY 454 - other-objects - J. Hedberg - 2017 Fig. 29 Messier 100 is a grand design spiral Fig. 30 The graceful, winding arms of the majestic spiral galaxy M51 (NGC 5194) appear like a grand spiral staircase sweeping through space. They are actually long lanes of stars and gas laced with dust. Fig. 30 The Whirlpool's most striking feature is its two curving arms, a hallmark of so-called grand-design spiral galaxies. Many spiral galaxies possess numerous, loosely shaped arms that make their spiral structure less pronounced. These arms serve an important purpose in spiral galaxies. They are star-formation factories, compressing hydrogen gas and creating clusters of new stars. In the Whirlpool, the assembly line begins with the dark clouds of gas on the inner edge, then moves to bright pink star-forming regions, and ends with the brilliant blue star clusters along the outer edge. NASA, ESA, S. Beckwith (STScI), and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA) Page 19 PHY 454 - other-objects - J.
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