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Home , Hubble Deep Field, Messier 68, Mystic Mountain, NGC 4414, Pillars of Creation

PHY 454 - other-objects - J. Hedberg - 2017

Other Objects

1. Solar System 1. Jupiter 2. and Their evolution 1. Stellar Nursury 2. Protostar 3. Main Sequence Stars 4. Brown Dwarf 5. 6. Supernovae 7. Neutron Stars 8. Pulsars 9. Black Holes 10. 3. Collections of Stars 1. Globular Clusters 2. 4. Cosmology Simulations 1. Fermi Paradox

Solar System

Fig. 1 MESSENGER has provided multiple lines of evidence that Mercury’s polar regions host water ice. The permanently shadowed craters near Mercury’s north pole have thermal environments that allow water ice to be stable in these craters either at the surface or a few tens of centimeters below the surface. NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington

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Fig. 2

Jupiter

Fig. 3 Jupiter / JunoCam Sean Doran

Stars and Their evolution

Stellar Nursury

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Fig. 4 NGC 2174, 6400 -years away in the of . The is mostly composed of gas, which is ionized by the radiation emitted by the hot stars. ESA/Hubble & NASA

Carina Nebula, 7500 light years away

By Hubble image: NASA, ESA, N. Smith (University of California, Berkeley), and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)CTIO data: N. Smith (University of California, Berkeley) and NOAO/AURA/NSF - This file has been extracted from another file: [[:File:|]][[File:|100x100px|original file]], Public Domain,

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https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4833115

Fig. 5

Fig. 6 Homunculus Nebula NASA/CXC/SAO

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Fig. 7 NASA, NOAO, ESA, the Hubble Helix Nebula Team, M. Meixner (STScI), and T.A. Rector (NRAO).

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Fig. 8 The NASA/ESA has revisited one of its most iconic and popular images: the ’s . This image shows the pillars as seen in visible light, capturing the multi-coloured glow of gas clouds, wispy tendrils of dark cosmic , and the rust-coloured elephants’ trunks of the nebula’s famous pillars. NASA, ESA/Hubble and the Hubble Heritage Team

Protostar

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Fig. 9 Using data from orbiting observatories, including NASA's , and ground-based facilities, an international team of astronomers has discovered an outburst from a thought to be in the earliest phase of its development. The eruption, scientists say, reveals a sudden accumulation of gas and dust by an exceptionally young protostar known as HOPS 383. Credits: E. Safron et al.; background: NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Megeath (Univ. of Toledo)

Another protostar region NASA/ESA/JPL-Caltech/STScI/NOAO/University of Arizona/ Max Planck Institute for /University of Massachusetts, Amherst

NASA's Spitzer and Hubble space telescopes have teamed up to uncover a mysterious infant star that behaves like a police strobe light. [Left] -- This is an -light Spitzer image of LRLL 54361 inside the star-forming region IC 348 located 950 light-years away. The Spitzer Space Telescope discovered an unusual variable object that has the typical signature of a protostar. The object emits a burst of light every 25.34 days. [Center] -- This Hubble Space Telescope monochromatic-color image resolves the detailed structure around the protostar, consisting of two cavities that are traced by light scattered off their edges above and below a dusty disk. The cavities were likely blown out of the surrounding natal envelope of dust and gas by an outflow launched near the central object. [Right] PIA16689 -- This is an artist's

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impression of the hypothesized central object that may be two young binary stars. Astronomers propose that the flashes are due to material in a circumstellar disk suddenly being dumped onto the growing stars and unleashing a blast of radiation each time the stars get close to each other in their orbit.

Fig. 10 simulation Image copyright Matthew Bate.

Main Sequence Stars

Fig. 11 The main sequence stars By Rursus - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3015833

A video showing an H-R diagram for stars in Omega Centauri. https://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1017b/

Our Sun

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Fig. 12

Betelgeuse

Fig. 13 Betelgeuse, as seen by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)/E. O’Gorman/P. Kervella

Brown Dwarf

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Fig. 14 A Brown Dwarf - too small to be a star, too big to be a Chuck Carter and Gregg Hallinan/Caltech

Fig. 15

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Fig. 16 stellar evolution NASA/Chandra

White Dwarf

A white dwarf compared to ESA and NASA

Supernovae

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Fig. 17 The remnant called G299.2- 2.9 (or G299 for short) is located within our

Fig. 18 A violent and chaotic-looking mass of gas and dust is seen in this Hubble Space Telescope image of a nearby supernova remnant. Denoted N 63A, the object is the remains of a massive star that exploded, spewing its gaseous layers out into an already turbulent region. The supernova remnant is part of a star-forming region in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), an 160,000 light-years from our own Milky Way galaxy and visible from the southern hemisphere. Supernova remnants have long been thought to set off episodes of star formation when their expanding shock encounters nearby gas. The Hubble images show that N 63A is still young, and its ruthless shocks are destroying the ambient gas clouds, rather than coercing them to collapse and form stars. NASA/ESA/HEIC and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)

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Fig. 19 The is a supernova remnant in the constellation of Taurus NASA, ESA and Allison Loll/Jeff Hester (). Acknowledgement: Davide De Martin (ESA/Hubble)

Neutron Stars

Fig. 20 A neutron star is the crushed core of a massive star that ran out of fuel, collapsed under its own weight, and exploded as a supernova NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center

Pulsars

Fig. 21 what-is-a-pulsar NASA Goddard, Public Domain

Black Holes

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Fig. 22 An artist's drawing a black hole named Cygnus X-1. It formed when a large star caved in. This black hole pulls matter from blue star beside it. Credits: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss

An artist's drawing a black hole named Cygnus X-1. It formed when a large star caved in. This black hole pulls matter from blue star beside it.

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Fig. 23 By NASA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA) - HubbleSite: gallery, release., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=102873

This Hubble Space Telescope photograph shows the jet of matter ejected from M87 at nearly the , as it stretches 1.5 kpc (5 kly) from the galactic core.

Fig. 24 Lensing ALMA (NRAO/ESO/NAOJ)/Luis Calçada (ESO)

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Fig. 25 A lensed galaxy. By Lensshoe_hubble.jpg: ESA/Hubble & NASAderivative work: Bulwersator (talk) - Lensshoe_hubble.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17750437

Quasars

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Fig. 26 This artist's concept illustrates a , or feeding black hole, similar to APM 08279+5255, where astronomers discovered huge amounts of water vapor. Gas and dust likely form a torus around the central black hole, with clouds of charged gas above and below. Credit: NASA/ESA

A quasi-stellar source (QUASAR) refers to the supermassive black hole and its surrounding accretion disk, lying at the center of a galaxy. They emit massive amounts of energy, more so than entire galaxies. Since they are so bright, we can see them very far away: oldest was from when the was 770 million years old.

Collections of Stars

Globular Clusters

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Fig. 27 Messier 68, a globular cluster. Might have 106 stars within a small (30 pc) diameter. ESA/Hubble & NASA

Galaxies

Elliptical

Fig. 28 M87 Virgo a

Spirals

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Fig. 29 Messier 100 is a grand design spiral

Fig. 30 The graceful, winding arms of the majestic M51 (NGC 5194) appear like a grand spiral staircase sweeping through space. They are actually long lanes of stars and gas laced with dust. Fig. 30 The Whirlpool's most striking feature is its two curving arms, a hallmark of so-called grand-design spiral galaxies. Many spiral galaxies possess numerous, loosely shaped arms that make their spiral structure less pronounced. These arms serve an important purpose in spiral galaxies. They are star-formation factories, compressing hydrogen gas and creating clusters of new stars. In the Whirlpool, the assembly line begins with the dark clouds of gas on the inner edge, then moves to bright pink star-forming regions, and ends with the brilliant blue star clusters along the outer edge. NASA, ESA, S. Beckwith (STScI), and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)

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Fig. 31 the , Messier 104 (M104). The galaxy's hallmark is a brilliant white, bulbous core encircled by the thick dust lanes comprising the spiral structure of the galaxy. The galaxy is 50,000 light-years across and is located 30 million light-years from Earth. NASA/ESA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)

Fig. 32 Galaxy Fly Through Caltech

Flocculant

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Fig. 33 NGC 4414

Barred Spiral

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Fig. 34 NGC1300 is an example of a barred galaxy.

Fig. 35

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Fig. 36 This image shows a color composite of visible and near- infrared images of the dark cloud Barnard 68. It was obtained with the 8.2-m VLT ANTU telescope and the multimode FORS1 instrument in March 1999. At these , the small cloud is completely opaque because of the obscuring effect of dust particles in its interior. Credit: ESO

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Fig. 37 View of the Milky Way over Cathedral Rock, seen from the Cathedral Rock Trailhead on Back O' Beyond Road, Sedona, Arizona. The dark parts of the milky way are there because dust is occluding the light, not because there are no stars there.

Fig. 38 Milky Way + Andromeda Collision/p> Simulation Credit: NASA; ESA; G. Besla, Columbia University; and R. van der Marel, STScI)

This animation depicts the collision between our Milky Way galaxy and the . Hubble Space Telescope observations indicate that the two galaxies, pulled together by their mutual gravity, will crash together about 4 billion years from now. Around 6 billion years from now, the two galaxies will merge to form a single galaxy. The video also shows the , which will join in the collision and perhaps later merge with the Andromeda/Milky Way pair.

Credit: NASA; ESA; Z. Levay and R. van der Marel, STScI; T. Hallas; and A. Mellinger

This illustration shows a stage in the predicted merger between our Milky Way galaxy and the neighboring Andromeda galaxy, as it will unfold over the next several billion years. In this image,

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representing Earth's night sky in 3.75 billion years, Andromeda (left) fills the field of view and begins to distort the Milky Way with tidal pull. "Our findings are statistically consistent with a head-on collision between the Andromeda galaxy and our Milky Way galaxy," said Roeland van der Marel of the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore. The solution came through painstaking NASA Hubble Space Telescope measurements of the motion of Andromeda, which also is known as M31. The galaxy is now 2.5 million light-years away, but it is inexorably falling toward the Milky Way under the mutual pull of gravity between the two galaxies and the invisible that surrounds them both.

Fig. 39

The original . One peek into a small part of the sky, one giant leap back in time. NASA's Hubble Space Telescope provided one of the deepest, most detailed visible views of the universe. Representing a narrow "keyhole" view stretching to the visible horizon of the universe, the Hubble Deep Field image covers a speck of the sky only about the width of a dime 75 feet away. The field is a very small sample of the heavens but it is considered representative of the typical distribution of galaxies in space. In this small field, Hubble uncovered a bewildering assortment of at least 1,500 galaxies at various stages of evolution.

Galaxies, galaxies everywhere - as far as the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope can see. This view of nearly 10,000 galaxies is the deepest visible-light image of the cosmos. Called the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, this galaxy-studded view represents a "deep" core sample of the universe, cutting across billions of light-years. NASA, ESA, and S. Beckwith (STScI) and the HUDF Team

Cosmology Simulations

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Fig. 40 Cosmology Simulation/p> TNG Simulations

Fig. 41 Fig. 42

Fig. 43 Mars canals illustrated by astronomer Percival Lowell, 1898

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Fig. 44 Visualization of a methane plume found in Mars’ during the northern summer season. Credit: Trent Schindler/NASA

as methane is an unstable gas, its presence indicates that there must be an active source on the planet in order to keep such levels in the atmosphere.

Fermi Paradox

Given that there are a lot of stars out there, why don't we see any signs of other life?

Fig. 45 Enrico Fermi, 1901-1954

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