DOCSLIB.ORG

A T+0 Model of Cheque Truncation System from the Customer to the Clearing House on Android-Based Smart Devices

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A T+0 Model of Cheque Truncation System from the Customer to the Clearing House on Android-Based Smart Devices A T+0 Model of Cheque Truncation System from the Customer to the Clearing House on Android-Based Smart Devices Mikhail Gbadegesin and Charles Robert Department of Computer Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria International Journal of Research in Computer Applications & Information Technology Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August, 2016, pp. 12-18 ISSN Online: 2347-5099, Print: 2348-0009, DOA: 04072016 © IASTER 2016, www.iaster.com ABSTRACT The use of cheques in Nigerian banking industries has not been favoured recently because of the time delayed that is accompanied. There are various options of exchanging money amongst the parties involved in monetary transaction. The options include the ATM, Internet banking, mobile banking and social banking. These options have improved the customer satisfaction, also reduced the frequency of customers in the banking halls. The internet and mobile banking has greatly revolved the entire banking process, in which customer are allowed to make instant bank transfers. The national electronic fund transfer (NEFT) verify account numbers, make payments from the comfort of users homes or offices. Also, electronic card systems have given the customers the privilege make their transaction without carrying cash with the use POS terminals and payment platforms such as Mastercard, Visa, and Verve. Other Payment platforms that include: PayPal, Paga, QuickTeller have created opportunities for people to virtually make monetary transaction using various form of electronic techniques. But with all the benefits attached to these forms of banking systems, cheque has its peculiar advantage in the sense that limit of transactions is removed. The question is how do we marry the comfort of electronic banking systems and cheque system without the delay compromise bearing in mind the peculiarity in Nigerian banking sector? Electronic Cheque system has being adopted in the Nigeria banking industry. This system was founded on the image and character recognition to scan physical cheques, with the required details to facilitate the transaction. The transaction involves the transmission of the image through a secure socket layer from the banks to the clearing house. The current Cheque Truncation system in Nigeria is currently moved from the T+2 to T+1 days of transaction. This was reviewed and re-modified. It was in line with the vision to reduce the time taken on the cheque truncation system to T+0 in 2015. A prototype system was designed on an android system. Android was preferred as a test bench because of its popularity. The work considered the cheque truncation system in T+0 days using the mobile technologies. A transaction is completed the very day it is initiated. The process cycle starts from the payee, who deposits his cheque with their smartphone (android). The cheque captured images is processed to meet the clearing house standards. Image processing techniques for verification was then carried out. The image captured is stored in in jpeg and tiff format according to the clearing house standard. The native android application synchronizes functions with an embedded web service in providing a secure database tier and to enhance the application logic. On validation the user can verified the transaction status from their device. Hence, a complete cycle of the cheque truncation system is done. Sample tests and evaluations were carried out in line with banking rules. Specific security measures were also followed to reduce the inherent flaws. Recommendation is made to further enhance other possible security problems. This is important bearing in mind the peculiarities of Nigerian banking sectors. 12 International Journal of Research in Computer Applications & Information (O) 2347-5099 ISSN Technology, Volume-4, Issue-4, July-August, 2016, www.iaster.com (P) 2348-0009 The work on internet and mobile banking combining cheque system was developed on web services transactions have been able to reduce the banking system to a T-0 model. 1. INTRODUCTION Nigerian Society has been faced with several problems in her payment system. The population without proper banking access is growing faster than provided solutions. This justified why a lot of commercial activities are still been done with the participant carrying physical cash. In order to speeds up the process of collection of cheques resulting in better service to customers, reduces the scope for clearing-related frauds or loss of instruments in transit, lowers the cost of collection of cheques, and removes reconciliation- related and logistics-related problems, there is need for enhanced cheque clearing system. Cheque truncation was introduced in the Nigeria Payment System as a part of the Payment System Vision 2020 in 2013 (Central Bank of Nigeria, 2013). The cheque and Automation Clearing House was charged with the following mandates; (a) to policy for the draft maximum limits on cheques, update the Nigerian bankers clearing house rules, (b) automate cheque truncation /express clearing in Nigeria’s clearing house infrastructure, (c) monitor and recommend to bank on ACH infrastructure in line with international the best practice. The guidelines for the cheque truncation system commenced to facilitate efficiency and timeliness of cheque clearing in Nigeria (Central Bank of Nigeria, 2003). The cheque truncation system has helped improve the entire customer experience in Nigeria banking industry. The time required to clear a cheque has reduced from T+2 (Transaction day plus two days) to T+1 (transaction day plus one days). The Process is usually from the drawer’s bank to the drawee’s bank through the Clearing House. In order to further improve the standards of the cheque truncation system, the process clearing is required to be reduced to T+0 (transaction day plus zero days). Hence, cheques can be cleared on the day they are issued and drawer’s account is credited. The cycle is completed in one day. 2. RELATED WORK The concept of electronic commerce, electronic transaction, electronic transaction management and the likes are conducted on the electronic media or by electronic methods. These methods are guided by standards that are regulated by a world body and a local body. Comprehensive list of these bodies and their full activities cannot full discuss here. To situate our work with relevance to other works, few examples of these will suffice. The electronic business concept is defined within the limit of the xDTM Standard. This standard helps organizations and consumers to leverage the speed, efficiency, and convenience of Digital Transaction Management (DTM) to conduct critical transactions online without exposing them to the risks and consequences of using noncompliant technologies. It was established by the xDTM Governing Board, an independent body comprised of leaders from diverse industries (xDTM, 2015). According to a Visa publication, “Visa and MasterCard have jointly developed the Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) protocol as a method to secure payment card transactions over open networks. SET is being published as an open specification for the industry. This specification is available to be applied to any payment service and may be used by software vendors to develop applications (Mastercard and Visa, 1997). The protocol was reemphasized in Nigeria by the NITDA (NITDA,2009). The emphasis in Nigeria was to provide a legal and regulatory framework for: (a) conducting transactions using electronic or related media; (b). the protection of the rights of consumers and other parties in electronic transactions and services; (c). the protection of personal data; and (d). facilitating electronic commerce in Nigeria. The central bank of Nigeria also gave a guideline on this. It underlined the fact that “The Guidelines were expected to inform the future 13 International Journal of Research in Computer Applications & Information (O) 2347-5099 ISSN Technology, Volume-4, Issue-4, July-August, 2016, www.iaster.com (P) 2348-0009 conduct of financial institutions in ebanking and electronic payments delivery” (Central Bank of Nigeria, 2003). In the report (Adewuyi, 2011), the author claimed that automation of banking operations was really challenging to the Regulatory/Supervisory authorities in Nigeria. He itemized these challenges as: (i) Money Laundering (ii) Fraud (iii) Electronically Generated Evidence (iv) Consumer Protection (v) Job Cut (vi) Possibility of Core Business Being Swallowed and (vii) Systems Operational Risks. The paper was titled “way forward”. It was expected that there would have been some measure to solve some of the itemized problems but there was nothing substantial to make it a way forward apart from suggestions. The work of Shashank Kajaria (Kajaria,2009) provided the platforms that were required to effect an electronic cheque banking system in India. He compared the situation in India with that of the United States. However, there was no description or illustration of the actual realization of a system on electronic cheque banking system. A similar specification was made from a global perspective by Mohit Mehrotra in (Mehrotra, 2014). A presentation (Bajwa,2005) on “Cheque Truncation- Business Opportunities” revealed the opportunities in electronic cheque system based on the requirements in India from the perspective of a banking manager. The technologies behind these propositions were merely scanners and printers without the considerations for the flexibilities in smart phones and the likes. Similar assertion was also elucidated in (Sharma
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Rundheersing Bheenick: Clearing Cheques – Clearing the Arteries of Business and Finance
    Rundheersing Bheenick: Clearing cheques – clearing the arteries of business and finance Welcoming remarks by Mr Rundheersing Bheenick, Governor of the Bank of Mauritius, on the occasion of the Launching Ceremony of the Cheque Truncation System, Bank of Mauritius, Port Louis, 6 September 2011. * * * What a fine spectacle this is! To find the Bank of Mauritius and all the commercial banks in our jurisdiction – we have twenty of them gathered together on the same platform, looking in the same direction, with – in their midst − the top political and economic leadership of the country – the Prime Minister and his Minister of Finance, who, I cannot help observing, look perfectly at ease in our company. What a special symbol this is of the public/private partnership we enjoy as part of Mauritius Inc! I said “fine spectacle” because, these days, around the world, it is more usual to find bank regulators and their regulatees at each other’s throats, engaged in mutual recrimination. Over the waters, we see legislators and other policy-makers hauling bankers, labeled as greedy and irresponsible, if not downright criminal, over hot coals, breathing fire and brimstone and threatening to make up for past legislative and regulatory laxity by swinging the axe of overregulation. Judging from the language and the tone of the outrage and condemnation of bankers, it is a wonder that no bankers have yet been attacked by lynch mobs. In comparison, our own occasional grumbles are more in the nature of gentle parental raps on the knuckles of occasionally wayward children although one could be readily excused for thinking otherwise as our inventive press corps has made an art form of blowing up tiny molehills into towering Everests.
    [Show full text]
  • Banking, Electronic Payments and Road Ahead
    H R Khan: Banking, electronic payments and road ahead Special address by Shri H R Khan, Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, at the FICCI-IBA (Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry – Indian Banks’ Association) Conference on “Global Banking: Paradigm Shift”, Mumbai, 25 August 2011. * * * The speaker gratefully acknowledges the assistance provided by Shri. G. Srinivas, General Manager and Shri. Saswat Mahapatra, Asst. General Manager in the preparation of this address. Distinguished Ladies and Gentlemen I am glad to be in your midst today to share my thoughts on “Banking, electronic payments and the road ahead”. In fact the subject of my address very well fits the theme of the conference “Global banking: Paradigm shift” and its emphasis on productivity excellence. I am sure the experts whom you would have heard and interacted with over the last two days would have shared their thoughts on the changes and challenges that banking in India and globally is undergoing and has undergone over these last few momentous years, leading as it were to a paradigm shift in the way banks are doing their business and retaining and increasing their customer base. The basic underlying current that runs through this changing landscape is the ever increasing reliance on technology to cater to the needs of customers and process vast number of transactions including payment transactions. In fact as you all are aware, payment and settlement systems form the backbone of any economy. They are the conduits or the arteries for conducting trade, commerce and other forms of economic activities including remittances in any country.
    [Show full text]
  • Banking: the Interest in BPM
    Banking: The Interest in BPM Banking case studies, surveys, and related studies around the globe reveal the popularity of BPM within the banking industry. Banks have reported a 40%-50% improvement in cycle time, efficiency, and cost, due to BPM adoption [1]. Account opening processes, compliance to regulations and standards, and the automation of paper-based processes are some of the more common scenarios for BPM adoption in banks. Adoption of BPM by Indian banks is along similar lines, with some unique characteristics and challenges. The banking reforms in India, in line with the World Trade Organization (WTO) requirements, will result in large transformations in the Indian Banking industry. Starting in April 2009, the second phase of the reforms will open up the Indian banking sector to foreign banks and provide greater freedom, challenges, and opportunities for improvement. In this Column we explore the scenario for Indian banking, with its unique challenges, and we will look at a specific current BPM opportunity related to check processing. Banking in India: A Brief Perspective The Indian banking infrastructure has grown significantly over the last decade with over 56,000 branches covering public sector banks (PSBs) and a mix of Indian private players, MNC (multi- national) banks, and smaller regional players [2]. The regulatory system, which is one of the strong points of the Indian banking industry, is governed by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). Since the economic liberalization of the 1990s, the banking industry, which opened up to private players, has been significantly transformed, with rapidly evolving regulations, high competition, demanding customers, and technology adoption raising the bar of performance.
    [Show full text]
  • Faster Payments to the Fore Various Initiatives Are Under Way Across the Asia Pacific Region to Improve Payments Infrastructures and Enable Real-Time Transactions
    March/April 2014 treasurytoday research | insight | analysis ASIA Faster payments to the fore Various initiatives are under way across the Asia Pacific region to improve payments infrastructures and enable real-time transactions. Will these schemes receive sufficient investment to realise their full potential and how will the introduction of faster payments impact corporate treasury functions? The Corporate View China Practice The role of shadow banking Chris Sutherland Treasurer Risk Management Transpower Tackling operational risk Corporate Finance Back to Basics Is the BPO a solution looking for a problem rather than Hedge accounting a genuine industry development or are corporates overlooking a significant opportunity? Treasury Today Asia investigates. treasurytodayasia.com treasurytoday research | insight | analysis Filtering what matters Treasury Insights Bringing the important and relevant news to your inbox every week Register at treasurytodayasia.com +44 (0)13 0462 9002 Register at treasurytoday.com treasurytodayasia-2013-11-12-nov-treasury-insights.indd 1 26/02/2014 08:58:44 Audited member of BPA Worldwide treasurytodayasia.com Volume 2 / Issue 2 March/April 2014 A date for your diary Publisher Angela Berry Associate Publisher Sophie Jackson Executive Assistant to the Publisher Samantha Cowling Executive Assistant Women in Treasury Josh Thompson Editorial Director Eleanor Hill Whilst the treasury profession remains largely male-dominated, there are remarkable women Editorial enjoying remarkable careers in the treasury sphere, not least in the Asia Pacific region. At Treasury Tom Alford Today, we believe that it is important to recognise female innovators in the corporate treasury Chris Davis profession, which is why we founded the Women in Treasury (WiT) initiative.
    [Show full text]
  • RESERVE BANK of INDIA- CHEQUE TRUNCATION PROCESS Cheque Truncation - Pilot Implementation
    INTRODUCTION Cheque Truncation is a process in which the image of the relevant data of a cheque is electronically captured and transmitted to enable payment of that cheque to the payee's account and simultaneously debiting the account of the drawer without the physical movement of the cheque itself. Payment systems and payment services play a key role in the efficient functioning of the financial system within a country. The payment system needs to ensure that financial transactions are settled in a timely manner and complimented with reliability and security, which is vital to the maintenance of market confidence and to the safe and sound functioning of financial market. Even though there are various cashless payment instruments in the country, cash still exists as the most popular retail payment due to convenience in settling small value transactions and ready acceptance to the legal tender for payment of any amount in any part of the country. Cheques are mainly used for retail payments. More than 90 percent of the total value of cashless retail payments is done through cheques. This statistic alone highlights the importance of cheque-based transactions in the national payment system. To reduce the time taken in clearing and settlement of cheques, and to avoid physical transportation of cheques, and to enhance the reliability and the security of the retail payment system, cheque truncation/ imaging technology is introduced. Cheque Truncation System (CTS) is an image-based cheque clearing system, which replaces the physical cheque flow with electronic information flow throughout clearing cycle. This process eliminates the actual cheque movement involved in clearing and hence reduces the delays associated with the movement of cheques.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Paper Commerce Cheque Truncation System in Banking Industry
    Volume-3, Issue-9, Sept-2014 • ISSN No 2277 - 8160 Research Paper Commerce Cheque Truncation System in Banking Industry Assistant Professor, Institute of Management Studies, B.J.S.Rampuria Jain Dr. Aditya Sharma College, Bikaner Mr. Gopi Nath Research Scholar, Pacific University Udaipur. Modi ABSTRACT Cheque Truncation is settlement of clearing transaction on the basis of images and electronic data without the physical movement of the instruments. The clearing cheque is truncated at the presenting bank itself. The Reserve Bank has implemented CTS in the National Capital Region (NCR), New Delhi, Chennai and Mumbai with effect from February 1, 2008, September 24, 2011 and April 27, 2013 respectively. CTS is an efficient way of clearing cheques. It is in fact, better than the existing method. This article attempts to explain CTS , its benefits and its role in present banking system in India. KEYWORDS : CTS, Banking, Clearing, RBI, NEFT, RTGS Introduction er, cheques still remain a prominent mode of payment in the country. Cheque Truncation System (CTS) is a cheque clearing system un- Physical cheques still account for 75% to 80% of all transactions. So, dertaken by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for faster clearing of the RBI has decided to focus on improving efficiency of the cheque cheques. As the name suggests, truncation is the process of stopping clearing cycle. Thus, offering CTS is an alternative. CTS also reduces the flow of the physical cheque in its way of clearing. In its place an operational risks in banking operations as clearing is a highly fraud- electronic image of the cheque is transmitted with key important prone operation.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Transformation in Indian Banking: a Study of Cheque Trucation System and Other Technological Advances
    International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS) Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: [email protected] Volume 6, Issue 6, November- December 2017 ISSN 2278-6856 Digital Transformation in Indian Banking: A Study of Cheque Trucation System and other Technological Advances Dr. Mamoj P K Assistant Professor Department of Applied Economics CUSAT, Kochi – 682022 (Kerala). Abstract above-mentioned problems associated with cheque-based Implementation of Cheque Truncation System (CTS) in India by transactions. This has paved the way for the third major the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), the banking regulator of the shift in the mode of effecting business payments, by country, has proven to be a revolutionary step in the history of developing an alternative which is primarily based on the digital transformation in Indian banking. CTS replaces the latest advances in the field of Information and traditional paper-based cheque clearing with the most modern Communication Technology (ICT) as pointed out above. digital mode clearing. CTS is faster, efficient and more This methodology can very effectively replace the current transparent. In the context of the ongoing measures of paper-based (and also ‘MICR’ised) banking transactions demonetisation (DeMo) and digital transformation in India by the RBI, the paper makes a closer look into the progress of CTS involving physical movement of cheques with one that is in in India and suggests steps for more refinements in the system. the electronic form and revolutionize clearing and settlement transactions of banks. This process is known as Keywords—ICT, Digital banking, CTS, Demonetisation the ‘Cheque Truncation’. Cheque Truncation System (CTS) (DeMo) in banks has already proven to be a superior alternative to the current paper-based systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Cheque Truncation System?
    id6233000 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQ) ON CHEQUE TRUNCATION PROJECT IN THE NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION Reserve Bank of India Department of Payment & Settlement Systems Central Office Mumbai 1. What is Cheque Truncation ? Truncation is the process of stopping the flow of the physical cheque issued by a drawer to the drawee branch. The physical instrument will be truncated at some point en-route to the drawee branch and an electronic image of the cheque would be sent to the drawee branch along with the relevant information like the MICR fields, date of presentation, presenting banks etc. Thus with the implementation of cheque truncation, the need to move the physical instruments across branches would not be required, except in exceptional circumstances. This would effectively reduce the time required for payment of cheques, the associated cost of transit and delay in processing, etc., thus speeding up the process of collection or realization of the cheques. 2. Why Cheque Truncation in India? Cheque Truncation speeds up collection of cheques and therefore enhances customer service, reduces the scope for clearing related frauds, minimizes cost of collection of cheques, reduces reconciliation problems, eliminates logistics problems etc. With the other major product offering in the form of RTGS, the Reserve Bank created the capability to enable inter-bank payments online real time and facilitate corporate customer payments. The other product, National Electronic Funds Transfer, is an electronic credit transfer system. However, to wish away cheques is simply not possible and that is the reason why the Bank decided to focus on improving the efficiency of the Cheque Clearing Cycle.
    [Show full text]
  • Bills of Exchange Act to Be Amended to Allow for Cheque Truncation System
    July 2002 Banking & Financial Services Bills Of Exchange Act To Be Amended To Allow For Cheque Truncation System The Bills of Exchange Act is to be amended to allow for the establishment of a Cheque Truncation System. The proposed amendments are contained in the Bills of Exchange (Amendment) Bill which was read in Parliament for the first time on 8 July 2002. The amendments will affect mainly the inter-bank clearing process in that banks will be allowed to present cheques by electronic means. Physical cheques will continue to be used by the public and accepted by Introduction banks for payment. The amendments are expected to come into force later ................................................ 1 this year. Presentation By Electronic Means Introduction presenting bank is required to ................................................ 2 physically present the cheque to the The Bills of Exchange drawer's bank. The addition of a Image Return Document (Amendment) Bill ('Bill') was read in proposed new section 87A will ................................................ 2 Parliament for the first time on 8 allow this inter-bank presentment to July 2002. The amendments are to be done electronically. In this Application To Instruments provide for the establishment of a regard, the physical cheque will be Other Than Cheques Cheque Truncation System ('CTS'). scanned when deposited and its ................................................ 2 This new system will affect mainly electronic image will be transmitted the inter-bank clearing process in throughout the entire clearing cycle. Conclusion that banks will be allowed to The electronic image that will be ................................................ 2 present cheques by electronic circulated will comprise both the means. front and back view of the cheque.
    [Show full text]
  • AFRACA Newsletter
    CHEQUE TRUNCATION SYSTEM FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS CENTRAL BANK OF KENYA The Kenya Bankers Association member banks are working together to make your cheques safer. In addition to the new cheque book size (4" X 7"), you will experience extra features that enhance security while making the cheque clearing process faster. What is cheque truncation? Cheque Truncation (CTS) is a system of cheque clearing and settlement between banks based on images and associated electronic payment data, without the physical exchange of the cheques. How different is CTS from the current Clearing Process? The current practice of transporting cheques from all bank branches countrywide to the Automated Clearing House using courier services will cease. Banks will instead use telecommunications links between their branches to send the cheque data for settlement. What does the Cheque Truncation System mean for customers? The time it takes to transmit cheque data between banks will be drastically reduced. This savings in time will result in a faster clearing process, more accurate reconciliation of accounts and the reduction in paperwork will reduce the avenues for fraud emanating from cheque substitution. A faster Clearing process will eventually lead to a reduction in the clearing cycle, ensuring that customers get their cleared funds sooner, and a general improvement in the liquidity of the economy. How are the new cheque books different? The new cheque design incorporates a security watermark. Extensive use of new Ultra Violet sensitive paper, tamper-evident paper stock as well Micro Text features on the cheques further enhances the security of the cheques. As part of the new standard, the cheque book size is 7 inches by 4 inches, is currently known as the corporate size.
    [Show full text]
  • Payment Systems in Singapore
    Payment systems in Singapore Singapore Table of contents List of abbreviations............................................................................................................................. 319 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 321 1. The institutional aspects............................................................................................................ 321 1.1 The general legal and regulatory framework .................................................................. 321 1.2 The role of the Monetary Authority of Singapore ............................................................ 322 1.2.1 Development and regulation of payment systems................................................ 322 1.3 The role of other private and public sector bodies .......................................................... 322 1.3.1 Singapore Clearing House Association (SCHA)................................................... 322 1.3.2 Association of Banks in Singapore (ABS)............................................................. 323 1.3.3 Electronic Payments Technical Committee (EPTC) ............................................. 323 1.3.4 Controller of Certification Authorities (CCA) ......................................................... 323 1.4 The role of financial intermediaries ................................................................................. 323 1.4.1 Banks 323 1.4.2 Banking liberalisation
    [Show full text]
  • Fraud Detection in Cheque Truncation System (Cts)
    International Journal of Management, Technology And Engineering ISSN NO : 2249-7455 FRAUD DETECTION IN CHEQUE TRUNCATION SYSTEM (CTS) Deebika M1, Rathna I2, Vairam Sujitha M3 1Information Technology, Thiagarajar college of engineering, (India) 2Information Technology, Thiagarajar college of engineering, (India) 3Information Technology, Thiagarajar college of engineering, (India) GUIDED BY : Meenakshi Sundaram P(CTS Manager Cameo Corporates), Uma K.V (Thiagarajar College of Engineering) ABSTRACT Cheque Truncation System or Image-based clearing system is image based cheque clearing system where the MICR(Magnetic Ink Character Recognition) code of the cheque is captured and it is classified according to bank , branch ,account no(SAN) and then the cheques are cleared accordingly. This is the modern technology introduced by the Reserve Bank Of India(RBI).The traditional method involves many paper works which may not be efficient and they may be not available for future references as they are documented as a hard copy. Thus, modern method is more efficient and accurate than the traditional one. Some of the frauds in CTS are altering the digital image of cheque(watermark),signature and other factors like damaged cheque will also be considered for the rejection of cheque. Many methods are there to detect the forged cheque but they are only done by considering the small factors and are not effectively implemented. Our idea is to mainly compare the scanned cheque with the base image(uv image) of the particular bank and detect the forged cheque in this method we cover the main factor uv image to detect the forged cheque thus this technique may be effective unlike the watermark method , because there will be no accuracy in watermark method.
    [Show full text]