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Archival and Historical Investigations Into the Locations of Cherokee Trail of Tears Sites in Illinois

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Archival and Historical Investigations Into the Locations of Cherokee Trail of Tears Sites in Illinois ARCHIVAL AND HISTORICAL INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE LOCATIONS OF CHEROKEE TRAIL OF TEARS SITES IN ILLINOIS By Mark J. Wagner and Kayeleigh Sharp Mark J. Wagner Principal Investigator Submitted to The National Park Service National Trails Intermountain Region Santa Fe, New Mexico Center for Archaeological Investigations Southern Illinois University Carbondale Technical Report 13-1 July, 2013 Abstract This report is a historical and archival study of the types and locations of cultural properties associated with the Cherokee Trail of Tears (1837-1839) within Illinois. Such properties included taverns, mills, residences, stores, ferries, cemeteries, and campgrounds. We examined the distribution of the above properties within a 10 mile wide corridor (five miles north and five miles south) of Route 146, the modern version of the trail that extended for 55 miles from Golconda on the Ohio River in the east to several ferry locations on the Mississippi River in the west. Archival data used to determine the types and numbers of cultural properties contained within the corridor included descendant interviews and other information contained in the papers of two 1930s researchers—John G. Mulcaster and Dr. George W. Smith—now housed at Southern Illinois University Carbondale; business licenses, tax records, and other information contained in the Union, Johnson, and Pope County courthouses; original land purchase records; and other information. The results of this research were used to create a GIS database showing the distribution of cultural properties with the information from that database presented in both tables and figures within this report. A total of 545 cultural and 31 natural (springs) properties were located within the corridor. Of these, 414 were mappable as to location. Thirty-eight of these sites have associated oral history or written documents that link them to the Trail of Tears. Fifteen of these sites could be identified to specific location while 23 could be located in only a general sense. Recommendations are presented in the conclusion of the report identifying which sites have interpretive potential as well as which sites have the potential to present additional information regarding the Trail of Tears in Illinois through archaeological investigations. ii Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures .................................................................................................................................. vi List of Tables ................................................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................... x 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 Previous Trail of Tears Related Research in Southern Illinois ....................................... 3 2 Project Background ................................................................................................................... 8 Environmental Setting ................................................................................................... 8 Local Historical Background ......................................................................................... 15 3 Methods ........................................................................................................................................ 22 Archival Research ......................................................................................................... 22 Geographic Information System (GIS) Database ......................................................... 24 4 John G. Mulcaster and the Trail of Tears....................................................................... 28 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 28 Mulcaster and the Trail of Tears .................................................................................. 29 Summary of Mulcaster’s Trail of Tears Research ........................................................ 41 Union County Sites ...................................................................................................... 42 The Morgan Mill and Dutch Creek Campground ............................................ 42 The Willard and Davie Mills ................................................................................ 49 Campground Church (Hileman Farm) ............................................................... 51 Other Burial Areas in Union County .................................................................. 53 Winstead Davie House and Tavern .................................................................... 55 Johnson County Sites .................................................................................................... 57 Bridges Tavern........................................................................................................ 57 Pope County Sites ......................................................................................................... 60 iii Scott Cemetery ........................................................................................................ 60 5 Union County Properties ...................................................................................................... 98 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 98 Taverns .................................................................................................................... 99 Groceries ................................................................................................................ 100 Other Businesses .................................................................................................. 102 Mills ........................................................................................................................ 103 Ferries .................................................................................................................... 104 Cemeteries ............................................................................................................. 105 Campgrounds ....................................................................................................... 108 Residences ............................................................................................................. 114 Springs ................................................................................................................... 115 6 Johnson County Properties ................................................................................................ 144 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 144 Taverns .................................................................................................................. 145 Groceries and Other Retail Businesses ............................................................. 146 Mills ........................................................................................................................ 147 Cemeteries ............................................................................................................. 147 Campgrounds ....................................................................................................... 148 Residences ............................................................................................................. 149 Springs ................................................................................................................... 151 7 Pope County Properties ....................................................................................................... 164 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 164 Taverns and Groceries ......................................................................................... 164 Other Businesses .................................................................................................. 166 Mills ........................................................................................................................ 166 Ferries .................................................................................................................... 167 Euro-American Cemeteries ................................................................................ 168 Cherokee Burial Areas ......................................................................................... 168 Campgrounds ....................................................................................................... 169 Residences ............................................................................................................. 171 Springs ................................................................................................................... 172 8 Results and Recommendations .......................................................................................
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