Pola Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya Lingkungan Pada Kala Pleistosen Di Situs Kobatuwa, Flores Tengah: Kajian Arkeologi Ruang Skala Meso

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Pola Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya Lingkungan Pada Kala Pleistosen Di Situs Kobatuwa, Flores Tengah: Kajian Arkeologi Ruang Skala Meso POLA PEMANFAATAN SUMBER DAYA LINGKUNGAN PADA KALA PLEISTOSEN DI SITUS KOBATUWA, FLORES TENGAH: KAJIAN ARKEOLOGI RUANG SKALA MESO TESIS Yang Diajukan Untuk Memperoleh Gelar Magister Humaniora Pada Program Pascasarjana Arkeologi Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia Oleh : Jatmiko NPM: 670502004x UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA 2008 Pola pemanfaatan..., Jatmiko, FIB UI, 2008 LEMBAR PENGESAHAN Tesis ini telah diujikan pada hari Selasa, tanggal 15 Juli 2008 pada pukul 09.00 WIB, dengan susunan penguji sebagai berikut: Tanda Tangan 1. Dr. Irmawati M Johan .............................................. Ketua Penguji 2. Dr. Wiwin Djuwita Ramelan .............................................. Pembimbing/Penguji 3. Dr. Heriyanti Ongkodharma .............................................. Penguji 4. Karina Arifin, Ph.D .............................................. Penguji 5. Dr. Tonny Djubiantono ............................................... Penguji 6. Isman Pratama Nasution, M.Si ................................................ Panitera Disahkan oleh: Ketua Departemen Arkeologi Dekan, Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia Universitas Indonesia Dr. Irmawati M. Johan Dr. Bambang Wibawarta NIP. 131 473 854 NIP. 131 882 265 Pola pemanfaatan..., Jatmiko, FIB UI, 2008 KATA PENGANTAR Segala puji dan syukur saya panjatkan kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, karena berkat rahmat dan hidayahNya, penulisan tesis ini berhasil saya selesaikan sesuai dengan rencana yang telah ditentukan. Melalui perjuangan yang panjang dan melelahkan, penulisan tesis berjudul Pola Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya Lingkungan Pada Kala Pleistosen di Situs Kobatuwa, Flores Tengah: Kajian Arkeologi Ruang Skala Meso, akhirnya dapat terwujud dan diselesaikan. Penulisan tesis ini tampaknya tidak akan berhasil dan terlaksana tanpa bantuan dari berbagai pihak, baik secara individu maupun institusional. Oleh karena itu, sudah sepantasnya jika pada kesempatan yang sangat baik ini saya ingin menyampaikan ungkapan rasa terima kasih dan penghormatan kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu dalam penulisan tesis tersebut. Ucapan terima kasih dan penghormatan yang pertama, saya sampaikan kepada Dr. Irmawati M. Johan selaku Ketua Departemen Arkeologi dan Ketua Dewan Penguji, yang mana telah banyak membantu memberikan pengarahan, bimbingan, motivasi, dan bahkan rela meluangkan waktu untuk mendampingi dalam perkuliahan selama saya menempuh pendidikan. Beliau selalu bersikap bijak dan selalu memberikan toleransi, terutama ketika saya terlambat membayar uang kuliah, atau pada waktu saya minta pengunduran jadual (perpanjangan waktu) dalam penulisan tesis ini. Ucapan terima kasih dan penghormatan yang kedua, saya sampaikan kepada Dr, Tonny Djubiantono selaku Kepala Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional dan sebagai penguji, atas segala bantuan yang diberikan dalam bentuk moril Pola pemanfaatan..., Jatmiko, FIB UI, 2008 i maupun materiil, serta kemudahan fasilitas selama menempuh pendidikan. Di tengah kesibukannya, beliau senantiasa selalu memberikan semangat dan dorongan, serta jalan keluar ketika saya sedang memerlukan bantuan finansial. Ucapan terima kasih dan penghormatan selanjutnya saya sampaikan kepada Dr. Wiwin Djuwita Ramelan, sebagai pembimbing dan penguji yang dengan rasa tulus ikhlas serta penuh kesabaran telah memberikan arahan, suport, dan bantuan moril disela-sela kesibukannya menjadi Ketua Panitia Kongres IAAI dan Pertemuan Ilmiah Arkeologi ke- XI. Ucapan terima kasih juga saya sampaikan kepada para anggota penguji dan seluruh staf pengajar Program Studi Arkeologi yang telah membekali ilmu pengetahuan, terutama kepada: Dr. Heriyanti Ongkodharma, Karina Arifin. Ph.D, Prof. Dr. Nurhadi Magetsari, Prof. Dr. Mundardjito, Prof. Dr. Hariani Santiko, Prof. Dr. Edi Sedyawati, Dr. Supratikno Rahardjo, Dr. Agus Aris Munandar, Drs. Sadirin, Isman Pratama Nasution, M.Si, dan seluruh staf pengajar yang tidak dapat saya sebutkan satu-persatu namanya di sini. Dalam kesempatan ini, saya juga ingin menyampaikan ucapan terima kasih dan penghormatan secara khusus kepada: 1). Prof. Dr. MJ. Mike Morwood, dari University of New England yang sejak awal telah membantu mempersiapkan penulisan tesis dan banyak membantu secara moril serta materiil, terutama dengan melibatkan secara langsung dalam penelitian di Situs Kobatuwa, Cekungan Soa. Di tengah kesibukannya di lapangan, beliau senantiasa selalu meluangkan waktu untuk berdiskusi dan memberikan banyak masukan, serta data yang diperlukan dalam penulisan tesis ini. 2). Prof (Ris) Dr. Harry Truman Simanjuntak, yang telah banyak membantu memberikan kontribusi dan masukan ketika tim dari Puslitbang Arkenas melakukan penelitian di Situs Kobatuwa, Cekungan Soa pada tahun 2007. 3). Drs. Thomas Sutikno M.Hum, yang sudah saya Pola pemanfaatan..., Jatmiko, FIB UI, 2008 ii anggap sebagai ‘dosen pembimbing’ dan sahabat sejati yang tidak pernah berhenti membantu tanpa pamrih. Ketika sedang mengalami kendala dan kesulitan dalam penulisan, beliau selalu datang secara tiba-tiba seperti ‘dewa penolong’ yang senantiasa memberikan jalan keluar. Bantuan yang diberikan tidak hanya bersifat teknis saja, tetapi juga bersifat substansial, karena kebetulan beliau cukup paham dengan permasalahan yang dihadapi dalam penulisan ini. Sebagai pribadi dan teman, saya sungguh merasa berhutang budi atas segala kebaikan beliau. 4). Dr. Gert van den Bergh, dari National Museum of Natural History Naturalis, Leiden, The Netherlands, yang selalu meluangkan waktu untuk berdiskusi dan memberikan beberapa masukan data (khususnya berkaitan dengan analisis tinggalan fosil-fosil fauna vertebrata yang ditemukan di Cekungan Soa), baik ketika sedang melakukan penelitian di lapangan (di Cekungan Soa), maupun pada waktu melakukan analisis di Puslitbang Arkenas. 5). Dr. Fachroel Azis, dari Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Geologi, Bandung yang selalu memberikan kritik dan saran ketika saya melakukan penelitian bersama di lapangan. 6). Drs. H. Ibrahim, selaku Kepala Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Kabupaten Ngada, yang telah berkenan memberikan kepercayaan kepada saya untuk memimpin kerjasama penelitian yang dilakukan di Situs Kobatuwa (Cekungan Soa) pada tahun 2004. Berkat jasa beliaulah, muncul keinginan saya untuk membuat penulisan tesis ini. Melalui kemudahan fasilitas yang diberikan oleh beliau, maka setiap melakukan penelitian di wilayah Flores Tengah (terutama di Kabupaten Bajawa) segala urusan menjadi lancar, sehingga terjalin kerjasama yang sangat harmonis. 7). Asri Moi, SS, dan Iwan Bota, keduanya staf karyawan pada kantor Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Kabupaten Ngada. Berkat bantuannya, maka seluruh penanganan data dalam penelitian yang dilakukan di Situs Pola pemanfaatan..., Jatmiko, FIB UI, 2008 iii Kobatuwa (Cekungan Soa) menjadi lebih teratur dan rapi. Dengan semangat yang besar dan tidak kenal lelah, mereka telah berjasa dalam menghimpun data di lapangan dan memperlancar kegiatan penelitian di lapangan. Berkat inisiatif dari Asri Moi, SS (satu- satunya arkeolog di kantor Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Kabupaten Ngada), kerjasama penelitian antara Puslitbang Arkenas dengan pihak Pemda Kabupaten Ngada (Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata) masih terus berlanjut sampai sekarang; diantaranya adalah studi etnografi tentang Tradisi Berburu di Soa (2005) dan penelitian di Situs Gisi Lama (2007). Ungkapan rasa terima kasih yang paling dalam juga saya sampaikan kepada: 1) Ir. Fadhlan Suaeb Intan, sahabat dan rekan saya di Puslitbang Arkenas yang telah banyak berjasa membantu memberikan kontribusi dalam penelitian di Situs Kobatuwa (Cekungan Soa), khususnya dalam hal pengamatan geologi, stratigrafi, dan analisis bahan-bahan baku artefak, serta membantu menyelesaikan gambar-gambar peta dalam penulisan tesis ini. Tanpa bantuan beliau, mungkin penulisan tesis ini tidak akan berhasil. 2). Sdr. Ngadiran dan Ahmad Tohari, rekan dan sahabat saya di Puslitbang Arkenas yang telah berjasa serta banyak membantu dalam penggambaran, scan peta, dan hal-hal lain yang bersifat teknis; baik ketika melakukan penelitian di lapangan maupun penulisan tesis di Puslitbang Arkenas. 3). Ir. Kriswandhono, Drs. Wahyu Saptomo, dan Agustina Nuzulla, S.Ip: ketiganya adalah rekan-rekan dan sahabat seangkatan ketika menempuh pendidikan S2 di Universitas Indonesia. Sungguh, ini adalah kenangan manis yang takterlupakan; ketika sedang susah maupun senang, kita selalu bersama-sama dan berbagi rasa. Bahkan kita selalu kompak berdiskusi dan menyelesaikan tugas-tugas perkuliahan. 4). Drs. Ketut Setiawan, M.Hum, Ketua Jurusan Arkeologi Fakultas Sastra Universitas Pola pemanfaatan..., Jatmiko, FIB UI, 2008 iv Udayana, dan Drs. Anak Agung Gde Bagus, dari Balai Arkeologi Denpasar; keduanya adalah sahabat dan rekan saya yang telah banyak berjasa mempersiapkan serta membantu ketika saya mulai menempuh pendidikan pascasarjana di Universitas Indonesia. 5). Seluruh rekan-rekan seprofesi di Puslitbang Arkenas: Dra. Aliza Diniasti, Dra. Surti Nastiti, M.Hum, Dra. Retno Handini, H.Hum, Dra. Yusmaeni Eriawati, M.Hum, Rokhus Due Awe, BA, Dra. Dwi Yani Yuniawati, M.Hum, Drs. Arfian, Dra. Vita Matori, Agung Sudiana, S.Ip, dan semua teman-teman yang tidak dapat saya sebutkan satu-persatu namanya di sini. Berkat bantuan, saran, dorongan semangat dan motivasi, serta pinjaman buku-buku, akhirnya penulisan tesis ini dapat terwujud dan terlaksana. Akhirnya, ungkapan terima kasih yang paling dalam saya sampaikan kepada seluruh keluarga, terutama kepada isteri dan anak-anakku tercinta: Suryati,
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