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Portraiture of Our Stuart Monarchs on Their Coins and Medals

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Portraiture of Our Stuart Monarchs on Their Coins and Medals PORTRAITURE OF OUR STUART MONARCHS ON THEIR COINS AND MEDALS. PART I. BY HELEN FARQUIIAR. N a former occasion I have had the pleasure of addressing this Society on the subject of the numismatic portraiture of our monarchs, commencing with the founder of our Tudor line of kings, Henry VII., who was the first to be accurately represented upon our coinage. I hope now, with your permission, to trace the further development of this particular branch of art, which under Charles I. ancl Charles II. attained to a very high point of excellence. On the death of Elizabeth, James I., the ruler in Scotland of a very poor court where he had been educated under the conflicting supervision of various regencies, was a curious mixture of prodigality ancl parsimony ; slovenly in his own dress, for his vanity was rather of his attainments than of his person, he encouraged extravagance in others ancl was possessed by a mania for ostentation, which found its vent in an excessive expenditure in jewellery, with which he loaded his family and his favourites. He was perhaps more remarkable for his pedantry than for any real love of the arts, but his learning was undoubted, and his conversa- ' O ' tion, especially in argument, was often very shrewd. It is said that his head being opened after his death, the amount of brain contained in the cranium was found to be unusually large. He was most assiduous in the teaching of his sons, ancl both Henry and Charles profited largely by the very catholic education which he caused them to receive. VOL. V. L 146 Portraiture of our Stuart Monarchs. With all this he was foolish in manner, and Sir Anthony Weldon remarked concerning him that "he was very liberal of what he had not in his own gripe, ancl would rather part with £\oo he never had in his keeping than one twenty shilling piece within his own custody."1 This perhaps is hardly fair, for James was all too generous in his gifts, readily sacrificing jewels,2 which had long been in his own possession, for the adornment of Charles or of Buckingham. Weldon continues more truly—" He spent much and had much use of his subjects' purses, which bred some clashing with them in Parliament, yet it would always come off and end with a sweet ancl plausible close." James was thirty-six years of age when he came to the English throne in 1603, and he had occupied that of Scotland from his infancy, being proclaimed king on his mother's forced abdication in 1507. Weldon describes him as being " of middle stature, more corpulent through his cloathes than in his body, yet fat enough3; his cloathes being made large and very easy, the doublets quilted for stiletto proof, his breeches in great pleites and full-stuffed ; he was naturally of a timorous disposition, which was the reason of his quilted doublets ; his eyes large . His beard was very thin, his tongue too large for his mouth, . his skin soft as taffeta sarsnet, which felt so, because he never washt his hands, only rubb'd his finger ends slightly with the wet end of a napkin . his legs were very weak."4 The infantine delicacy of the little King of Scots was, it is recorded, so great that he was unable to stand at seven years old, and in the main Weldon's portrait of James, though not alluring, appears to have been fairly correct, for even in many cases on his coinage we see the " thin beard "ancl the "corpulent body," and the unit illustrated below presents these peculiarities. 1 Anthony Weldon's character of King James, printed in Smeeton's Historical and Biographical Tracts, vol. i, p. 57. 2 Jewellery, by H. Clifford Smith, p. 210. 3 A letter written by the Spanish Ambassador is quoted by Mr. Gibbs on p. 88 of The King's Favorite. It mentions that James, towards the middle of his reign, " grows too fat to be able to hunt comfortably, and spends much time in reading, especially religious works, and eats and drinks so recklessly, that it is thought he will not be long-lived." 4 Anthony Weldon, p. 55- Charles Anthony and Nicholas Hilliard. 147 His coins, as James I. of England and James VI. of Scotland, show forth an unusually extended series of portraits, for we see him from 1582 onward, when in his sixteenth year his effigy appeared upon his coins in his northern kingdom, and with many changes of bust JAMES I. FIRST ENGLISH UNIT. during the twenty-two years of his English rule. Colonel Morrieson1 has entered so fully and competently into this subject that any further description of mine would be superfluous, and I will therefore turn my attention to the personal influence of James upon the coinage and upon his medals, trying to ascertain what artists were employed by him. The King was fortunate in inheriting from Elizabeth the services of Charles Anthony and Nicholas Hilliard. Not that I wish to suggest that the latter gave designs for the coinage or executed aught in the precious metals save some medals for James, and even of these the attribution is somewhat vague, but as a miniaturist his talents wrere highly valued at the English court. On his accession the new king found Hilliard installed as "limner carver and goldsmith" at his southern capital, whilst the post of graver of the mint and seals at the Tower had been held at a fee of ^"30 a year since June 30th, 1599, by Charles Anthony in succession to his father Derick.2 The beauty of Queen Elizabeth's gold coinage ancl that of James would lead us to believe that the Anthonys, father and son, were no mean craftsmen. 1 The busts of James I. on his silver coinage, British Numismatic Journal,, vol. iii, pp. 173 to 179. 2 Calendar of State Papers Domestic, 1598-1601, p. 224. L 2 14 Portraiture of our Stuart Monarchs. Although the great seals of James1 closely resemble one another they do not strike me, in such impressions as I have seen, as comparable with Hilliard's work in the second great seal2 executed for Elizabeth, yet they are a decided improvement on the matrix first engraved for her by Derick Anthony. I should therefore be inclined to assume that Charles Anthony was possessed of greater skill than his father. The design of James I.'s seated figure is very reminiscent of that of Elizabeth. We are, however, informed by Mr. Allan Wyon3 that Charles Anthony was the engraver thereof, and he quotes a warrant addressed by the monarch on May 8th, 1603, to "Charles Anthony, graver of our mynt and seals," giving orders to him to engrave " our Great Seale of E no-land ancl divers other Seales as well." O There are many notices in the Calendars of Domestic State Papers concerning this official, amongst others, I may select as being interesting that of May 25th, 1603, addressed to Sir Thomas Knyvet, warden of the mint, as follows4:—" We are determined to proceed with the moneys wrought by warrant of the late Queen, viz., angels, half-angels and quarter-angels of fine gold ; crowns and half-crowns, shillings, and sixpences of silver, also pieces of twopence, pence, ancl halfpence . you are to order Charles Anthony graver of our mint to cause to be graven irons needful for striking of our said moneys, and we authorize you to take up skilful gravers for the said works within our Tower of London." The interest attached to this notice is that by no means all these denominations made their appearance at this time. According to Mr. Kenyon5 the first angel of James is of 1605, the half-angel was not issued before 1610 or 1611, ancl the quarter-angel is not known, the place of the two last being taken by the crown ancl half-crown in gold. The half-sovereign which supplied the place of the angel, belonged both to the first issue of James and to the last of Elizabeth, ancl together 1 Allan Wyon's Great Seals of Englatid, Plates XXIV and XXV. 2 Wyon's Great Seals, Plate XXIII. 3 Great Seals of England, p. 189, quoting a document in British Museum. 4 Cal. State Papers Dom., Addenda, 1603, p. 425, vol. xxxv. 5 Gold Coins of England, p. 147. Various Officials at the Mint. 149 with the sovereign, gold crown ancl half-crown is not mentioned in the warrants. The sovereign ancl its parts come naturally into the scope of our present discussion, because the king's portrait appears on these coins ; whereas the angel maintained its usual type, ancl indeed was thus continued in a modified form so long as the touchpiece was an article of veneration. It still held a place in the currency of James I., but orders are to be found in the Calendar of State Papers, for angels specially pierced for use as touch-pieces only,1 and this is also the case under Charles I.,2 whilst under Charles II. the coin assumed a medallic aspect. It would be interesting if we could ascertain who were the "skilful gravers " selected to help Anthony in his work, but most of their names remain unchronicled. We learn, however, that one, John Baptist, as under-graver, received the royal command to make some medals in October and November, 1604,3 and on December the 28th of the same year he is again mentioned in connection with Anthony. The directions for making an Irish coinage include "a warrant to Charles Anthony to engrave dies .
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