European Integration 1945-1949
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BULGARIA and HUNGARY in the FIRST WORLD WAR: a VIEW from the 21ST CENTURY 21St -Century Studies in Humanities
BULGARIA AND HUNGARY IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR: A VIEW FROM THE 21ST CENTURY 21st -Century Studies in Humanities Editor: Pál Fodor Research Centre for the Humanities Budapest–Sofia, 2020 BULGARIA AND HUNGARY IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR: A VIEW FROM THE 21ST CENTURY Editors GÁBOR DEMETER CSABA KATONA PENKA PEYKOVSKA Research Centre for the Humanities Budapest–Sofia, 2020 Technical editor: Judit Lakatos Language editor: David Robert Evans Translated by: Jason Vincz, Bálint Radó, Péter Szőnyi, and Gábor Demeter Lectored by László Bíró (HAS RCH, senior research fellow) The volume was supported by theBulgarian–Hungarian History Commission and realized within the framework of the project entitled “Peripheries of Empires and Nation States in the 17th–20th Century Central and Southeast Europe. Power, Institutions, Society, Adaptation”. Supported by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences NKFI-EPR K 113004, East-Central European Nationalisms During the First World War NKFI FK 128 978 Knowledge, Lanscape, Nation and Empire ISBN: 978-963-416-198-1 (Institute of History – Research Center for the Humanities) ISBN: 978-954-2903-36-9 (Institute for Historical Studies – BAS) HU ISSN 2630-8827 Cover: “A Momentary View of Europe”. German caricature propaganda map, 1915. Published by the Research Centre for the Humanities Responsible editor: Pál Fodor Prepress preparation: Institute of History, RCH, Research Assistance Team Leader: Éva Kovács Cover design: Bence Marafkó Page layout: Bence Marafkó Printed in Hungary by Prime Rate Kft., Budapest CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .................................... 9 Zoltán Oszkár Szőts and Gábor Demeter THE CAUSES OF THE OUTBREAK OF WORLD WAR I AND THEIR REPRESENTATION IN SERBIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY .................................. 25 Krisztián Csaplár-Degovics ISTVÁN TISZA’S POLICY TOWARDS THE GERMAN ALLIANCE AND AGAINST GERMAN INFLUENCE IN THE YEARS OF THE GREAT WAR................................ -
44 Václav Horčička Na Skutek Zatopienia Płynącego Pod Francuską Flagą Brytyjskiego Parowca Sussex Kryzys Powtórzył Się
DZIEJE NAJNOWSZE, ROCZNIK XLIII — 2011, 3 PL ISSN 0419–8824 Václav Horčička Praga Hrabia Adam Tarnowski z Tarnowa jako austro–węgierski ambasador w Stanach Zjednoczonych Ameryki (1917) Misja dyplomatyczna hrabiego Adama Tarnowskiego w Waszyngtonie, która rozpoczę ła się w lutym 1917 r., pomimo dramatycznych wydarzeń w stosunkach między państwami centralnymi i USA nie trwała dłużej niż trzy miesiące. Odbywała się jednak w bardzo eks cytującym i z punktu widzenia przyszłości Austro–Węgier także kluczowym czasie. Ententa odrzuciła właśnie propozycję pokoju Czwórprzymierza z grudnia 1916 r. i jako odpowiedź na niemal jednocześnie wydane wezwanie prezydenta USA Woodrowa Wilsona do walczą cych bloków, żeby ogłosiły swoje cele wojenne, opublikowała 10 I 1917 r. warunki pokoju kwestionujące integralność terytorialną Austro–Węgier1. Niemcy z niechętną zgodą Wiednia zdecydowały się rozpocząć nieograniczoną wojnę podwodną2. Austro–Węgry poważnego pogorszenia stosunków między państwami centralnymi a Stanami Zjednoczonymi, którego to po ogłoszeniu nieograniczonej wojny podwodnej moż na było się spodziewać, nie dopuszczały do myśli, dlatego też do ostatniego momentu pró bowały odciągnąć Niemców od zamiaru eskalacji konfliktu na morzu. W połowie stycznia 1917 r. ostrzegły Berlin, że w razie wojny z USA „mamy do czynienia z anglo–saską rasą, która — jeśli zdecyduje się na wojnę — to poprowadzi ją energicznie i nieustępliwie”3. O twardości Amerykanów przekonały się już oba państwa w poprzednich latach. W 1915 r. groziło, z powodu zatopienia brytyjskiego transoceanicznego parowca Lusitania przez niemiecki okręt podwodny, w wyniku czego zginęło około 120 Amerykanów, zerwanie stosunków dyplomatycznych między Niemcami i Stanami Zjednoczonymi. Wiosną 1916 r. 1 W ten sposób warunki pokoju Ententy, w których żądano „oswobodzenia Włochów, Słowian, Rumunów i Czechosłowaków z obcego panowania”, interpretował austro–węgierski minister spraw zagranicznych hrabia Ottokar Czernin. -
An Internationally Standardised Antisaccade Protocol
Vision Research 84 (2013) 1–5 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Vision Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/visres An internationally standardised antisaccade protocol Chrystalina Antoniades a,b, Ulrich Ettinger c, Bertrand Gaymard d, Iain Gilchrist e, Arni Kristjánsson f, Christopher Kennard b, R. John Leigh g, Imran Noorani a, Pierre Pouget d, Nikolaos Smyrnis h, ⇑ Adam Tarnowski i, David S. Zee j, R.H.S. Carpenter a, a Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK b Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK c Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany d Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris Cedex 13, France e School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK f Faculty of Psychology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland g Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-5000, USA h Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11528, Greece i Department of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland j Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA article info abstract Article history: Detailed measurements of saccadic latency – the time taken to make an eye movement to a suddenly- Received 27 December 2012 presented visual target – have proved a valuable source of detailed and quantitative information in a -
PROFESSIONAL SUBTITLING. David Orrego-Carmona Dipòsit Legal: T 995-2015 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI the RECEPTION of (NON)PROFESSIONAL SUBTITLING
THE RECEPTION OF (NON)PROFESSIONAL SUBTITLING. David Orrego-Carmona Dipòsit Legal: T 995-2015 ADVERTIMENT. L'accés als continguts d'aquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials d'investigació i docència en els termes establerts a l'art. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intel·lectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix l'autorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. No s'autoritza la seva reproducció o altres formes d'explotació efectuades amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva comunicació pública des d'un lloc aliè al servei TDX. Tampoc s'autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant als continguts de la tesi com als seus resums i índexs. ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis doctoral y su utilización debe respetar los derechos de la persona autora. Puede ser utilizada para consulta o estudio personal, así como en actividades o materiales de investigación y docencia en los términos establecidos en el art. 32 del Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (RDL 1/1996). Para otros usos se requiere la autorización previa y expresa de la persona autora. En cualquier caso, en la utilización de sus contenidos se deberá indicar de forma clara el nombre y apellidos de la persona autora y el título de la tesis doctoral. -
The United States and Hungary
Hungarian Studies %ezriezv Vol. XXXII, Nos. 1-2 (Spring-Fall, 2005) Special Volume: The United States and Hungary in the Twentieth Century Part II edited by Nandor Dreisziger HUNGARIAN STUDIES REVIEW HUNGARIAN STUDIES NATIONAL HUNGARIAN STUDIES ASSOC. OF CANADA SZECHENYI LIBRARY ASSOCIATION (USA) VOL. 32, NOS. 1-2 (SPRING-FALL 2005) EDITOR: NANDOR DREISZIGER, Royal Military College of Canada EDITORIAL ADVISERS OLIVER BOTAR GEZA JESZENSZKY University of Manitoba Corvinus University, Budapest GEORGE BISZTRAY MARIA H. KRISZTINKOVICH University of Toronto Vancouver, B.C. BARNABAS A. RACZ ISTVAN MONOK Eastern Michigan U. National Szechenyi Library (NSL) AGATHA SCHWARTZ THOMAS SAKMYSTER University of Ottawa University of Cincinnati THOMAS SPIRA S.B. VARDY U.P.E.I. Duquesne University SUBSCRIPTION MANAGER (for Hungary): TIMEA KIRALY (NSL) All correspondence (excepting matters pertaining to subscriptions in Hungary) should be addressed to: Prof. Nandor Dreisziger, Department of History, Royal Military Coll. of Canada, P.O.B 17000 STN FORCES, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4 Canada. E-mail: [email protected] OR [email protected] Subscribers in Hungary should contact Timea Kiraly, at the NSL. E-mail: [email protected] Articles appearing in the HSR are indexed in: HISTORICAL ABSTRACTS and, AMERICA: HISTORY AND LIFE. Copyright © (2005) the Hungarian Studies Review. ISSN 0713-8083 (print, replacing 0317-204X); ISSN 1705-8422 (online) The Hungarian Studies Review is an interdisciplinary journal devoted to the pub- lication of articles and book reviews relating to Hungary and Hungarians. Since its launching in 1974, the Review has been a forum for the scholarly discussion of issues in Hungarian history, politics and cultural affairs. -
Hungarian Studies Review
American-Hungarian Relations, 1900-1918 Tibor Giant The study of American-Hungarian relations during the first two decades of the twentieth century has largely been neglected by Hungarian, Hungarian-American and American historians alike. Arguably the most important reason for this lies in the fact that there was no independent Hungary at the time. Thus, any study of American-Hungarian relations must be pursued with an ever narrowing focus, and this is indeed what the present paper proposes to do. Accordingly, a survey of relations between the United States and the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary will be followed by a review of American-Hungarian relations. Finally, a particular case study, Count Albert Apponyi's relations with America, certain prominent Americans, and the Hungarian-Americans, will be offered. And by way of conclusion the mutual images of the two nations will be summed up. The highest level: The United States and Austria-Hungary Relations between the United States and the Austro-Hungarian Empire before World War I were largely restricted to trade and immigration issues. Immigration was treated more seriously by the Americans: the "flood of low, unskilled, ignorant, foreign labor," as Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts put it in 1896,1 represented a threat to the WASP values of the new world giant. Attempts were made to introduce federal restrictions on immigration — the Chinese were in fact banned for ten years as of 1882. Diplomatic efforts were also made to persuade the various source countries to discourage emigration. Meanwhile, acting against the wishes of their government, American agents continued to recruit workers for America's mines and factories in the Danube basin. -
Negotiating and Mediating Conduct Of
Negotiating and Mediating Conduct of War STIBBE, Matthew <http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7269-8183> Available from Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/25479/ This document is the author deposited version. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from it. Published version STIBBE, Matthew (2019). Negotiating and Mediating Conduct of War. Freie Universitat Berlin [and others]. Copyright and re-use policy See http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive http://shura.shu.ac.uk Version 1.0 | Last updated 01 November 2019 Negotiating and Mediating Conduct of War By Matthew Stibbe Many issues surrounding the conduct of war in the years 1914-1918 were impervious to international negotiation or mediation, due either to a complete lack of consensus or to an absence of trust and goodwill. However, there were some important exceptions, especially when it came to treatment of enemy wounded on the battlefield and conditions of military captivity. Here, ongoing, if intermittent, mediation produced some positive results. A notable feature of this was the intervention of neutral countries including the United States (until 1917), Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the Netherlands, as well as humanitarian organisations like the International Committee of the Red Cross. Table of Contents 1 Introduction 2 War Conduct and International Politics 3 Propaganda and the Conduct of the War 4 The Mediators 5 Conclusion: Results Notes Selected Bibliography Citation Introduction This article examines how the manner of waging war was negotiated by the belligerent states and mediated via the intervention of neutral countries and international organisations in the period 1914- 1918. -
Közép-Európai Közlemények a Történelemtudomány, a Regionális Tudomány, a Földrajztudomány, És a Gazdálkodás- És Szervezéstudományok Művelőinek Folyóirata
Közép-Európai Közlemények A történelemtudomány, a regionális tudomány, a földrajztudomány, és a gazdálkodás- és szervezéstudományok művelőinek folyóirata XI. évfolyam 1. szám, 2018/1. No. 40. Jelen kiadványunk megjelenését támogatta a Csongrád Megye Önkormányzataiért Közalapítvány Köszönet a támogatásért Ádok Jánosnak, a Csongrád Megye Önkormányzataiért Közalapítvány elnökének és Kakas Bélának, a Csongrád Megyei Közgyűlés elnökének KÖZÉP-EURÓPAI KÖZLEMÉNYEK A történelemtudomány, a regionális tudomány, a földrajztudomány, és a gazdálkodás- és szervezéstudományok művelőinek folyóirata SZERKESZTŐSÉG Főszerkesztő: Prof. Dr. Gulyás László – Szegedi Tudományegyetem Főszerkesztő-helyettes: Prof. Dr. Szávai Ferenc DSc – Kaposvári Egyetem, Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem A SZERKESZTŐ BIZOTTSÁG TAGJAI: Prof. Dr. Baranyi Béla – Debreceni Egyetem, a „Régiótörténeti Kutatások rovat” vezetője Dr. habil. Gál Zoltán – KE és MTA KRTK, a „Regionális tudományi közlemények rovat” vezetője Dr. PhD Veres Lajos – Dunaújvárosi Egyetem, a „Fiatal regionalisták rovat” vezetője Prof. Dr. Gazdag Ferenc – NKE, Budapest, a „Nemzetközi tanulmányok rovat” vezetője Hajdú Zoltán DSc – MTA KRTK, a „Politikai földrajz rovat” vezetője Dr. habil. Keczer Gabriella – SZTE, a „Gazdálkodás- és vezetéstudomány rovat” vezetője Dr. PhD Miklós Péter – SZTE, az „Újragondolt negyedszázad rovat” vezetője Dr. PhD Vizi László Tamás – Kodolányi János Főiskola, a „Versailles 100 rovat” vezetője Dr. habil. Marjanucz László – Szegedi Tudományegyetem Prof. Dr. Majoros István, DSc – Eötvös Lóránd Tudományegyetem Dr. PhD Maruzsa Zoltán – Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem Dr. habil. Papp Norbert – Pécsi Tudományegyetem Dr. PhD Sipos Anna Magdolna – PTE FEEK Határon túli tagjaink: Dr. PhD. Andrej Tóth – Silesian university in Opava, University of Economics, Prague Prof. Dr. Nagy Imre – University of Novi Sad, Újvidék Dr. PhD. Tonk Márton – Sapientia EMTE, Kolozsvár Felelős kiadó: Egyesület Közép-Európa Kutatására Elnök: Dr. Gulyás László Székhely: 6727 Szeged, Lőwy Sándor utca 37. -
Some Aspects of the Economic Relations Between Austria-Hungary and the Unites States of America, 1914–1918
V. Horèièka Nìkteré aspekty hospodáøských vztahù mezi Rakousko-Uherskem a USA ... Nìkteré aspekty hospodáøských vztahù mezi Rakousko-Uherskem a Spojenými státy americkými v období první svìtové války# Václav Horèièka* Prodej rakousko-uherských lodí kotvících v amerických pøístavech Válka mezi Spojenými státy a Rakousko-Uherskem, která oficiálnì zaèala v prosinci 1917, tvrdì dopadla na majetek obèanù, institucí i obou státù na území znepøáteleného part- nera. V této komplikované problematice vìnovali politici a diplomaté nejvìtší pozornost otázce rakousko-uherských lodí, které byly na poèátku evropské války v roce 1914 nuceny zùstat v amerických pøístavech. Nebylo jich mnoho. Šlo o pouhých ètrnáct obchodních a osobních parníkù o výtlaku 67 840 BRT.1 Lodì kotvily v New Yorku, Bostonu, Pensacole a New Orleans, patnáctá pak v kubánské Havanì.2 Jejích vlastníkem byla z poloviny Verei- nigte österreichische Schiffahrtgesellschaft (VÖSAG), døíve známá jako Austro-America- na und Fratelli Cosulich se sídlem v Terstu. Zbylé patøily nìkolika dalším rejdaøùm, jejich jménem ale vystupovala Austro-Americana.3 Vypuknutí války spoleènosti zpùsobilo tìké ztráty, které se snaila krýt prodejem lodí v cizinì. Jeho význam pro tuto firmu pøiblíí i skuteènost, e pøed válkou mìla celkem 31 lodí, mezi které patøila i nejvìtší ra- kousko-uherská obchodní (osobní) loï parník Kaiser Franz Joseph I. o výtlaku témìø 13 000 BRT. V USA se tak bez uitku nacházela témìø ètvrtina celé její flotily. 4 První pokus o prodej uvízlých lodí spoleènost podnikla v polovinì roku 1915. Územnì pøíslušné rakouské ministerstvo sice ádost podpoøilo, proti se však postavila námoøní sek- ce ministerstva války.5 Záleitostí se ji v roce 1915 zabývaly také americké úøady. -
Two Polish Attempts to Bring About a Central-East European Organisation
Two Polish attempts to bring about a Central-East European Organisation A Lecture given by Adam Tarnowski at the Polish Hearth, London, October 19th, 1943 1bZ Two Polish attempts to bring about a Central-East European Organisation A Lecture given by Adam Tarnowski at the Polish Hearth, London, October, 1943 1 ¥20813 Ъг гг(*,г Two Polish attempts to bring about a Central-East European Organisation. A Lecture given by Adam Tarnowski at the Polish Hearth. London, October 19th, 1943. PROPOSE addressing you to-day on the subject of two attempts which Poland made to bring about a Central-East European Organisation.I It is not my intention to discuss any of the many present-day paper plans for a Union of Central Europe. Our next lecturer will probably speak on this subject. I should like to carry my audience back to the period preceding this war, to the period between the two great wars ; I want to recall two realistic attempts at a Central-East European Organisation. They were not confined to journalistic articles, or brochures or even books, as is the case of almost all the present-day plans to which I have just referred, but took the form of a vigorous, co-ordinated and concrete political action on the part of several states and countries of Europe surrounding Poland, which lasted for several years. The two attempts I refer to are the Baltic Bloc and the Agricultural Bloc of Agrarian Countries of Central East Europe. The idea of forming these two blocs was conceived in Wierzbowa Street, Warsaw (strictly speaking, the first of them was born in Miodowa Street, the original headquarters of the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs). -
Hungarian Studies Review
Hungarian Studies %ezriezv Vol. XXXII, Nos. 1-2 (Spring-Fall, 2005) Special Volume: The United States and Hungary in the Twentieth Century Part II edited by Nandor Dreisziger HUNGARIAN STUDIES REVIEW HUNGARIAN STUDIES NATIONAL HUNGARIAN STUDIES ASSOC. OF CANADA SZECHENYI LIBRARY ASSOCIATION (USA) VOL. 32, NOS. 1-2 (SPRING-FALL 2005) EDITOR: NANDOR DREISZIGER, Royal Military College of Canada EDITORIAL ADVISERS OLIVER BOTAR GEZA JESZENSZKY University of Manitoba Corvinus University, Budapest GEORGE BISZTRAY MARIA H. KRISZTINKOVICH University of Toronto Vancouver, B.C. BARNABAS A. RACZ ISTVAN MONOK Eastern Michigan U. National Szechenyi Library (NSL) AGATHA SCHWARTZ THOMAS SAKMYSTER University of Ottawa University of Cincinnati THOMAS SPIRA S.B. VARDY U.P.E.I. Duquesne University SUBSCRIPTION MANAGER (for Hungary): TIMEA KIRALY (NSL) All correspondence (excepting matters pertaining to subscriptions in Hungary) should be addressed to: Prof. Nandor Dreisziger, Department of History, Royal Military Coll. of Canada, P.O.B 17000 STN FORCES, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4 Canada. E-mail: [email protected] OR [email protected] Subscribers in Hungary should contact Timea Kiraly, at the NSL. E-mail: [email protected] Articles appearing in the HSR are indexed in: HISTORICAL ABSTRACTS and, AMERICA: HISTORY AND LIFE. Copyright © (2005) the Hungarian Studies Review. ISSN 0713-8083 (print, replacing 0317-204X); ISSN 1705-8422 (online) The Hungarian Studies Review is an interdisciplinary journal devoted to the pub- lication of articles and book reviews relating to Hungary and Hungarians. Since its launching in 1974, the Review has been a forum for the scholarly discussion of issues in Hungarian history, politics and cultural affairs. -
Aehrenthal' S Balkan Diplomacy at the Outbreak of the Turco-Italian War JOHN D
Temperate Coercion: Aehrenthal' s Balkan Diplomacy at the Outbreak of the Turco-Italian War JOHN D. TREADWAY* In his memoirs, Sergei Sazonov, the Russian foreign minister in 1914, accused the late Habsburg Empire of having brought on the First World War by pursuing a reckiess and aggressive policy in the Balkans. He not only condemned the policies of July, 1914, but also denounced the entire Austrian Balkanpolitik from 1908 to 1914. 1 Sazonov was neither the first nor the last to do so. Yet the question of the responsibility for the war of 1914 and the problem of Austro-Hungarian policies have not been resolved. Scholars still parcel out guilt and partial guilt, and the debate continues. In defense of their arguments, critics of Austrian foreign policy are quick to point to the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1908 and the ultimatum to Serbia in 1914. But by generally neglecting the intervening years, these same critics (and also defenders of Austrian policy) overlook at least one important instance when Austro-Hungarian policy was dedicated to the maintenance of peace in the Balkans: the Turco-Italian War of 1911-1912. This study does not attempt to absolve Austria of any responsibility for the cataclysm of 1914-1918, but examines the Balkan policy of the Austro-Hungarian foreign minister, Count Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal (1906-1912), in the early stages of the Turco-Italian conflict. Yet this account of Aehrenthal's policies should counteract at least in part the stigma attached by Sazonov and others to the Austrian policy in the Balkans between 1908 and 1914.