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Proquest Dissertations INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy subm itted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMf Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Artxjr, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 NEGOTIATING IDENTITY: BERTHA PAPPENHEIM (ANNA O.) AS GERMAN-JEWISH FEMINIST, SOCIAL WORKER, ACTIVIST, AND AUTHOR DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Elizabeth Ann Loentz, M. A. ***** The Ohio State University 1999 Approved by Dissertation Committee: Professor Dagmar C.G. Lorenz, Adviser (j Adviser 0 Professor Helen Fehervary, Adviser Adviser Professor Barbara Becker-Cantarino Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures UMI Number: 9941374 Copyright 1999 by Loentz, Elizabeth Ann All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9941374 Copyright 1999, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Copyright by Elizabeth Ann Loentz 1999 ABSTRACT Since Ernest Jones revealed the identity of "Anna O." in his 1953 Freud biography, scholars have been more interested in "Anna O," the object of study for the two "founding fathers" of modem psychology, than in Bertha Pappenheim, the author, feminist, activist, and pioneering social worker. The majority of studies of Pappenheim (1859-1936) have focused on her role as the hysteric patient "Anna O." in Freud and Breuer's Studien über Hysterie. Few works have been dedicated to her later achievements as the founder of the Jewish German Women's League and as world-renowned social worker and activist, and almost none to her literary writings. My dissertation redirects attention to Pappenheim's long neglected, yet very extensive literary work, which includes dramas, short stories, parables, aphorisms, a travelogue, poems, prayers, and literary translations. Pappenheim's multi-faceted identity, or in other terms, the necessity of "negotiating" between numerous competing or seemingly incompatible self- identifications and/or externally imposed identifications (Vieimese, Austro-German, Orthodox Jewish, upper-middle-class, feminist, social worker, single woman, anti- Zionist, recovered hysteric), leads to paradoxes and ambivalence both in her writings and in her personal life and public activism. My project, which is informed by recent ii theoretical discussions of identity issues in Cultural Studies, Ethnic and Area Studies, Minority Studies, and Women's and Gender Studies, examines the relationship between Pappenheim's literary work and her social work and activism, endeavoring to unpack these moments of apparent contradiction. I examine recurring themes in Pappenheim's work (the status of Yiddish, anti-Zionism, conversion and Catholicism, Eastern European Jewry, women's role in Orthodox Judaism) all of which revolve around and point back to Pappenheim's steadfast insistence on the ideal of German-Jewish symbiosis. The symbiosis Pappenheim avowed, a "culturally German and religiously Jewish" identity, was tenuous throughout Pappenheim's lifetime, at odds with the increasingly dominant nationalist-racist discourse, that reduced religion, language, and culture to racial attributes. In her final years, however, the institutionalized anti-Semitism of National Socialism legally annulled the symbiosis, non-negotiably. For Pappenheim, the symbiosis was equally non-negotiable. At her advanced age, she was unwilling and unable to part with the keystone of her self-understanding and foundation of her life's work. Ill Dedicated to my mother Evelyn Ann Ganas IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank my adviser and mentor, Dagmar C.G. Lorenz, for her guidance, support, and encouragement - intellectually, professionally, and personally - throughout the dissertation. I extend my thanks also to Barbara Becker-Cantarino and Helen Fehervary (Co-Adviser), members of my dissertation committee, for their thoughtful readings of my work and their insightful critiques and suggestions. I am grateful to the Leo Baeck Institute (Fritz Halber's Fellowship in German Jewish History and Culture) and the Graduate School of The Ohio State University (Graduate Alumni Research Award) for their generous support of my research travel; to the Graduate School, for the Presidential Fellowship, which allowed me to devote an entire academic year exclusively to the dissertation; and to the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures and the Melton Center for Jewish Studies, whose travel grants enabled me to present my work-in-progress at professional conferences, where I received valuable feed-back from other conference participants. I am indebted also to Diane R. Spielmann of the Leo Baeck Institute, Helga Heubach and Herr Kuhn of the Bertha Pappenheim Gedenkstatte, Michael Lenarz of the Jüdisches Museum of Frankfurt am Main, Frau Wilke of the Institut fur Stadtgeschichte of Frankfurt am Main, Christa Wille of ARIADNE, Rachel Heuberger at the Judaica Abteilung of the Stadt- und Universitatsmuseum of Frankfurt, the librarians and archivists who patiently guided me through the collections of the Bibliothek des Jüdischen Museums in Vienna, the Zentrum fur Antisemitismusforschung of the Technische Universitat Berlin, the Bibliothek Germania Judaica of Kola, the Landesarchiv Berlin, and the other libraries, archives, and research institutions that I visited through the course of this project. I wish also to express my gratitude to the faculty and graduate students in the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures, who have discussed my project with me throughout its development and have been generous with advice, support, and encouragement. I am especially grateful to the faculty members in Yiddish, who have encouraged me to view Pappenheim not only through the lense of German Jewish literature and culture but in the broader context of Askenazic Jewry. Finally, my heartfelt appreciation goes out to my family and friends, near and far, especially to my mother, Evelyn, my mother-in-law and father-and-law, Christa and Erich, and most of all my husband Wolfgang, for their loving and generous support in all of my endeavors. VI VITA 1992 B.A. German,cum laude. University of Pennsylvania 1992 M.A. Germanic Languages and Literatures, University of Pennsylvania 1992-1993 Teacher of German as Second Language, Haus Chevalier; Clearing-House for Unaccompanied Minor-Aged Refugees, Hallbergmoos, Germany 1993 - present Graduate Associate, The Ohio State University FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Germanic Languages and Literatures VII TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract........................................................................................................................................ü Dedication.................................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgements..................................................................................................................... v V ita............................................................................................................................................vii Chapters: 1. Introduction......................................................................................................................1 2. Between Nostalgia and Denial: Bertha Pappenheim on Yiddish................................................................................ 26 3. "Even Palestine is Golus and Diaspora": Bertha Pappenheim as Jewish Anti-Zionist............................................................ 66 4. Catholicism as a Model for German-Jewish Symbiosis?: Bertha Pappenheim on Conversion....................................................................... 102 5. From Brothel to Beth Jacob: Bertha Pappenheim on Eastern European Jewish Women....................................137 6. "Orthodox" Judaism on her own Terms: From "not at all religious" Anna O to Spiritual Mother of Jewish-German W omen.................................................... 182 7. Conclusion..................................................................................................................232 Bibliography ..........................................................................................................................
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