RC24027 (W0608-056) August 14, 2006 Computer Science
IBM Research Report
TagOrbitals: A Tag Index Visualization
Bernard Kerr IBM Research Division One Rogers Street Cambridge, MA 02142
Research Division Almaden - Austin - Beijing - Haifa - India - T. J. Watson - Tokyo - Zurich
LIMITED DISTRIBUTION NOTICE: This report has been submitted for publication outside of IBM and will probably be copyrighted if accepted for publication. I thas been issued as a Research Report for early dissemination of its contents. In view of the transfer of copyright to the outside publisher, its distribution outside of IBM prior to publication should be limited to peer communications and specific requests. After outside publication, requests should be filled only by reprints or legally obtained copies of the article (e.g ,. payment of royalties). Copies may be requested from IBM T. J. Watson Research Center , P. O. Box 218, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598 USA (email: [email protected]). Some reports are available on the internet at http://domino.watson.ibm.com/library/CyberDig.nsf/home . TagOrbitals : a tag index visualization
Bernard Kerr IBM Research [email protected]
Abstract of a series of concentric circles (the “orbits”). Every other tag With the rise of web-based tagging systems, it has become that has been used in conjunction with the primary tag is placed important to help users search and browse the index of tags that in a surrounding orbit or band. Each band level indicates the are being created. One promising approach is visualization, but number of other tags used for each bookmark item. The first existing techniques rely on hard-to-interpret network diagrams band shows all the tags that have been used solely with the or focus only on a small subset of a collection. This sketch primary tag. The second band contains any set of two tags that introduces TagOrbitals, a technique that can display an entire have been used together with the primary tag, and so on (as seen index at once, while simultaneously showing details of in Figure 4). The title of each bookmark in the collection is individual tags and items. drawn radially beside each tag set on each band, so bookmarks that have been classified with the same set of tags have their Introduction titles sitting next to each other. Thus, one can easily spot clusters Tags are becoming a popular way for people to categorize and of bookmarks, as seen in Figure 5 “design, graphic”. As in a organize web-based content such as bookmarks, blog posts, or TagCloud, each TagOrbital (“atom”) is then scaled in proportion photos. Tags are simple freeform keywords that are used to add to the number of times that its primary tag has been used. The metadata to an object. In most of these tagging systems, an TagOrbitals are laid out using an efficient packing algorithm object can be tagged with one or more of these keywords, which that places the smallest TagOrbitals in the lower left corner and results in the object being indexed in multiple categories. For the largest (most used tags) TagOrbitals in the upper right corner example, a website might be bookmarked with the tags: “blog”, (see Figure 6). “visualization” and “design”. After many of these objects have been tagged, a tag index accumulates. These tags point back to Results the original objects, and, as more objects are tagged the index The TagOrbitals visualization can be used for any tag index. An becomes larger and more complex. Therefore, new ways of individual user’s index constitutes a portrait of their use of the presenting this index are needed to help people search and system, and can be examined and compared to other users. One browse these collections. can scan and zoom into each TagOrbital within the visualization and see the relationship between tags and the actual title of Previous visualization techniques have been designed to show every bookmark within the collection. The number of bands keyword or category hierarchies [Shneiderman et al. 2000; within a TagOrbital shows, at a glance, the number of other tags Hearst 1999]. But one of the distinctive characteristics of these that have been used with its primary tag. Many bands indicate new tag indexes is that they are not hierarchical. This is because that the tag is used with many other tags. Few bands means that the freeform nature of tag entry does not enforce any structure or the tag is used alone. A cluster of bookmark titles on each band fixed taxonomies. More recently, others have tried to visualize shows a focus of interest. these new tag indexes via complex network diagrams, which are hard to interpret (see Figure 1). Or alternatively, they have Future Work chosen to selectively present small subsets of tags alone, which The current implementation of TagOrbitals lays the foundation do not give users a broad overview of the index (see Figure 2). for a new way of visualizing tag indexes. There are several natural directions for future work. The layout of the tags on each Another common way to show a tag index is the “TagCloud”. A band and the individual TagOrbitals themselves could convey TagCloud is an ordering of tags (typically alphabetical) that additional information about the content and relationships. For have been scaled or colored according to the frequency a tag has example, TagOrbitals with tags in common could be placed been used within the collection of objects. Examples of close together. The visualization could be made interactive and TagClouds can be seen on popular websites such as del.icio.us ultimately dynamically connect to a working system allowing [http://del.icio.us], Technorati [http://www.technorati.com] and users to navigate to the actual tagged content through the Flickr [http://flickr.com] (see Figure 3). A key quality of a visualization. A final promising direction would be to add TagCloud is its compactness. To achieve this, it sacrifices other temporal data to show how a tag index has evolved over time. important information such as relationships between tags. Refreneces TagOrbitals described below take the opposite approach HEARST, M., 1999. The Use of Categories and Clusters in for sacrificing compactness to simultaneously show all the tags and Organizing Retrieval Results, Natural Language Information their relationships to each other as well as summary information Retrieval, Strzalkowski (ed.), Kluwer Academic Publishers. about the objects that have been tagged. To illustrate this technique, we have constructed a TagOrbitals visualization of SHNEIDERMAN, B., FELDMAN, D., ROSE, A., XAVIER F. G. 2000, one user’s del.icio.us bookmarks. Visualizing digital library search results with categorical and hierarchical axes. ACM conference on Digital libraries, 56-66 Method TagObritals are loosely based on the Bohr model of the atom. Each tag is placed in the center (the primary “nucleus” position) Figure 3. TagCloud thatshowstagswhicharescaledinproportion “Design” taginthecenterwithrelatedtagsoncircumference. Figure 2. Visualization ofasubsettagsfromdel.icio.us. to howfrequentlytheyareused(sorted alphabetically). http://hublog.hubmed.org/archives/001049.html Figure 1.Networkgraphofdelicioustags. http://www.flickr.com/photos/tags/ http://www.ivy.fr/revealicious/ e Figure 4. TagOrbital forthe“design”tag. The threecircularbands, some tagsforbandone(“graphic”and“portal”)pairs tion, graphics”). The smallradiallinesoftextarebookmarktitles. Small clustersofthesetitles(which usethesametag)canbeseen band two(“interface,blog”,“lighting,*checkout”,and“interac- Figure 5.Closeupofa TagOrbital forthe“design”tag,showing displays singletags,thesecondbandhaspairsofand show everytagsetassociatedwith“design”. The firstband si
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Figure 6. TagOrbital Visualization for one del.icio.us user’s bookmarks. There are 243 bookmarked items with 135 tags. This implementation was built in Adobe Illustrator CS2 using javascript and is zoomable in this PDF form.
Acknowledgements I’d like to thank Jonathan Feinberg for his programming expertise and Martin Wattenberg for his helpful advice.