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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICJU^TURE MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION jío. 120 —r WASHINGTON. D. C. APEIL, WSa

A DIGEST OF THE LITERATURE OF DERRIS (DEGUELIA) SPECIES USED AS INSECTICIDES, 1747-1931

By R. C. ROARK Prindpsl Chemlit, Insecticide DITIIIOD, Chemical and Teeliaologlcal Beaeareh, Bureau of Chemistry and Soil«

For sale by the Superintendent oí DocumenU, Washington, D. C. Price 16 cents

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION NO. 120

Washington, D. C. M.reh, »32

A DIGEST OF THE LITERATURE OF DERRIS (DEGUELIA) SPECIES USED AS INSECTICIDES, 1747-1931 By R. 0. EOABK, principal ChemM, Insecticide Division, Chemical and Techno- logical Research, Bureau of Ohemistrj/ and Soils INTRODUCTION Derris ^ is a genus of tropical plants comprising about 40 species. It is a member of the subtribe Lonchocarpinae of the tribe Dalber- £ieae, belonging to the family Fabaceae, which some botanists call leguminosae or Papilionaceae. Derris is native practically through- out the Tropics, but it is far more abundant in the Old World than in the tropical Americas. Its members are mostly chmbing shrubs, having trunks 3 or 4 feet in height and about 4 inches in diameter. From the trunks project numerous long branches, which climb over the neighboring vegetation, and the tips hang freely downward. , ^ ,. . .i i.- * From Derris elliptica, D. pinnata, and D. tHifftnosa the natives oi Borneo and the Malay Peninsula have obtained extracts used as ingredients of arrow poisons. The following species have been used

> The name DerHa Lour., which haa been used for this genus not only In JraCt'jjl'J, »l' chemical literature but also In most botanical literature, is antedated by .^W««"o ■*"•'/• Under the American code of botanical nomenclature, the species of Derris Usted in tms publication should bear the following names : , ^ .. „ _, .^ n.~^. „„„i/Hilatn Degüella benthamU (Thwaltes) Blake.—Derrt» benthamU Thwaites, Derris. panicuma Deguelid cMncnaia (Benth.) Taub.—Derris cMnensia Benth. Deguelia elUptica (Wall.) Taub.—Derris eiHpfico (Wall.) Benth .,„„„*„ ««nth Deguelia heptaphylla (L.) Blake.—Derris heptaphylla (VL^err., Derris «inuato Benth. Deffuelia koolgñberah (F. M. Bailey) Blake.—Derris koolgibberah r. M. Bailey. Desuella malaccenaia (Benth.) Blake.—Derria molocoensi» Praln. Deauella negrensia (Benth.) Taub.—Derria negrensia Benth. o.v,.,™ ^..H Degu^Ui oMpospermi (K. Schum. and Lauterb.) Blake.—Derri» oMííOspermo K. Schum. and Deguelta pMUppinenaia (Merr.) Blake.—Derria phUlppinenaia Merr. Deguelia polyantha (Perkina) Blake.—Derria polyantha Perkins. Deguelia robuata (Benth.) Taub.—Derria robuata Benth. Deguelia acandena Aubl.—Derria guianenal» Benth. Deguelia atuhlmannii Taub.—Derria etuhlmannii (Taub.) Harms. Deguelia thyraiflora (Benth.) Taub.—Derris thyraiflora Benth ,™n/l~i, Ànhl Deguelia Umorienais (DC.) Taub.—DerrW scondens (Roxb.) Benth. ¡not D.soondensA^^ Deguelia mfoliata (Lour.) Taub.—Derris trifoliata Lour., Derri» uUginoaa (Roxb.) Benth., D Jrt^''pinnoto LSS?. u'not now retained in the genus Derris. but is referred to DalbergU M Ûalb^gia piñata (Lour.) Praln, displacing the name Dolfteririo tamiHnmoUa Hoib. 8. F. Blake. ^ 2 MISC. PUBLICATION 12 0, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE to poison fish : Bentham-ii, elliptica, forsteniana, guicmensis, negrensia^ phîlippinensis, pinnata, polyantha, scandens, and idiginosa. As early as 1848, Oxley {o07Y reported the use of tuba root (Z>. eUiptica) as an insecticide. The species of Derris which have been found by test to have insecti- cida! value are: CMnensis {299) ; elliptica {276) ; heptaphylla {290) ; mailacoenais {130) ; philippinensis (71, 98) ; polyantha {71, 290) ; thyrsiftora {130) ; vliginosa {trifoliata) {276). In addition, the following varieties of Derris in Malaya have been shown by Gater {130) to have insecticidal value : Tuba rimba, tuba merah, and tuba puteh, varieties of D. elliptica; tuba gagah, tuba standing, and tuba creeping {Derris sp.). Mclndoo, Sievers, and Abbott {276\ report that the following species of Derris are ineffective as insecticides : Koolgibherah, oligos- perma, robusta, and scandens. Stockdale {380) states that tests are being made to determine the insecticidal value of D. henthamvii from Ceylon. The following species of Derris have been examined chemically: CMnensis, elliptica, stuhlmannii, and uliginosa. Lenz {2^.6) found the constituents of the roots of Derris stuhl- mannii from German East Africa to be different from those of the roots of D. eUiptica from New Guinea. Power {320) found the active principle of D. uliginosa to be a resin soluble in chloroform. Rotenone is the most important insecticidal constituent of chinensis and elliptica. As a rule, dried D. elliptica root of a good grade contains from 2.5 to 6 per cent rotenone. It has also been isolated from the following plants belonging to genera other than Derris: Lonchocarpus {1S4, p. 216; Ifilj.; 7Jf) ; Milletia taivyaniana Hayata {23); Mundvlea suberosa Benth. {IBJi); Orrwocarpumi {1S4). All these rotenone-containing plants belong to the family Fabaceae. Rotenone is a white crystalline material which melts at 163^ C. and has the empirical formula C23H220e. It is insoluble in water, readily soluble in chloroform^ benzene, and acetone, and slightly soluble in ether, alcohol, and oils. A number of derivatives of rote- none have been prepared—for example, the oxime, phenylhydrazone, and hydrochloride. Rotenone contains a ketone (CO) group and two methoxyl (OCH3) groups. As yet too little is known of the constitution of rotenone to synthe- size it. Pure crystalline rotenone does not change on long standing, neither does it undergo any appreciable change in contact with water or petroleum oils. In solution in certain organic solvents, such as chloroform, ethylene dichloride, and pyridine, however, it decom- poses rather rapidly, with an accompanying loss of toxicity. This decomposition takes place only very slowly in some solvents, for example, benzene and acetone. Rotenone is also sensitive to the action of alkalies. Emulsions made with the aid of certain organic solvents, such as chloroform, or M'ith an alkaline emulsifying agent may lose their toxicity. Rotenone is best applied as a spray by suspending the dry powdered material in water. Rotenone is both a contact and a stomach insecticide and promises to be effective against a wide variety of insect pests. Rotenone,

' Italic numbers In parentheses are the citation numbers. A DIGEST OF THE LITEKATUBE OF DEBRIS ó rather than derris root or cube (coo'bay) root, should be employed in toxicity tests, as only by the use of pure compounds can the knowl- ed»e of insecticides be extended. Furthermore, Roark {347) has recently called attention to the fact that the rotenone content of derris root is extremely variable and some lots of derris contain no rotenone. . , . ^-^ i. • The root of Dems elliptiea contains a number of constituents in addition to rotenone. Among these the following predominate: Toxicarol, CJi^.O,, melting point 219° C, greenish yellowish hex- agonal plates; tephrosin, CJÄ^OT, melting point 198°, stout 6-sided colorless prisms; and deguelin, C2sH220a, melting point 171°, pale green rodlike plates. Oracca (Tephrosia) toxicaria and vogeln, as well as cuba {Lonchocarpm nicou), also contain certain of these com- pounds. All these compounds contain two methoxyl groups and are related chemically to rotenone (76). BIBLIOGRAPHY

ANONYMOUS. (1) THE COLONIAL AND INDIAN EXHIBITION AT SOUTH KENSINGTON. THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. Pharm. Jour, and Trans. (3) 17: 4-7. 1886. Among the herbarium specimens of gutt.iperchii Is one of the tuba plant Identi- fied as Derrin elliptiea. The root of this plant, which is deserving of chemical and physiological investigation, is chiefly used by the natives for poisoning fish. It Is pounded and thrown into the water, causing the flsh to riso to the surface. They are then netted and speared. Oxloy considers a decoction of the root of this plant to the best remedy known to him for killing the insect that infests the leaves of the nutmeg tree and causes them to turn yellow. The root has an ex- tremely persistent acrid taste and would doubtless yield an active principle and might prove valuable as an insecticide. (2) DEBEiD. Pharm. Jour, and Trans. (3) 21: 55&-560. 1890. m the late colonial and Indian exhibition in London [1886], a plant was exhibited in the Straits Settlements court under the name of Derris elliptiea. This plant was said to afford the most important of several drugs passing under the name of tuba root in that colony. The root poi^sosses an extremely acrid taste, and like lobelia causes a flow of saliva, but ultimately there is a feeling of numbness of the tongue and palate and a lessened secretion of saliva, with the sensation of a thick tongue, affecting the speech. The natives of Java use it as a flsh poison. In Borneo ft forms an ingredient of the Siren arrow poison, and in the Straits Settlements of the Malay arrow poison called Ipoh. (3) POISONOUS PLANTS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. Malay Península Agr. Bui. 8. 1898. Tuba, a low-climbing plant, is often cultivated for use as a flsh poison. It is ,/ propagated by cuttings and grows fairly rapidly. It usually grows as a prostrate plant, the branches being allowed to straggl» about on the ground The roots are the parts used for poisoning flsh, generallT being pounded, mixed with lime and water, and thrown into a river or arm of the sea. The extract has long been used by the Chinese and other gardeners here as an insecticide, but of course it Is unsafe to use on vegetables eaten uncooked (p. 217). (4) TUBA BOOT. Chem. and Drug 94 (2152) : 41. (Index Folio 549) 1921. For some years past [19211 tuba root lias been mentioned in the list of drugs arriving at Liverpool, and in ¿crak it used to sell at about 35 cents (Malayan) per catty or 9% pence a pound. A brief description is given of the plant, its use as an insecticide, and of the work of Wray, Power, and others on the active principle. (5) BORNEO ABBOW POISON AS AN iNSEOTiciDE. Sclencc Sup. 58 (1491) : X 1923. Refers to the work of Fryer, Stenton, Tattersfleld, and Roach (.118) on the Insectl- cldal properties of tuba root. (6) GENERAL CULTIVATION. Brit. Empire Exhibition, London, Malayan ser. 2, 13 p., illus. 1923. ' The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, London, report that there Is, as yet, trustworthy Information concerning the relative toxic contents of the different 4 MISC. PUBLICATION 120, V. S. DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE

ANONYMOUS—Continued. BPedes of Derrls or of the varieties of the species of Derria elliptica, since botanic specimens have not been obtainable." There is no doubt that derrls has valuable insecticidal properties, and It is believed it will become a valuable commercial insecticide. (7) MISCELLANEOUS CBOPB. Brit. Empire Exhibition, London, Malayan ser. 8, 49 p. 1924. " Cultivation—Derrls may be propagated readily by means of stem cuttings, eight- een Inches long, planted In sandy soil. If exposed to the full sun, it is advisable to remove the leaves to prevent the stems fiom dying from excessive transpiration. Under light shade, the cuttings root earlier, often within six weelis from the date of planting. ''^The method of cultivation adopted by Chinese market gardeners is to plant long cuttings, which have beeji twisted into a circle, at distances of about 6 feet apart, and allow the plants to ramble over the land. During growth, pig manure Is applied to the soil. The crop is not harvested at one time, but roots are lifted as required. "As a sole cultivation, the best results will be obtained by ridging the land. The ridges should be made three feet apart, the soil being worlted into a fine tilth during the operation. Dejris will grow in most soils, but is partial to a clayey loam containing a fair quantity of sand. The cuttings should be placed on the ridges at a distance of three feet apart, giving 4,840 plants to the acre. " The roots mature according to cultural conditions, the average period of growth being two years. The weight of fresh roots obtained from a single plant Is from one to two pounds, according to the distance of planting. The average weight of roots per plant obtained on the Experimental Plantation, Kuala Lumpur, was one pound and a loss of weight of 40 per ceat took place during drying. " The retail price of the root in the local market at the present time [Cet 19231 is about 30 cents [Malayan 1 per kati (1 katl = l% pounds), the wholesale price be- ing from 20 to 26 dollars [Malayan] per plkul [1 pikul=133yj pounds]." [In United States currency these prices are equivalent to about 11 cents per pound retail or 7H to 9^ cents i)er pound wholesale.] (p. 36-38.) (8) PLANT DISEASES AND PESTS. Brit. Empire Exhibition, London, IVIalayan ser. 9, 42 p. 1924. " For small caterpillars and sucking Insects, where a simple wash Is required the Derrls spray can be made on the spot. Use the following proportions •—- Derrls root (4-5 lbs.), soap (2 lbs.), water (50 [imperial] gallons). " Cut the derrls root into small pieces and pound to a pulp in a mortar with a little water. Inclose the pulp in a cloth and squeeze well in a larger quantity of water. To the extract obtained by this process add the soap, which has been dissolved in a little hot water. Then dilute to 50 gallons." (9) suMATitA DEBBis BOOT. Fertilizer, Feeding-Sttiffs and Farm Supplies Jour. 11:663-664. 1926. Gives an account taken from a report by Consul Sidney B. Bedecker (Í25). (10) riQHTiNo THE 8TALKB0EEB. Fanning in South Africa 2 (14) : 76. 1927. Describes experiments in which Doctor Eipley, of the Cedara School of Agriculture early in the season treated young maize plants on 40 small plots with five différent Chemicals for the purpose of finding out how much burning through top-dressing maize plants can stand without reducing the yield. Details of the experiments are not published, but it is concluded that considerable burning by some of the chemicals will have uo appreciable effect upon the yield. Eeports that the sheep dip, Kymac (which contains derrls extract), has proved safe at a dilution of 1 In 200 — (11) NEOTON. WHAT IT MEANS TO AOBicuLTUBisTS. Inst. Phys. and Chem. Re- search, Tokyo, 12 p. [1927.] " How to prepare neoton for use.—Although the proportion of neoton may be adjusted to suit the nature of the particular insect to be dealt with, the standard proportion of ingredients as fixed by our chemists is as follows : Neoton, 0.5 pound ; soap (fish oil soap is most suitable), 1 pound; water, 40 [imperial] gallons ' Procedure.—Heat 1% gallons of water to about 60° C, add the soap, stirring constantly, and when all the soap is completely dissolved stir in the neoton. A vig- orous stirring will bring about a homogeneous emulsion very quickly. Lastlv add remainder of the water. "How to use.—It Is used as a spray. This emulsion is not to be kept any length of time as the active principle, rotenone, loses its strength by undergoing a chemical change when in contact with water. It is best to mix one day's requirement at a time. Our experiments show that emulsion of rotenone does not keen its original effectiveness longer than two days." The external or contact action of neoton is effective against the following Insects : Sawflies (larva) ; leaf beetles (imago and larva) ; plant lice (larva and imago) ; tussock moths (larva) ; geometers Oarva). " Ettect on Insect ova.—A solution of 1 pound of Neoton in 40 [imperial] gal- lons of water was sprayed on ova soon after they were laid and kept from the rain. A DIGKST OP THK LITERATXniB OF DEBRIS S

ANONYMOUS—Continued. The oercentaKes of deaths are as follows : Ova of Chllo simplex, 60 per cent ; ova of lilberts pruni 15 1 per cent; ova of Naraga aenescens, 4.6 per cent; ova of ^''.i*#r°om''Ä%^eri°ml'nu'u*is concluded that the contact action of Neoton « ^"''D8Cd''ln''proportlonB ranging from V* to 2 pounds to about 40 Imperial gallons of water Neoton was effective against the following Insects : Pear aphis; cahbage aphis ; rifrysanthemum aphis (Aphis cardni) ; apple woolly aphis ; rose aphis ; Apfttó rumie?«-arTowhead aphis ; plum aphis; pear psylla ; pear bagworm larvae; pear saw- flv larvae mSplocampa); Pterochlorus troplcalis ; Euproctis conspersa larvae; pLler7 flavescens ; Dfacricla subcarnea larvae ; Japanese tent caterpillar ; larvae of Camena geometer; Podops lurUla (Imagines and 3<1 and 5th Instajs) ; rush sawflv larvae- Illlberis prunl larvae; Aulacophora femoralis Imagines; Rhynchltes héros imagoes- arrowheaâ budweevll ; Echlnocremus bipunctatus larvae and Imagoes Phaedon Sssicae Imaloes and larvae ; rose sawfly larvae ; ticks on calves and pigs ; chicken lictV grasshoppers ; strawbeiry beetle larvae ; caterpillars (species not liven) ; red spider îfeoton was also effective In the treatment of sarna or krftze In acute skin disease of cattle In Argentina. One pound of Neoton in 24 Imperial gallons of water had no effect on cutworms" (p. l-i¿). (12) ORGANIC INSECTICIDES. Chem. and Drug 108: 427. 1928. Refers to the work of Tattersfleld and Gimmlngham with certain Insectlddal plants DerriseïKpiieo and halarl from Britsh Guiana have yielded a poisonous, iolorless, cry™alllne substance, tubatoxln, which is excessively poisonous to Insects. (13) TUBA (DEBRIS) ROOT AS INSECTICIDE. Indus. Chem. 5:268. 1928. Three types of root are under trial at the Government experimental plantation, Serdang, Federated Malay States. The bulletin of the Imperial Insttt"te ?^« ^t^*«^ that work is In progress to determine the relative value of these different types In the preparation of Insecticides. A comparison Is being made »ft^e/f "Its obtained at Rothamsted by the use of dry partly aged roots with the results obtained here by the use of fresh aqueous extracts from roots of known history. (14) DEBRis-EOOT POISON IS BPEBa)Y AND SAFE. Amcr. Fruit Grower 49 (4) : 7. 1929. Reference is made to the investigation being made on the structure of rotenone In the United States Department of Agriculture by F. B. LaForge. (16) RECENT RESEARCH ON EMPIRE PRODUCTS. MlsccUaneoufi Agricultural Products. Bui. Imperial Inst. [London] 27: 507. 1929. " The Acting Agricultural Chemist (of the Federated Malay States) reports the results of experiments showing In Derris eViptica a definite r«'"«««".'" ♦¿?n?™h"a"r- of ether extract when the roots are alloweá to remain for 25 ^""t^« !''^:2™ .5" vesting. The roots should therefore be collected ''etween 21 and 23 months after planting. Preliminary experiments with D. malaocensta Erect Sarawak) show that the amount of ether extract from this variety of Derris is gn-aUy '° «'^™J'l,«f tlif from D. elUptim. the comparative figures for five roots of f^e same age (23 months), calculated on a moisture-free basis, being as follows: D. elHpUca, Ü.7 per cent, D. malaccenaii, 34.2 per cent." (16) ROTENONB INVESTIGATED BY DEPARTMENT. U. S. Food, Drug, and lusecticide Admin. Food, Drug, and Insecticide Rev. 13: 138. 1929. Department of Agriculture chemists are now Investigating the possibility of utilizFng rotenone. th% deadly poison derived from «J/rris roots as a ^^^l^nlJel apples, pears, srapes, and vegetables. Its use as a fruit spray would make unneces- sary the present expensive machinery for washing sprayed fruit. (17) FROM THE DISTRICTS. TUBA ROOT AND cHiLUES. Malayan Agr. Jour. 18: 113-115. 1930. " Some Interesting figures are presented relating to the cultivation of tuba, with chlliles as a catch crop, In the district of Kinta. The tuba yielded 12 plKuls Mfiol noundsl an acre after 18-24 months, and the produce was sold locally, ingraderfofJrom î\Tto flo a pikul or from 32-40 cents a katl [equivalen to about I3V2 to 17 cents United States currency per pound]. |j'<'„^^''^„J'V.'ÍÍ? from 80 to 100 katis an acre after four months, and were sold locally for from 24 to 30 cents a katl." (18) NATIVE FISH-POISONS AS INSECTICIDES. Nature [London] 125 (3145) : 218. 1930. Refers to the work of Tattersfleld (W) with white and black halarl. Tbese plants are belSl experimentally cultivated in British Guiana. Tephrosia toxicaría. 6 MISC. PUBLICATION 12 0, IT. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ANONYMOUS—Continued. T. macropoda, and Cocculus indicu» are mentioned as possessing both flsh-poisonlne and Insecticida! properties. (19) ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES. Malayan Agr. Jour. 18; 512-513. 1030. A clirysomelid beetle, tentatively identified as Neolepta Uplagiata Jacoby has been responsible tor considerable damage to the leaves of derris. The eggs larvae and pupae are found In the soil. The beetle Is about three-sixteenths of an Inch 1° leigth. The beetle readily succumbs to a spray consisting of pyrethrum powder 1.67 pounds ; soap, 1.67 pounds ; petroleum, 0.8 imperial gallon ; and water, 40 imperial gallons. This quantity is considered to be sufficient for 1 acre. Tuba used at the rate of 1 pound to 10 imperial gallons of water, is a good Insecticide for general use in the garden, as plants regularly sprayed will be kept comparatively free from mealy bugs, thrlps, aphfds, and similar insects. ^ K , (20) rROM THE DISTRICTS. Malayan Agr. Jour. 18: 516. 1930. An estate In Pahnng now has 1,050 acres planted with tuba and other crops from which insecticides can be prepared. (21) NEW INSECTICIDE PBODucED BT CUBE ROOTS. Scl. Amer. 143: 390-391. 1930. A brief review of the article by Roark (SU) on the American market for tuba root. ANDREWS, B. A. (22) BED SPIUEB. Indian Tea Assoc, Scl. Dept. Quart. Jour., pt. 4: 206-219. 1928. Red spider iTetranychua Woculatus) which Infests tea may sometimes be found on Boga medeloa (Tephroaia candida) and on Derria robuata, as well as on many Jungle planta. ATSUMI, K., and SHIMADA, M. (23) MILLETIA TAIWANIANA and DERRIS ELLIPTICA, TOXIC PlilNClPl.E OK WHICH IS EOTENONE. Jour. Pharm. Soc. Japan no. 500, p. 739. [Abstract in Year- book Pharm. [London] 1924: 209.1 The authors state that Nagal, who Investigated the plant in 1902, isolated rotenone. Subsequently, in 1917, Hayata and Ishikawa found anhydroderrld In the mother liquor of rotenone. They considered the latter to be closely allied to, but not Identical with, tubatoxin from Derria elUptica. The authors have reiuvestlgated the subject and have established tho identity of the two substances, consequently the name tubatotin Is abandoned, and the prior name rotenone retained for the crystalline toxic principle of botli MUlctia taimaniana, Hayata, and of Derris elUplica. It has the empirical i^ü?"'," CisHisOr, and occurs in rhombic plates or needles. The melting point Is 163° C. The oxlme has tho melting point 236.5° to 244°, and the phenylhydrazone has the melting point 255°. AUBLET, M. F. (24) HISTOIRE DES PL.\NTES DE LA GUIANA FRANÇOISE. V. 2, p. 623-976. LondOn. 1775. Gives a botanical description of DegueUa aoandena from French Guiana. (Degüella Aubl. = Derris Lour.) (p. 750-753). \^ t, a BACK, K. A., and COTTON, It. T. (25) THE CO.N'TBOL OF MOTHS IN UPHOLSTEREU FURNITTTRE. II. S. Dept. Agr. i'arniers' Bui. 1655, 33 p., illus. 1931. To meet the need for prevention of reinfestation of upholstered furniture by clothes moths after fumigation, a number of moth-proofing solutions are now avail- able. The most effective of them are the fluoride, cinchona alkaloid, and rotenone solutions (p. 30). , COTTON, K. T.. and ROARK, R. C. (26) ROTENONE AS A MOTH-PROOFING -AGENT. JoUT. Bcon. Ent. 23: 1014. 1930. Acetone containing only 0.05 per cent rotenone gave excellent protection to woolen goods thoroughly impregnated with the solution, against Tincóla hlselHella Hum., Anthrenua vorax c;asey, and Attagenua piccua OUv, Rotenone appears to equal any proprietary moth-proofing solution now ottered the public in imparting moth resistance to fabrics. BAGNALL-RILL, E. (27) IMPROVEME.NTS KELATINO 'IX) INSECTICIDES, VEIRMIFüGE8, SHEEP DIPS, AND THE LIKE. Brit. Patent 214S22, issued May 1, 1924 ; applied for April 16, 1923. The patentee claims a method of obtaining derris extract for use as an insecti- cide vermifuge, sheep dip, or the like, which consists in breaking or crushing the fresh roots or other portions of the plants of the family known botanlcally as Derris or Puba. treating them with water so as to obtain a milky emulsion or sus- pension of the Juices containing toxic properties, and then separating the emulsified substance from the whole or a part of the water. A DIGEST OF THE L-ITEHATXIRB OF DEBRIS /

BAGNALL-BULL, B.—Continued. u ,„ „, „ To seoarate the emulsified substance from the water, evaporate the whole or a

°aÄ Ä ai gÄ uí

S^l°'*n?^tl?e d?ul in w^cr • This preparation alone or mixed with inert powder

a nowder or when mixed with water. (28) INSECTICIDE, VEBMIFÜOE, SHEEP DIP AND THE LIKE. U. S. Patent 1522041, issued January 6, 1925; applied for July 22, 1924. The same as British Patent 214822 (27). W (29) ^^"^TANDAED" CYCLOPEDIA OP HOBTIOUI-TUKB. Ed. 3. V. 2. 1,200 p.. lUUS. NOW Tork. 1919. caS^ «rÄris-/esMpd«^?^^^^^^ California, but has not been successfully cultivated (p. 988). , (30) THB'TONFESSIONS OF A BEACHCOMBEE. 336 p. iUus., London and Leipzig. 1908. Derrí, ,eanaens is called Panarra and 'l^îî^d fynamite" in tropical Qu^pland The bruised strands and leaves stupefy flsh, but the cnect is oniy tempoiamor soporific (p. 270-271.) (31) TH "NATURAUST ON THE BiVEE AMAZON. V. 2, 417 p., lUus., London. 1863. The milky Juice from the liana called timbo (^"««"««1« Ç^i""oto) Í8 «sed for stupefying fish in pools. The poison nets by suffocating the fishes (p. 82-83). (32) ""^ SYNOPSIS OF DALBEBOIEAE, A TBIBB OF LEQUMINOSAE. JOUF. Linn. SoC. Sup. 4, 1,200 p., illus. London. 1860. On pages 101 to 115 Is given a botanical description of 34 species of Derrls, In- cluding uliginosa and elliptloa. (33) FLOEA ÄXJSTEALIENSIS : A DE8CBIPTION OF THE PLANTS OF THE AtlSTEALIAN TEBEiTOBY. V. 2, 521 p. Londou. 1864. Describes Denis uliginosa from Australia (p. 272-273). and HooKEB, J. D. ^ ^ ____ ^^„,, ^, (34) GENERA PLANTAETJM. V. 1, 1,040 p. London. 1862-07. There are 35 species in the genus Derrls, found mostly in tropical -Vsia (p. 549). (35) BlEKINSHAW, F. ,, , A T^,,., 1«.141 1«n FIELD DIVISION—ANNUAL BEPORT FOB 1027. Malaynn Agr. Jour. 16.141-1ÖU. 1928. During 1927 the area under tuba increased in Johore. There were about 1,400 acrnsumlcrciop Two companies were growing it »n "J «»■5?^^^"'''"^ '"«^ "^'' and further extensions were anticipated during the next few yeais.

^^^DmsioN OP CHEMI8TBY—ANNUAL EEPOBT FOB 1927. Malayan Agt. Jour. 16: 109-113. 1928. States that a study of the insectlcldal value of d,'ff«';»t J"»^«''^ The*"mcthod been started in collaboration with the Government ^f^gViK'f■__JJ^^t i^belSg established at Rothamsted of evaluating the dry V»«* i'/JI^.^'^'^'n^' the™ extrart investigated with a view to determining how the percentage oí «^f^ means has

the insectlcldal merits or demerits of any particular variety of tuba. 8 MISC. PUBLICATION 120, U, S. DEPT. OF AQEIOULTUEE

BiBHOPP, F. C. (37) FLEAS AND THEiB CONTROL. U. S. Dept. AgT. Taiiners' Bui. 897, 16 p., illus (Revised 1926.) 1915. Experiments with the use of the powdered roots oí certain tropical plants known as derrls Indicate that this drug wnen fresh Is exceedingly effective In destroylnK fleas on animals. All fleas on a dog will be destroyed by one application of 1 gram" or about three-fourths of a level teaspoonful, of the powder. It Is suggested that the material be mixed at the time U is used with two parts of flour or cornstarch and dusted with a shaker into the hair of the animal, especially along the back and neck (p. H). (38) THE PIGEON FLY AN IMPORTANT PEST Or PIGBXJN8 IN THE UNITED STATES Jour. Econ. Ent. 22:974-980. 1929. A number of Insecticides have been tested on squabs and pigeons for the destruc- tion of the flies. Some have been found very eifectlve. One of the most effective and easily applied treatments is fresh pyrethrum powder. One to three pinches of the powder, depending upon the size of the squab, should be scattered among the feathers. This will destroy all files present. Pyrethrum powder is less effective when used on grown birds, but a thorough dusting kills a large percentaee of the flies present. * Derrls powder and tobacco powder containing about 6 per cent nicotine used In the same way, were nearly as effective. Two proprietary extracts of derrls root ??,^" ",ÎJ'^*,.''\'^ "^ one-half ounce and 2 ounces to the gallon also gave a complete kill The slight staining of the feathers from the pyrethrum extract, especially on white birds, might be somewhat objectionable. This staining la not caused by the derrls products. , LAAKB, B. W., and WELLS, R. W. (39) IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL FACTS ON THE OX-WABBLE CONTEOL. JoUr EcOn Ent 15:264-265. 1922. ' Gives an account of the discussion following the reading of this paper A single application of derrls in soapy water applied with a brush to the backs of infested animals has been found to kill almost 100 per cent of Hypoderma larvae , LAAKB, E. W., WELLS, R. W., and PETEEB, H. S. (40) EXPERIMENTS WITH INSECTICIDES AGAINST CATTLE GRUBS, HTPODEBMA SP Jour. Econ. Ent. 23: 852-863. 1930. i,.£=''*il^^í.fíf""?<.j'*™ obtained in tests made against Hypoderma larvae In the backs of cattle with powdered cube root, powdered derrls root, derrls extract in kaolin, derrls resins In petrolatum, and a proprietary derrls extract ointment. No toxic effects on tlie cattle are to be expected from derrls products, and they seem to have no deleterious Influence on the skin. Derrls powder from which the rotenone had been extracted with ether killed 33 per cent of the grubs, indicating that the other constituents have Insectleldal value. Kaolin containing not less than 2 per cent pure rotenone gave almost a complete kill. BLAKE, S. F. (41) ON THE NAMES OP CERTAIN SPECIES OF DBQUELIA (DEBRIS) . JoUF. Wash Acad Scl. 19: 472-475. 1929. ».«?f51«' y*" * *i following species of derrls be transferred to the genus DegueUa : Benthamii. heptaphylla, koolgibherah, malaceenala, oUgosperma, phiUppinensla, and potyuntnci, BLANCO, M. (42) FLORA DE FILIPINAS, 8EX3UN EL SISTEMA SEXUAL DE LINNEO. 887 P. Manila 1837. o °í„rí^f¿' 558-559 is given a botanical description of three species of Qaledupa, n^iH^" ' ®- T""'^*" i'nanchado), and O. frutescens. (Certain species of Galedupa are now transferred to derrls.) »F-^V-ICB BLEEKEB, P. /4Q) VERGADEBINGENDEEE NATUDBKUNDIGE VEBSENIOINQ IN NEDKBLAND80H-INDIB. Natuurk. Tiidschr. Nederland.-Indie. 16: 3-11. 1858. Wld.,wi^''''„5„".i'i°'" used as a^1''?"^^ flsh poison, " sampleat a meeting of akar held tuba, August the 27,root 1867. of Dalbergla heterophytta/w»»» BLIEOK, L. DE, and BAUDET, E. A. R. F. (44) BESTRijDiNo DEB HYPODERMA. [MeEsures against Hypoderma.] Tiidschr. I^iergeneesli. 54:454-457. 1927. [Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (B)

n.SîS'Sf" J^^""^ against Hypoderma on cattle have been obtained by rubbing strength,rtrenith thethÍTorm^r'' former ™mixed!^^/^'''^ with ßr"^""" vaseline í?*" and*"« ".'"the ■"««•latter ^'"'^with isliquid used paraffin!at iS per cenf A DIGEST OF THE LITBRATUHE OP DBEBIS 9

^^^MI^D^Q^ TOT DB FLORA VAN NEDEBLANDSCH INDIH. V. 1, 577 p. BataVla. 1825. In a footnote on page 41 the root of Dalbergla heterophylla, called tuba aroU, is mentioned as a flsh poison. TT (46) ^''"^ILBTAAÍ BOOT PRODUCTION IN STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. U. S Dept Com. Bur E^reign and Dom. Com., World Trade Notes on Chemicals and Allied Products 4 (15) : 11-3^. 1930. The Chinese colonists at Slbu, Sarawak, who have planted 4,000 acres of derrlg, estptfÄctlon in 1931 of 60^^ o derrIs roo of |Oo^^^a^"aUty.^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^

PSSSSÄSÄSS^rÄSihÄ soon as an outlet Is developed. (47) DBRRIS (TUBA.) BOOT AND OHATTLMOOGBA CULTIVATION AT THE MALAYAN AGM- ™Tt^Kx™i^TAL STATION. U. S. ^ept. Com., Bur. Foreign and Dom. Com., World Trade Notes on Chemicals and Allied Products 4 (25) . 10. 1930. c^^ sÄ^ trt Äa^^iV^Pih^,^ »s^ fL«tlí,7.s*\tsorow7nf?!7MoTa^^^^

per 100 pound's. (48) BOERLAOE, J. G. „„,« ^ 1 "TOQ n HANDLEIDINO TOT DE KENNIS DKB FLORA VAN NBa>KRLANDSCH IND1Ë. V. 1, 7Ud I». Leiden. 1890. Gives a botanical description of the genus Derrls Lour., of which there are 85 species (p. 387-888). (49) ^"^O^VS MAURITIANTTB OU ENUMERATION DES PLANTES EXOTIQUES ET INMQÈNE8, QUI CROISSENT A L'ILE MAURICE, DISPOSÉES D'APRÈS LA MÉTHODE NATURELLE. 456 p. Maurice. 1837. Gives a botanical description of six species of Dalbergia found in Mauritius. (50) "^ITECTICIDES, FUNGICIDES, AND WEED KILLERS. Translated by T. R. Burton. English ed. 2, 431 p., lUus. London. 1925. Tests by De Ong and White (98) are described. A ^P?fy «°°t^° fflctîv?°a|Îln8t

fs^l^eTtÄ^loifVtfjfÄÄ^^^^

grown plants. If derrls roots are to be stored, they must oe Kept oiy ly.

^"""DE^WS R^O^'lN GOOD DEMAND, SUPPLY LIMITED, SINGAPORE. U. S Dept Com Bur Foreign and Dom. Com., World Trade Notes on Chemicals and Allied Products. 4(29): 10. 1030. 10 MISO. PUBLICATIOK 12 0, V. S. DEPT. OF AGBICULTUKE

BowEE, K. E. B.—Continued. unfederated Malay States. Small quantities of derris from these sources reach Singapore from time to time. However, the Malayan trade is so limited that Imports and exports of derrls are not listed separately in the official returns. The price of derrig varies widely, but It is usually relatively high, owing to the good demand and limited supply. Native sellers have received as much as $0.24 United States currency per pound for the untreated roots, but Singapore buyers can gen- erally purchase the product at a lower figure, ranging from $0.10 to $0.12 per pound The roots are generally shipped In the rough form at present, although exporters are seeking some method of reducing the bulk of such shipments without lowering the toxic qualities of the roots. Cutting them into small pieces has been tried, but it has been found that the resulting loss in toxic value makes this method of Shipment unsatisfactory. Thus far, no suitaftle means have been found for extract- ing the poison from the roots before shipment. BRADDOCK, D. M. (62) THE DEMAND FOE TOBACCO INSECTICIDES IN THE EAST COAST OF SUMATRA. ü. S. Dept. Com., Bur. Foreign and Dom. Com., Spec. Circ. 305, 4 p. 1930. Tuba extract prepared by the experimental station and supplied to the planters at cost is used on practically all the tobacco estates for combating aphids. Nicotine is not so satisfactory. Most of the derris is imported from the Straits Settlements, although a small quantity is cultivated in North Sumatra. Some tuba extract has also been imported from Germany and Japan. (53) DEBÉIS ELLIPTIOA (TUBA BOOT) PBODUCTION IN NORTH SUMATBA MAY BE DIS- CONTINUED. U. S. Dept. Com., Bur. Foreign and Dom. Com., World Trade Notes on Chemicals and Allied Products 4(20) : 11. 1930. The director of the Dell Proefstation stated his belief that derrls could be grown in either a tropical or subtropical cUmate ; no purpose, however, would be served in obtaining seeds ; and indeed, strong doubt Is felt as to the possibility of exporting derrls seeds from Sumatra in view of the Government restriction on the exportation of various plant seeds. In Sumatra plantings have been made from the roots. Uerris roots shrivel and lose a considerable portion of their strength in the course ^S a.'ofS O'^ean voyage. For this reason exporters are unable to guarantee the chemical strength on. arrival at destination. The one producing estate has had a prosperous year and has recentlv sold derris at a price competitive with the Singapore root. It is reported, however, that this n^ifif^iffif"*^ discontinued tins year, as tuba root proves detrimental to the soil and constitutes a danger to adjacent rubber plantations. No plans for cultivating in Stlif^înwnstill grown Síin i'í'''Sf°,.^"S'^.Íi'''the Straits Settlements. '"'I* '*^^" ■"*^'^- l'afSe quantities of the root are BBANDIS, D. /g^^ INDIAN TKEES. 767 p., lllus. Loudou. 1906. 243)"^°*^ species of derris, including uli-ginoaa from India, are described (p. 240-

BBITTAIN, W. H. /gg) EXPERIMENTS IN THE CONTROL OF THE CABBAGE MAGCOT (CHORTOPHlLA BRA&- siOAE BOUCHE) IN 1920. Eut. Soc. Nova Scotia. Proc. (1920) 6:54-73.

.„iitP'^'^'H^ experiments in. which a 50-50 mixture of derris with clay and derris ?^'^*l",? "' two strengths (1% and 3 pounds to 100 imperial gallons were anoFled The^?fifv& = ^ZV^^ '°°"°' of caEbage maggot lChlrtophflaTaL7ac Bouche). pni nf te'r''™'^ "'l'ïture was applied at the rate of 960 pounds per acre, at à cost of $435 70 per acre. The derrls solutions were apnhed at the rate of 10 and fV$27'90"ne?Toil.^n'ir??" '"^^1%' ^"^1°"^ *«'" g" acre.'at'a cost of $19.20 p?ote*ted the plants.' ^ ^" ^ ' "^^ ^""^ ^^"'^ treatments in ^wo* te"a^ powd¿r applied to cabbage plants destroyed 4 per cent of the plants fes?^d''wití,^9Í'°f?,n^^„*° ^*"' '"iPerial gallons) poured about plants previously in- la?vae Trom pupajfnf "^ ^^^ maggots ot'the first brood prevented none oí the -1»??*°° maggot larvae (Hylemia antiqua Meig.) Immersed for five seconds in lmif„ ^?'""?°/I ,P°""•'« to 100 Imperial galons) and thin allowed to remain unmole.sted 1 week upon the food plant were affected as follows : ''"<"^''<' " Percentage dead Percentage dead ._,„,, or missing in ... or missing In Age of larvae one week Age of larvae one week 10 days 35 4 älys 100 15 do _ 25 I ao 200 Full grown Z"_ o

^^^fo?.."^™"*^™ ''^ ™° CONTROL OP THE CABBAGE MAGGOT (CH0RT0p4al 1922 «>^<'HE) IN 1921. Acadian Ent. Soc. Proc. (1921) 7: 4&-71.

p.a^tr,C%^X

^"™;.tr;e"umn;';^'ret«n.ated los. of $33.15 per acre. T.e derris cost 8T cents SfÄ e^nî oVtÄn1sÄ/°.r/TaÄf Ä.1 Ä ieÄa^ The cost of ti-eatment was $52 42 per acie. , , , „allons were used permitted fróía^^*l5'°to''IÍ.'^^e'rA^of'''tu'e^"pfantV?áaJr/^íl"rÍef'^al.efield variety) to be destroyed by maggots. imnprlnl wallons) allowed 71 por cent of the pla^n-islo^'felbfA. %'o^^^VtnlZiT-^'^s ^^°X treatment tLt gave satis- factory control. proven very ineffective. As It is from the sa;?t\°o°f^mTt^^flî'«s'ed^as\"yV wi& lalr resets, we can only assume that It '^''ihout^'twoiflfth" Snt"¥f"ll^q^uld"^¿d flve-nlnths ounce of dust was applied per plant. ^g^^ ¡^MB MisoEEXANEOus iNSEXmciDB TEBTS. Acadian Ent. Soc. Proc. (1924) 10: 2a^2. 1925. ^ ^, , Describes insectary feeding tests made in Fisue trays with po^ M's%?t?npTrr'^ -VSÏM^a^^^^^ t«^t%^o"tra^s'''i r. oil soap, ■ind derrls PO«''i|i:' «°. "A For ?he first "B) the insects were placed

ÎSs. ^'L*'e^Ä.^f.Ui^l S w£d/iy -oSle''ä"?lo^r?^wh;^cS^n"'°^í notable results of the tests were J^ose obtained in the case oi^^^^^^ ^ ^^^ imperial

|^j^ío?I?t1fs"ís/o"rf M^heía^s^ ?h'e"ï^kle\' ^r^^fo^und dead in the A trays. with no sign of any feeding ^ , , . „otato beetles is shown by the fact that „neThe week extreme after toxleitythis expeHment of this mat«^as Hal concluded to pocaio a number"f^' oi. i^stmsrins^a^-instar ggrubs ^^ ^^^^^^were placed upon untreated feaves in a IW ^he ne« morni g ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ,ioad in the bottom of ^he tray without ever navl^^ j^^ipje^ious week's test investigation it w-as found tl^at "'''',f''„^,¿'„7 t„io0 1mp^^^ gallons). Evidently

(2% pounds and 4 pounds soap Powd^^^^^^^ Derrls root preparation(Polvo) reduced of derrls, the Inff-station lolvo ^-^Vj vexy Po';P,'i?„ lUtle ^i"even „ ^¿henwhe^ soao relativewas added. results. The Derrlssame materials were used under '"«eÇWry conditions wtl^^s^^ Mature cabbage- was of no value against iall-webworm larvae <"''';^?*"",('''\2^.1s ro .t (3 pounds to maggot larvae ta^^-^f ^„^ í"í,ÍL^?,S"^^„oS íhelr ?oSd p"ant we"e unaffected, whereas rn!^ot'm^Äc\hlo^id\^ÄrÄ3^^^^ A sinular test was made upon union maggots (Hylemyia antiqua). The results are as loiiow.

1 day 4 days 7 days 10 days 18 days Ready to pupate—

The following derris treatments gave Perfect results In the control of head Uce ''''ß!^^.'n'^ZXr:^''v^^-^^\X^^t^^-^^ per 100 Chicks. St^^s Proun<;e'Vgra"S SlZ "Äate, and Sirnperlal gallons water, The birds wire rapidly imiSed in the fluid and the feathers ruffled. 12. MISC. PUBLICATION 120, U, S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

BROOKE, G. B. . /ggv Mroico-TBOPicAL PRAOTioE. A Handbook for Medical Practitioners and Stu- dents. Ed. 2, 522 p., London. 1920. Decoctions of DerrU elliptica have been used criminally and tor suicide, but u large, quantities are required, it is seldom used (p. 420). BKOWN, W. H. /ggv MINOR PRODUCTS OF PHILIPPINE F0RB8T8. Philippine Bur. Forestry Bui 1 no. 22. 1921. ' ' (D^Mglno^a BeSthTtp 24*)°"^ ^'"^^ '° ""^ Philippines Is Derrts Mfoliata Lour.

(60) POISONOUS PHIUPPINE PLANTS. MINOR PRODUCTS OP PHILIPPINE FORESTS Philippine Bur. Forestry Bui. 3, no. 22. 1921. DerrU elUpttca and D. pMlippinenaii are Usted among poisonous PhlUnnlne plants. The roots of both species are used to poison fish. Cattle have died irom eating both plants (p. 79). BUCKINGHAM, D. E. (61) ACTION OP HOTENONE UPON MAMMALS WHEN TAKEN BY MOUTH PRELIMINARY REPORT. Indus, and Engin. Chem. 22:1133-1134. 1930. When administered by mouth, pure rotenone produced no visible effects on dogs cats, pigs, sheep, or chickens. The doses for dogs were up to 1 grain per pouncí of body weight. It is believed that even larger doses would be harmless. Derris extract (the ether extract of derris root evaporated to dryncss) when adminis- tered by mouth was likewise without effect upon dogs and cats. BUNTING, B. (g2) DIVISION OP AGRICULTURE—ANNUAL REPORT FOB 1927. Malayan Agr. Jour 16: 92-108. 1928. Investigations were undertaken during the year [1927] with two species of Derris, namely, D. elliptica (tuba puteh) and D. malaccensis (tuba merah), which are commonly cultivated in Malaya for export. Fresh samples of these two species were periodically forwarded to the agricultural chemist for examination, and ma- terial was prepared by him for Insectlcidal trials, which were carried out in the entomological laboratory in collaboration with the entomologist. Inquiries were received from home for tuba root, but supplies were not forthcoming locally, al- though as much as 25 cents [Malayan currency] per pound f. o. b. Singapore or Penang was offered for fine dry root. The results of numerous examinations of tuba root produced at Serdang so far Indicate that the very fine roots liave the highest toxic content and also that the crop should be harvested within a period of one and one-half to two years from planting, otherwise the root begins to lose its toxlcity. (63) BBCBNT RESEARCH ON EMPIRE PRODUCTS, MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS, Bul. Imp. Inst. [London] 27:219-220. 1929. Bunting states that results of the experiment to ascertain the optimum age at whicii to harvest tuba puteh (Derrig elUpHca) are not yet complete. The dried t Lo d obtained from this experiment have been sold locally for export !14*'iï"" experiment has been started with 'Tuba Merah' ID. malaccenai»). i„* *""J>^'" »ïfs of both D. elliptica and D. malaccensis have been planted for future observations. h."i,^''t">ïï'",'"''! experiments with Derris elliptica indicate that this variety should be hnrvestoci about twenty-three months after planting, the ether extract of the roots reaching a maximum after this period." ty,I%'L^^rí^''j'''^^}h »tteotlonto the fialf-yearly report published in the Bulletin of }ñJ^"^^^ ,Î,"^"*!JH' 7- 26. P- 222, 1928, in wtilch the Malay name for Derris emptica should read tuba puteh and not tuba merah, as printed, and that of D. malaccenHs should be tuba merah, and not tuba puteh. BUTENANDT, A. ,Q^S t)BER DAS ROTENON, DEN PHYSIOLOGISCH WIRKSAMEN BESTANDTEIL DEB DEBRIS ELLIPTICA. Ann. Chem. 464: 253-277. 1928. inüifJ'"/}"^» ^""■'^ ""; *''* chemical constitution of rotenone Is reviewed. The fol- lowing data are given : Rotenone, C»Ho20„, melting point 163° Is oxidized bv Arn^ZK^^^'^ to rotenonone C^H»0, melting point 298^ C By t'he actfon of h/ mStlL ^Int"^ 9fi?"" ¿''^''iï.f •/•°'™°°°°^ '" «''»ced to perhydrorotenone, C^H^6„ hVdiÄpi^nn« r%-n^^ potassium permanganate, rotenone is converted to de- or DotaRsh?m'bvHÎnxBf; "^'""f P«'"* 218°, vellow crystals. Potassium hydroxide, melFlne nnint /Ä? '?í """^ ^'^''' convert dehydrorotenone to an add, CjaH^Og ?,?.!; ^ ""'"i' }^3 • ^^^ monoxime of which melts at 140». By the action of Slni Doh?t''lfl8.''"'Vh' ^ ™^'y'*' this aeld Is converted to a coi^pound, C"HV,, t^ba i^Hrt r H K 3?f1° '■°*1"î",^„,i! *,''^^t<='' ^"^ aqueous potassium hyftoxldl hvdrotubifé S??''r*H n"'°,5 f«'"* ^^K' Ilo'.^T^^V 'r"'"''<= »dd is converted to dl- num as a citafvsV 'i?Äi,?'''y"§ P" 5* 168°, by the action of hydrogen with platl- oroHerrltol aerritol ¿n^and i^fin^i^'Hi"rotenol. nerrltol, r/?'"''^'''^ CaHaO,, 1?'' ^'"^melting «î"»' point convert 164° rotenone (the monoximeto a mixture of A DIGEST OP THE LITERATtTBE OF DEBRIS 13

BUTBNANDT, A.—Continued. . , „ „ r. which melts at 191 to 192°) BpUts off water to form anhydroderrltol, CaHüoüs, melting point isr, tlíe monbacetyl compound of which melts at 148°. Rotenol CÍH,A melts at Í20° and Is converted by hydrogen with a platinum catalyst to dSyáVor'ot?nol! C^H«0«, mrit ng point 131°. Éy the action of hydrogen w th plati- num as a catalvsf rotenone Is converted to dlhydrorotenone, CssH^iOe, melting point 2lê^ Ld dlhXzinc dust. (65) ÜBBE DIE CHEMISCHE KONSTITUTION DBS EOTBNONS, DES PHYSIOLOGISCH WIRK- SAMEN BE8TANDTEILB DER DERBIS ELUPTICA. 49 p. Göttingen. (InaUg. Djss.) 1928. Essentially the same material, with a fuller theoretical discussion, as that pub- lished in Ann. Chem. 464:253-277 (64). and HlLDEBBANDT, F. (Ö6) UNTEBSUCHTJNGEN IJBEB PFLANZLICHE FISCH- UND INSEKTENGIFTE. II. MIT- TEILUNG ÜBER KOTENON, DEN PHYSIOLOGISCH WIRKSAMEN BESTANDTEIL DER DiaiRis ELUPTICA. Ann. Cliem. 477: 245-268. 1930. Rotenone, CosHjaO», Isomerizes on treatment with concentrated sulphuric acid to Isorotenone, melting point 176° C. Rotenone has a strong negative rotation, and isorotenone has small positive rotation. Isorotenone does not add hydrogen or hydrochloric acid easily. With alkali, rotenone gives tubalc acid, Isorotenone give» rotenic acid Tubalc acid with concentrated sulphuric acid Isomerizes to rotenlc rcld This isomerlsm depends on the shifting of a double bond, and such a shift results in an Isopropyl group, and the center of asymmetry disappears. Rotenone with Iodine gives dehydrorotenone, CssHsuOe, which with alcoholic potassium hydrox- ide gives derrlslc acid, CsaHniOg. Isorotenone with iodine gives isodehydrorotenone, C«,H«,0« melting point 191°, which with alcoholic potassium hydroxide gives Iso- dSrlBlc acid, C^aHitOa. melting point 149°. Concentrated sulphuric acid changes dehydrorotenone to Isodehydrorotenone and derrlslc acid to Isoderrislc acid. There- fore It must be tliat the atomic grouping concerned in the transforming of rotenone to Isorotenone is present in all these derivatives as in tubalc acid. ^ ^ . Rotenone in acid solutions gives neutral hydrogénation products, in ammonia solutions It gives an acid, CsaHaCe. Dehydrorotenone gives a mixture of hydro- ^™8orotenone and its derivatives on mild hydrogénation remain unchanged. With energetic hydrogénation Butenandt was able to hydrogenate all derivatives, but In most cases he obtained mixtures difflcult to separate, which leaves this part of the work Incomplete. Rotenic acid gives dlhydrorotenic acid, C,sH„0,, melting point 168° Isodehydrorotenone gives Iso-dihydrodesoxyrotenone, CiaHaoOs, melting point 100° This shows that when the Iso compounds are formed the double bond Is shifted and placed where It becomes more difflcult to hydrogenate. Diliydrorotenlc acid can be separated Into optical antipodes by means of well-crystallized brucine salts; the levo component shows a rotation of [a] ^' = —23.17°, melting point 165°- 170° From the results obtained Butenandt gives formulae for rotenic acid and tubalc acid at variance with those given by Takel and Koide (Í93). Rotenone rubbed In a mortar has a melting point of 176°. When recrystalllzed, this material melts at 163°. Isorotenone has two crystal forms. The melting points are 176° and 184°. Rotenic acid has a melting point of 180° ; when recrystal- llzed repeatedly from ligroln the melting point falls gradually to 176°, showing that polymorphic crystal modification occurs with rotenone and some of its derivatives. CAMPBELL, J. A. (67) AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION CONCERNING THE EFFEOTS OF ITTBA (DKRBIS ELLIPTICA) FISH-POISON. Koy. Asiatic Soc. Jour. Straits Brancli 73: 129- 137. 1916. Defines tuba as a term used by the Malays to denote various plants that possess flsh-polsonlng properties. Derris elliptica Benth. (Legvminosae) is the most pow- erful of these plants. Derris roots were extracted by the author with Ringer s physiological saline solution, which was then filtered and boiled. The poison passes very slowly through parchment, only one-seventieth part of the poison passing through In five days. The extract is not antiseptic, but retains its toxlclty at least for a week. The root retained Its full powers for three months. Tests were made with this extract upon fish (OpMocephalua gachua Buch.-Ham.) ; tadpoles of the common Singapore toad (Bufo melanoatictua) ; mosquito larvae (Stegomyia) ; toads (Bufo melanoatictus) ; the common kra monkey (Macacua eynomolgua) ; and the pig-tailed monkey (M. nemestpinua). Tests were also made on the following tis- sues and organs removed from the body : The voluntary muscles of the tongue and of the calf of a toad ; the Involuntary muscle of the Intestine of a monkey ; heart muscle; blood of the monkey, and the blood vessels of toads and monkeys. Anaes- thetized monkeys were also experimented upon. The author draws the following conclusions from these tests: (1) Tuba fish poison (Derris elUptica) causes death by paralyzing the respiratory center in thf medulla. The sup from 2 grams of the root when administered by mouth Is suf- ficient to kill a monkey (Macacua nemestpinua). (2) It usually stinnilates the respiratory center before depressing it. (3) It causes great weakness, because it weakens both voluntary and involuntary muscles and because it produces a great tall of blood pressure. (4) It has no action upon the heart muscle or heart nervous meihunism. (5) It produces a marked fall of blood pressure because It 14 MISC. PUBLICATION 120, XJ. S. DEPT. OF AGEICULTURE

CAMPBBIX, J. A.—Continued. greatly weakens the muscle of the vessel walls, thus causing dilatatiün. (8) It causes Tomltlug probably by stimulating the vomiting center In the medulla ; but, when large doses are swallowed, sufficient poison to cause death is absorbed even if vomiting occurs. (7) Fish poisoned by tuba can be eaten with impunity by man, because flan are Icllled by very small quantities of the poison. (8) It is not anti- septic, and its poisonous action is loss marked on the lower members of the animal kingdom than on the more highly organized members. It kills mosquito larvae and tadpoles, but it Is less toxic to these than to flsh. Campbell cites the case of a suicide with tuba root in Singapore. Post-mortem examination revealed nothing but venous congestion oí the organs. CANDOLLE, A. P. DE (68) PBODBOMU8 8Y3TEMATIS NATüBALIS BEONI VBGETABIUS, SIVE ENUMBRATIO CON- TEAOTA OBDIUM, GENBHUM, SPBCIEKUMQTJB PLANTABUM HUO USQUE COONI- TABUM, JUXTA MBTHODI NATUBALIS NOBMA8 DIOESTA. Pt. 2, 644 p. PariS. 1825. A botanical description of Pongamia uliginoêa (Derrig uliffinoêa) is given on page 416. CABLOS, A. S. (60) DEBRIS AND ITS USES AS AN INSECTICIDE. Feit. Feedliig-Stiiffs aiid Farm Supplies Jour. 11: 161. 1926. A brief account is given of the production of derris and its use as an insecticide in England. Derris is free from any restrictions imposed under the poisons act, which hinder the sales of so many Insecticides. Derris has been proved to be not only a contact poison but also a stomach poison, consequently its use in combating the various agricultural pests is of double importance. As a contact or external poison, with or without the use of soap as a spreading agent, it has been found to be effective against aphids in as low a dilution na 1 pound of root to 400 imperial gallons of water, which represents a proportion of 0.02,5 per cent. As a stomach or internal poison, stronger solutions are required, the lowest being 1 pound to 125 imperial gallons of water, or 0.08 per cent. Caterpillars, aphids, psylla, and red spiders are some of the chief insect pests which can be easily exter- minated by the application of Insecticides containing derris or its products. One interesting property of derris as a killing agent is that the effect lasts for a con- siderable time. Leaves when sprayed with solution containing derris preparations will remain poi«onous to Insects tor many days.

SUMATRA DEaiRis ROOT. Fert. Feeding-Stuffs and Farm Supplies Jour. 11 : 663-664. 1926. A general account of the cultivation and use of derris as an Insecticide based on the report of United States Consul Sydney B. Kedecker, Medan, Sumatra (325). CASTILLO, N. (71) PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON THE INSBCTICIDAL PEOPEETIES OF THREE SPECIES OF DEREI8 IN THE PHILIPPINES. Philippine Agr. 15: 257-275. 1926. A brief review of the literature is given. Three species of Derris were used In the investigations, namely, D. polyantha Perk., D. pMlippinensis Merr., and D. ellipHca (Roxb.) Benth. The roots were cut Into thin transverse slices and dried in an oven at 40° C. until the weight remained fairly constant. The dried material was then comminuted in a mortar and the powdering finally completed in a meat grinder. The fine powder was separated from the fibers by sifting through flne- meshed cloth. In the comparative studies of the effect of various concentrations, D. phtUppinenais was used on account of its being relatively more abundant, hence more easily procurable, than the others. Insects of two types of habitat were used, namely an aquatic Insect, the mosquito larva, and an aerial insect, Aphi» medicaffinii Koch (Aphldldae). On mo.squito larvae the most effective concentrations of D. phiUp- pinensia in bringing about the highest percentage of deaths in the quickest time was 3:1,000. Solutions which were either more dilute or more concentrated than 3 : 1,000 were found less effective. Concentrations of 1: 1,000 killed 19 per cent of the larvae ; lower concentrations showed no effect at all. A concentration of 3:1,000 or higher retained its toxicity against mosquito larvae for 13 to 16 days. Concentrations higher timn 3: 1,000, presumably be- came etfcctive later, as a result of deterioration and consequent lowering of the percentage of the toxic principles present. The concentration of D. phiUppinenaia which brought about the largest number of deaths of aphids was much higher than that required for mosquito larvae, namely, 4:1,000. The lowest concentration of 'D. philippinenata used, O.B : 1,000, caused a noticeable percentage of mortality among aphids, as compared with the control. Against both mosquito larvae and aphids, D. polyantha was more effective than either of the other two. In both cases, in aqueous solutions, it showed its superi- ority in (1) bringing about the highest percentage of deaths (2) the short time it required to kill, and (3) the retention of its virulence. D. poVyantha retained its virulence m water and was toxic to mosquito larvae for a period ranging from 13 to 16 days. D. elUptioa and D. philippinenaU were toxic for only 1 to 2 days. A DIGEST OP THE LITEEATURB OF DEREIS

(72) A PBorôs Í.U PEOJET DE IX)I SUB LA BÉPEEMION UE8 FRAUDES DANS LE- ^MME^B DES PRODUITS iNSBCTicinES ET FONGICIDES. Ann. Falslf. 21 (234) . 2Ö1-26Ö. 1928. Discusses the proposed French law to repress frauds In Insecticides and fiuiglcldes. Points out the dFfflculties In assaying pyretTirum, derrls, and other plant Insecticides. A brief review of the work of Kefsall and others (885) on derris Is given. (73) "NEW œMMEBCiAi. PLANTS AND DRUGS. No. 10, 140 p., lllus. London. 1887.

poSo\''a^n«d%IVeV^aeÄnK*''o"fSfv^Ä.oi.°^e/^^^^^^^^^ o^ras 4TA7xH^\Vktrào^^'"t^e «"¿n^^^lt^'^t-fhl 'ïn^Z

and from perachi, kopah, and chey roots.

^^^*THE^i)^¿UBEENCE OF BOTENONB IN THE PERUVIAN FISH POISON CUBE. SclCnce (u. s.) 70: 478-479. 1929.

non¿ froSi ¿ibe^was found to be Identical In every way with rotenone from derris

(75) SOME CONSTITUENTS OF DEBRIS AND CUBE BOOTS OTHER THAN EOTENONE. ScieDCe (n. s.) 71: 396. 1930.

SlHSÍA&nfcr chemically to rotenone. (76) TOXICABOL. A CONSTITUENT OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN FISH POISON CBACCA (TEPHBOSiA) TOXICARíA. Jour. Amer. Chem. See. 52: 2461-2464. 19áO.

cube roots. (77) A RELATION BETWEEN BOTBNONB, DBGUELIN, AND TEPHB08IN. SdenCe (n. S.) 73:17-18. 1931. Derric acid constitutes one-half the molecule of rotenone, of deguelin, and of tephrosin. It is probable that tephrosln Is a hydroxydeguelin. ; (78) DEOUELIN. I. THE PREPARATION, PURIFICATION, AND PROPERTIES OF DEGUBUN, A CONSTITUENT OF CERTAIN TROPICAL FISH-POISONING PLANTS. JOUr. AmCT. Chem. Soc. 53: 313-317. 1931.

rotenone, CaH¡aOo. It Is optically Inactive. 16 MISC. PUBLIOATIOIT 120, U. S. DEPT. OP AQBICULTUEE

OLABE, E. P.—Continued. The preparation of dehydrodeguelln, dehydrodeguelone, and degüelle acid described. (79) TBPHBOSIN. I. THE COMPOSITION OF TEPHBOSIN AND ITS KEIATION TO DEGÜELIN Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc. 53: 729-732. 1931. Deguelln, melting at 171° C, and a compound melting at 198° were isolated fron» tne leaves of Cracca vogelU, derris root, and the roots of Lonchocarpus nioou (cube root). These two substances form a mixture which Is difficult to separate by frac- tional crystallization and which appears to be the material designated by Hanrlot ^^.ii^PV"^'"- .^' iä proposed that the name tephrosln be retalnt'd for the compound with the melting point 198°. Tephrosln is a dlmethoxy lactone, CaiHo^O?, which under the influence of certain dehydrating agents, loses 1 molecule of water, formlné dehydrodeguelin. It is suggested that tephrosln is a hydroxydeguelln. The action °',Ç°'?i*'ÎI"^P*'*'"''°8anate upon tephrosln results in the formation of a dicarboxvllc acid, CtaH»..Oii. CLEBCQ, F. S. A. DE ■ (80) NIEUW PLANTKUNDIQ WOOEDENBOEK VOOE NBFFLESLANDSCH INDIë. 395 P. AM- sterdam. 1909. «„P^J*"?® 219 are given the native names and uses as flsh poisons for the following nve species of Derris : Bantamenaia. elUptica, forsteniana, malngayana, and uliginosa. COBBETT, G. H. (gj) ANNUAL REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT ENTOMOLOGIST FOR 1923. Mala Van ASV Jour. 12: 252-253. 1924. ^ h ■ „i.^ï® ^*'"* °* ^^'■'''/ ('"ba) as an insecticide came up during the year [1923], and ñl^HvT'T ^'.?TS /° various localities. An effort was made to collect and com- pare the Insectlcldal values of a number of plants indigenous to Malaya. Derris ?„il" r¿^*°.í' usefulness as an insecticide In a restricted manner. The author main- =i ?,. u j , "'"I.".'?,' ^^ compared in efficiency or price with many other new and wnn^'^i^^ insecticides, and that it is dangerous to malte recommendations which X»!^»^ T„?^^,'*' fíí"'"' "2 ? '";se scale until more definite information Is obtained, especially with regard to the toxicity of the various species. He calls nnï";^}??™!" }^\Hí\ *"?'*" '" being advertised is nonpolsonous to man and anima s aSfmals'rn¿"sma''de1?lr''" '' '""'""''' " " '^ P"'«""""^ *° ''°"' ""■^ »°^ (82) ANNUAL BBa>OET OF THE ENTOMOLOOIOAL DIVISION FOB 1025. Malayan Acr Jour. 14: 171-174. 1926. ovJi-.T""""*^ °î *T"^* have been found to be very seriously damaged In storaee bv Binoxvlon anale Lesne, and this bostrlchld might prove to be the limiting factor tS exporting derris roots unless they are previously dealt with """'»"S mcior lo ■ (83) DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY—ANNUAL EEPOET FOR 1027. Malayan Agr. Jour.

Investigation on the insectlcldal value of derris (In collabaration with the asri- eStomoioly.' '*> " ■"«""o"'" "« <""> °' t^e mal¿ researches of tbe division^of and YusoPB, M. /o^, 8COTIN0PHAÄA COAECTATA F. (THE BLACK BUG OF PADI). Malayan Agr. JoUr. 1^. yi—Xvii, mus. 19^4. Gives an account of experiments with kerosene emulsion and tuba root '""' <"""«• ^™"°"« ^«"^ "'"''"''« as a DALZELL, N. A., and GIBSON, A. ,OQ) '^'^1^^^^ ^"''^^ °"' ^«'^''^ DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE INDIGENOUS PLANTS HITHEBTO DISCOVERED IN OE NEAR THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY; TOGBTHEB WITH A^SUPPLEMENT OF INTRODUCED AND NATURALIZED SPEX3IES. 319 p. Bombay.

Gives a botanical description of Denis uliginosa from the region of Bombay (p. 77). A DIGEST OF THE LITEEATTJRB OP DEBRIS 17 (87) ^■^''^LTOY^AND CONTROL OF THE BLACKBEREY LBAy-MINBB. N. Y. State Agrf. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 133, 37 p. 1928. The blackberry leaf-miner (Mctellua ruH Forbes) Is probably a limiting iactor to the cSlture of blackberries In western New York. Ûerrlsol, In a dilution ol 1 to 200, ¿viragcd 69 per cent control when sprayed upon the larvae. new ^^^ ^ÍIIEA'FOIÍ THE 8OIBNTIFI0 STUDY OF NATIVE DEUQS AND POISONS. JOUr. Ma- laya Branch Brit. Med. Assoc. (Singapore) (n^.) no. 2; 3-6. 1905. [Reviewed In Brit. Med. Jour. no. 2373; 1475. 1906.] afato- thnt tho Phlnese cultivate tuba root. Derrit elUpUoa, which Is a common œSS lriWsMi£i rd-.-t m^ÄMfy i^;iç*AHB

SSsÄefully Ui deaUnt with Wrmltef. It rSpldíy destroys proto.oa both amoebae oS^ flnffPllata Rotifers iiemntode larvae, and the smaller nematodes are also com-

has no permanent effect on bacteria and fungi. MM ^^®^ "^"^B COM¿ABATIVE TESTS WITH EOTENONE, NICOTINE AND PYEETHEUM. JOUT. Econ. Ent. 24: 111-115. 1931. B c^ur??n%reÄÄTnr"9^^Ärn^u^2?erÄ^^^^^^^ '^°Tfew'pre^tarni?;\es«'=lm/t\1°cone.flower aphid, Kac^^

flpltf and th? spiraea aphid. Aphis ^iraicola. in the laboratory, rotenone at a ^ESliftsVthr l^er%Äo?r an'^\«r.nÄe; «ES^'^SCSS spray. A rotenone concentration of 1:1,000 (P'"^„f^Ç"';H°' ^ • f"n' dundecimounS- before a mortality above GO per cent was secnred with adults of D. duooemmpuno-

cated in the aphid tests. (90) ^^S^^Tfo^'EXPEEIMENTS WITH MISCELLANEOUS SUBSTANCES AGAINST THB CHICKEN MITE. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 1228, 10 p. 1924.

;S^h»^a¿« rÄ 1îiA'\:î.iÎ^^ffîeAS^."^^'SAf ^'- (91) EOTENONE AS A CONTACT INSECTICIDE. Jour. Econ. Ent. 23: 868-874. 1930. Pure rotenone, recrystalU^ed from alcohol was tested In the fom oia

DAVIDSON, W. M.—Continued.

controlled, perhaps, more through iníe.'ifa'Í pA"than°eonYa?t'aoÍlo*S' ™"''''^ ^"«^

™^™t^"7'' ''''T^™ ""^ CONTACT INSBX3TICIDES OF SOME CONSTITUBXTÍ^OP DEBBis. Jour. Econ. Ent. 23: 877-879. 1930. «- ^^^«»IíIUENTS or

rotÄe,"'degu?to'TphfosiS' iZ"" f„''l?'=„""'/ eonsiituents of derrls root-that is. white-fly' larvae and red^sp°aerâitesÎiv^^^^^ '?"'{ "P'"»''^' *rlpl Their relative contact insecticldal valne w^f ?n" tE"""", P'"".'" '° " greenhouse. Tt\Z^XXH '%i^"

L%en±^s?^£E¿«iH€AC«k"^^^^^sprayed upon aphidr(lfJ^?oer«i^«í*'sSí/''Sl''"^. solutions of it to water were

8usp"enslonrmad; f?om 7resk acetönrandTcShof sto.'í very slowly In aqueous a loss in toxldty on standlnc H FT Shoi.^ ' ^P''^ solutions, rotenone suffers Insect, has also noted thll ^" ' °' ^^^P"^' "«i°g ^PMs rumicia as the test DELOADO, F. A.

root'moníhfy* to'iSf'Amerl?an"flÍm'"n?erA''" T*í, ^"P^'? ^ °' 2 tons of derris of Singapore: is considered to he th^ ¿oít Ä1;„ ^*ï'^ /""í'' S"'''«'" "" the Island at the maxliium strength when tlie root i«^??»Lh^' *ïffh*°^'î, P™peftles being rated to maintain Its strength to a greate? DerrenfB^; thl"'""^'' ^Ki" ^''^^^' " Is said fresh state. Gives the present pHce of the rtrî»f vnít"° "Y "^^"1^ variety In the Incurrency) United Statesper plcul money.) (lás^ ''""""»'•pounds) ^^ms(This isla equivalentea,?1v«f»nf"'?„"'o?^° to 21 cents ^?^^ per(Malayan pound DB LONG, D. M. ^°''^J^'^''^'^^Om UPON THE BIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF THE POTATO Ä HOPPEB (EMPOASCA FABAE HAimis). Jour. Econ. Ent. ™f lililí, \^.

controls.du^n^l'XJ/sf Such materials iwf sX^Sr-'l as a commercial t^:Sb^?^"ofnre?eTi'e"?f"^ftt*.«^*" white olf emnuiíí }o"lS, °L '" 1°, ^">\^«1"« ^'^^^ «^ nut. fatty acid emulsion, a comm"SaI derrTs nroduet n âRn^^^„J^'.£*''y' «„Ço^oa- In either wet or dry form oroved !inRatiafooÄv.i î- (1-250) and the fluosilieates 1 to SCO, in combination wfthsoanifrnfiiH'^'^«»^^.®" "'«otine at a dilution of rant its recommendation ^ "' '"'' "°' «'^^ sufficient control to war- A DIGEST OF THE LITERATURE OF DERRIS 19

(06) ''"''^M™ AND iNSEcmciDE. U. S. Patent 1621240, issued March 15, 1927; applied for April 16, 1923.

l?ght times as effective as simllnr derris extiact.

'*'' °T¿ TOMPAEATIVE mSFXmClüAI- VALUE OF DIF1T21ENT SPECIES OF DEBRIS. JOUr. Econ. Eut. 23: 619-624. 1930. Authentic specimen of fov^^^^^^^^^^

ri'.íaVp?o^fííeT^'¿íetA£spA^^^ fa.a?s''¿'f?u"n'/trbe'-p''rS iï^afl ^rU^otlhfA"'síod. a^.t.ough lu «U«»t,y varying amounts.

--7u¿H'E/B?í.mEJ^0F''DlKis AS AX INSECTICIDE. Jour. Eco„. Ent. 17 = 49i^ 501. 1924. , ^ , ^y. There are 40 or more specie, of the |enu^„Derrl«.,^^,o;„-i\f ,rthl""co1l'ie*ol Philippine Islanrts. .According to HE. Wooflwortn loi mi r y ^,^^j g Agriculture, Univers ty "* "'« ™"PPÍ"^|'3"^s°aírthe^ quite active lusec- shoots of dorris are Inert, but the ""'S' »°° ■"î""/,'^ ,,h,ii¡„Bm¿nsi8, 1). elUptica, and tlcidally. Woodwoith'8 tests were made with ^¿, 'f'Í'/P'j'¿'^'°it;act8 from 'dried undetermined sPc^ies of Derris De Ong and ^mte prepu ether, ether, roots of derris (probably O. «"lP"?Î^,'lfl"ï"^the most satisfactory solvent for all

ru^b^¿uraL±irrn%°cU;fn o^^SinÄ a very slight suscepti-

^"«13 per centiSÄfÄ.Sf^S^^^ control on Aphia nertí fons., ana » ^" P^' f j t 30o gave a maxi- peach aphid (Rho«alosiphum P«'«<«°« f"'^">¿„,es «f aphid and^2 per cent on the rTdVl^enVArAf«^^^^^^^^

thatThe active principle, ' D|rrlB ' Is both ^«»'"^»^^"/¿-„'^terfïom Ingestion of the poison. The reaction on the,?aterpillars m"»^ o»^^ negative results, while the powder, since ^fumigating t^st«,,^"? n*ÍL®,.,?'„t"act was ciole to that Of the toxlclty

three and eigiit-tenths P^'.««ilV'x. . oQ per gent concentration with calcium carbo- " Powdered Derris root diluted » a /u per geu^ cu control on chicken lice nate, as well as the commercial Derris dusts, gave perieci ^j ,¿ „j^ ^oyr„pus (Uenopon Wseriatum Prag, and öf«*/^*«« flí,»»\Z^^"¿'ea plg. TÎie control of lice ¿valis Nitzsch and GM'",««»'" P^-f^LÎÎS a De^exInfproblemT especially In research on large numbers of guinea pigs is of ten a Ç"P'Sr"^_^^ei.injental nnlmals. I.lce are work where perfect normality >«,f ''^f_'°!,/'¿ood sows, the former often show- especially difficult to control on ï»"?«™ P'^s »nd orooa sow ' ^^ ^^^ gi.pen good Ing a high mortality. Powdered Derris at 20 per f"^ ,?j'¿^nia for this type of éA-poM^d ^r^ "€e«"3Sl*^^ 'fM ^^oV'oirtrlX^g p?e°gn^in^\fw^srh:'/istTa/"a^p'p1ied behind the ears and on the back." (99) DON, G. «,„„T AwvrannTT« PLANTS. COMPRISING COMPLETE ''^DE^pSor^ ÎLCiTo^r^VToI^W^- ST^ P-. »^-•

A"1"CalTcrlption of Pon^a^«, elUptU. («e^ empUoa^ is given (p. 476). 20 MISC. PUBLICATION 12 0, U. S. DEPT. OF AGKIGULTUBE

DBAOENDORFP, G

PoUon' fp^""328"/'^""'*" "^ " ^«'' P"'«»" "d « ■"«'»eine and Dem» elliptioa as a fish DUKHAM, H. E.

anrtÄh'(i??)"""^''"°" '° J»"" °- «'""«"«^ (^i^) : aI«o abstracted by Tatteíífleld DUYSTEB, M. oimo. xNmscHB Px^«™^ ^ PX^™BKSTAN.DEB=.E.. 143 p.. BandS.

^^^'p^^«^- ^^^"*=''* ^- •^- H-. and HooPEE, D. ,,„,,

1890. «»11X8" INDIA. V. 1, 599 p. London, Bombay [etc.]

IL A^or?tb1.l¿ «aS. ¿SS 9íí -^a° wbí?b^?M A proximate analysis of thp híiVt íoLoír íí "' ""^ " worm-creeper." alkaloid«Ykíinfi"' and 3 glucose^"^ arid In twothp resinanlcnhnni. ÍS «i*í„„!uS ether. ' «^traetex^tílcr'twn ; two coloring'^,"«="'"1 matters crystalline • mi together wlth\um,1n°the'aqueoís'^"xt?acÍ'^'Ud''8 IfrL^^.f^^l ^"1" to"sapo'nhi bitterish alkalo d gives a fine rprt pTÍnr „iVv. .vP^"^ '^^"'^ °f mineral matter Thé oxidizing agents. ^It M associated wltl the ?ÄnJ""' fl"^ « ^'«1«* color with which is of an acid nature and stpikm» ? ñ^„ l2?l}^^ matter, soluble in water and a reddish pink w tl^ ferëous sulnhato "^Thf'^'^,'' ^^?F'' ^"lí ferric chloride ?Ä,^„*T •>y?™te with coloring matte? aid the Tatto/^T'íä1.^'^ precipitated with' tion by dissolving the barium comnound in hSÎil/^vÎf '."" '?.*» Insoluble condi- fo'""o° the decomposition Is readily effected w?tí,thaV"''= ÎP^^ O" boiling thù insoluble body differing from sapogenin in itrnnnpS^„n°'''"^"5° "' Sl"=ose and an The resin more soluble in rectified sDÍrit)«rt,,íiP'l''i.?."£<'u'"''' solubility in spirit In alkali; the less soluble resi™s Il?hthrnwn"^Lr!,''"''^^-''''o«'° and friely soluble quantity of alkali. They are bSth acid in íeSion '"*' "'"' """"'^ ""ly '° a large BNOLEB, A., and PEANTL, K

l^STS OF SOME RKCENTLT DEVELOPED INSECTICIDES I«r rn^^.r ^^^^^ LEAF1927. HOPPER AND OMENTALc.«iÄL TUmTtBUiT i,m^MOTH. Jour.J^L -a.^^^^Boon. Ent. °^20: '^SE 253-2fn. «B^PE

?îJSïÇS!,(«ArW^^ gr the^mphs ^L^iLr ''''"■ ■'' - -^

whJcrSsîrlf X";,'„u'ïd ""?^^1,f-¿^;^r'^?„ « ,Pr^^lr'»í{: P-'-. K^mange «nd is manufactured by McDougali "í fÄnt'f f¿?d.r oF'^M^'nK'tlVEn^l: A DIGEST OF THE LITERATTJBE OF DEEEIS 21

FiKLD. W., and others—Continued. «■.„•montro iiopfl In the BtrcnKth of 1 ounce to a quart of water, killed 86 per cent S^th^lfi^ae One ounce of ^urmange to 1 pint of water killed 95 per cent of the larval Cattle dressed with Kurmange suffered no Injurious effects. The committee have had considerable facilities for testing the Insecticide known as de?rl8 or tuba root Doctor MacDougall's reports on its use 1° «Pf lme°ts «i.'^íl'íf Îfl24 indicate that a dressing containing the active principles of derris root is likely to Drove very valuable in the destruction of warbïe larvae Information received f?omvlrious sources U25,Í33) confirms this opinion. Derris has an advantage over tï,» tohn^r^d^Sne In that, being a powder, it Is easily carried and Is ready to be î?t%»i „nrt «nnlted fmmediately îhe weaknks of the tobacco treatment lies in the frouble aid toconvenlroce of ¿reparation and handling, the necessity for steeping thP mlxtuM in water for 24 hours, and the difficulties of transporting the prepared îninfiin In hnlk The derris and to a certain extent also the nicotine sulphate dressings do ¿ot present the'same difflculties and on that account should make a

tlcldes. „ , (108) PLAÑIKUNDIG WOOBBBNBOEK VOOB NBDEmUy.NDSOH-INDIË ; MET KORTE AANWIJ- ZINGEN VAN HET QBNEESKUNDIQ- EN HUI8H0OTELIJK GEBEUIK DEB PLANTEN, EN VEBMELDING DEB VEB8CHII.LENDE INLAND8CHB EN WETENSCHÄPPELIJKK BENAMINGBN. 362 p. Leiden. 1876.

Dutch East Indies. ^"TEVMÄr^'sOHE''cOMMEBO.M, X^SECXXCDES, -™-8. B.S- CIDES, RODENTICIDBS, AND WEED KILLBES. ConD. Agr. Bxpt. Sta. BUI. ÓW, p. 207-368. 1929.

*°%JI™nTee^:- De'As extract, 5 per cent; fatty acid, 50 per cent; Inert matter, 45

(110) ^"''JÍCHÍR^' INSISCT CONTROI, FOB 1928. 111. Hort. Soc. Trans. (1928) 62: 97- 109. 192».

?íd^.i„%^^Vh^n^slt^,pa3^f°ÄrÄ

%Z^.;'t¡ lUl^elu^^s-Ve'^/oXXeTl'^n'-i-s'l^on^i '^X^r^t western Illinois, but in this orchard tlic control of ourculio was very poor.

^"TomDE^TO THE PALM COLLECTION IN THE BOTANIC GARDENS. II. Gard. Bul. Straits Settlements 2:246-258. 1920. Tuba-root powder Is suggested for the 'control <"'„^"'""«.r?arvae''"o? "hl^Ä cÄlt'Lt^elrrAUÄ^-pÄ^^^^^^ aïd' tria-rlÄ fríolTa^^tnr^I.'

^""^OTT'^OT PRODUCTION IN stTMATBA. TJ. S. Dept. Com., Bur. Foreign and Dom. Com. Spec. Circ. 192. 1928. considerable quantities of derris root are being shlppe^^^^^^ America. In Sumatra derris li'"0.'*',^'"B,P'i'^ï^|''bêln cleared and first planted withbut isrubber cultivated trees. only The whenEuropean new estatejungle ownerslaM has in ^«"^^Sumatra "?''¿^^te"that sm^e o there Is no^g profit in the production <>' tuba root and '^at t is cuinvatea our. » ^^ covering ärn"Tet1«^"p'io^SuÄU'S''Ä"U't%^^^^^ probably 300 tons. 22 MISC. PUBLICATION 12 0, U. S. DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE

FooTE, W. A.—Continued. The following formula is used to determine the strength of derris extract • A «moii quantity of the extract is added to 1 liter of water conta°nlu| a Uve flsh; 'then Number of minutes required to kill flsh Weight of the flsh iiTgriTiM Strength

ÍL'íf-n^"*'''"'' '^ f/ *''*;. Pi'oPer strength, the result is 4. The author statea th«t ÍÍB^nt^^.'wSnf.?"^"?." °í Morris In Sumatra totals 16 tons per annSm The toblc?« nf nipn?.^^"".'*^ "'",?^u.P.''<^f«'' f" "«« nicotine Instead of derris but th¿ nresent orlíe TÎ ?i''°î'^^'!uPΰ'".'""^«' amounting approximately to double the cost of dirrl>f ííi^'f ^î"«*^"^ 'í'^' nicotine stuns fish more quickly than derrll extract The Inrni ?5U?vaíínfrVo™to''fo"c^n^°s°*pe?"pfu^,¿"=*'^^'^" '■'^''' '■' florll,sT?'^íuo.^''lhirí¿ tlntÎ*^rtnpl°Ç„î°^'^''''™'^'^..5''<' specialize In extracting the derris from the roots howpve? fhnt „if "fh'' '"* quantity of active substance in the root It Is tnîe' tSv maklnff if moro^^ifÄt"' a considerable length of time, the roots harden,' ,iíl\.í^^! ■"""'HS It more difficult and expensive to extract the derri« Whin TiTÓ soft'and pulpy'.'^""' "' ""'•■''■ *« P'-ocess'is comparativeirsimple, as the^ooTs we

^''fÎJ'"'ïr«'^ÎÎ'''.'''^A'''^ 'V^" ^"^^^^ PENINSULA DOUBLED FROM 1»Íí"TO Í¿fL Â: .P.- ^°™-' ^"'■- Foreign and Dom. Com., World Trade Notes on Chemicals and Allied Products 3 (27) • 10 1929

THB UNITED ^STATES IS SUMATRA'S BEST CUSTOMS U. S, Dept. Oom.^Rpt.

ment"mo!;"nVto irÓoVpoun'ds^"'"^'» ^"'*'' ""^ »"^ «"' «■"« '° l»^«- '^'"«^ »WP-

THE USE OK TUBA ROOT (UIÍ21HIS ELLIPTIC A) EXTRACT IN FIGHTING TORAC^ PLANT PESTS. Medan, Sumatra, Rpt. 15, p. 42 1929 ^''^™'' "^''^''^ _JobL?o"lte'c!s"-ii;i".S°/Äfr

""Tíf^"«" °l INSEOnCIDES IN SUMATBAN TOBACCO FIBXDS. U S Dent

tobtcJ'o^ïL-''^^1,''-An^S-^,/™^^^^^^^^ for the control of the FBIEDBICHS, K. PBOEVEN TEB BE8TRIJDING VAN DEN KOFFIEBESSENBOEBOEK MET TWEE CHFM- iscHE^MmDm.BN. Meded. KofBebessenboeboek Fonds [Java] no. Tp.

andTap''a?eÄibed""Th'5,''nri;n„"".7 Preparation of the root of Derris elUptica, against ?he\^oÄr\t-bo?e''^#i'aZr' "«¿ ^^"f'i:?^ ^■' ^™''™'*' R- TAITERSFIELI», F., aiul RoACH, W. A (118)

have considerable toxic prope?ti'es t" Tnsecís"'"'"'"'' ^'''° """'^ dispersed in water

inwaf; derris fg'tl?e?^\\\^'ioäp root are solids and''or'Sthl?''e¿''uaf»r?ag^^ir' oiilvsllEhílv«nínhi^F,?Í''v ^"J^J^r»"?,!"''» P"""? ^"'^''^ POlsons "P,'«'' found depend upon their degree of dispersion ^ " *''*'''■' ""'''' '"^"^»y appears to scrVd.°'Tt''dep?,?Í^2n"'d,p%^l,'Í™};;'"eft,'"foí"„'^"''' properties quantitatively is de- strengths of hfghly dispersed ?usDenRoirt«în''rtn,'^?^'''°* period of time In known Results agre

FRYER J 0 F STENTON, B., TATTERSFIEXI), F., and ROACH, W. A—Continued. t»in "cRterDillars tubatoxin and derrid are shown to be oí the same order of toxlclty «RntíotlíeTLse conclusions are based on tests with the following Insects : Cater- Snial^nV ti,P iSee white 1^^^^ (Pieris ftmsgicoe , the lackey moth (Malacosnui l}u,trif) the AlpTpftaîcro buciphoio), the gooseÉerry sawfly (.Pteronmribem, Sse of another sawflyii-A^moiocera aterrima). Tests were also made with larvae oí the tomX moth (rfoden« oleráceo) and with silkworms (Bombyw mon).

^"""^RÍS^AS AN APHIS SPRAY. Fla. Grower 33(14) : 20. 1926. r>„..i„„i ohmiM ho rtiiiitprt with water 1 to 10 and this solution then added to water to make a Cf dilution of 1 pint Dcïrlsol per 100 United States gallons. Soap may be used with ¿errisoi; but Its use is unnecessary. Derrisol can be "sfd as a mixed

England. v ^^^

iNSEOTiciDB, SHEEP DIP, AND THE LIKE. U. S. Patent 1583681, issued May 4, 1926 ; applied for November 29, 1924. The uatentee claims an insecticide comprising dcrrls, a vehicle of a sulphonated

'\%^e^"\"lVe p^incipfesTdeTr'ls''ar¿ extracted with benzene or other suitable volatile solvent. An ¿xtract of perkakal may be similarly used. (121) Î'EM' OVEB DE TOEPA8SINQ VAN BliSTRI.IDINGSMinDELEN BIJ DELITABAK. VlUg- sehr. Dell Proefsta. Mednn 29: 1-4. 1924. Akar tuba is listed as a contact insecticide. The addition of O-S^;» P«' <=«■>* sow to solutions of derris is advised for use against tobacco pests in Sumatra. (122) BESTRiJDiNG VAN BL.^DLUizEN. Vlugschr. Deli Procfsta. Medan 30:1-4 1924. For leaf lice, the author recommends Akar tuba (derrls) at the rate of 1 kilogram in 100 liters water to which 0.5 kilogram soap Is added. (123) TECHNIBK DEK B1ADI.UI/.ENBESTHIJ WNG MET AKAR TOEBA. VlUgSClir. Dcli Proefsta. Medan 33: 1-4, illus. 1925. Directions are given for spraying against leaf lice with derrls. The formula Is 1 âolfam akar tSba "derrls), 100 liters water, and 300 grams soap. (124) *'^^"ií^¿CTiciD¿s, FUNOUIDES, AND HERBICIDES. Ontario Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 351, 75 p. 1930. groundGreen derrlsapple rootaphis at and the the rate nasturtium of 1 pound aphis to can20 imperial.b« cont^<>lXn\'' iallons off^wat^^ wat°l ''andanu

their active Ingredient (pp. 44-45). (125) ^'''''?HE^H0¿E ¿IKE OF BORNEO HEAD-HUNTERS-ITS KESTIVAI-S AND FOLKIX>RE. 197 p., lllus. Philadelphia. 1902. States that two varieties ot tuba a^e/now., to the natWes and used by tl>em to poison fish in streams. Tlicy are called tuba berábut, a snruD^, ana vuim ju ^^_^ a cieeper. Tuba beräbut is moro generally used and is ^"¿"^"/„''¿nrom the tubeii elliptiéa. The poison is extracted f'-oC. tb« ^ark of thyreepej ,^na x¿^^ ^^ and roots of the shrub. It seems to kill the fis by suiiocanon auu u „ ^,^^^^ andthem dart for hitherfood. andAs thitíierthey do to notevade die theat poisunonce huttheie rise i» ™not .'^"•^„f^iy'^sp'îrt » »ttle sport inm _^p^spearing j them or scooping them "P In nets Tuba hsmng is "'»"'g '¿ f, ^ „ ^ar expedí- iï^'^ ruáa'rírscA o^^cf If tÄ «JJuie.it The^tuba^roots ^Sfal?e°r""cfnirwll?h"'L?rhe*e';f"h.nrilïe1 ^^V.^eV'^^^^T'. üLe ,s mixed with 24 MISC. PUBLICATION 120, TJ. S, DEPT. OF AQEICULTUEB

FuBNEss, W. H.—Continued. flih Ç2'°„ili°f "ÍÍ* " 1'°'^ and spread through the water. The poison causes the nit (p. ÍMÍI89) '""'""* °' *"* ''**"■ ^"'y *■■" ^^^^ ^P^""^ «'• scoopid into a GABMAN, P. 26) TESTS WITH INSEXnrOIDES DBSIONED TO DO THE WOBK OF NIOOTINK StJI-PHATH. Omn. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 294, p. 277-278. 1928. (State Bnt. Rpt. 2?;

™„9i"^ ?* the commercial preparations of derrig was tried in 1927 flealnat tha S,n''rn^,?h"S.*P'"^ ^"«i a'^ow^â «»«á »""'ng power, although it fSed to acfomnlish I llmi if nÄST °° "^î""?.* °' PS,»J BP"^e'"i- "'s quite evident that soap "caselS w^te'r^tS ifmÄp'SS^'^s^iuti^Sf "'"'"'=* mvesíigated does not'¿Íi^7li'=''^?ÍS f^-^î-Ît,^®^""" and pyrethrum have considerable value as aphicldes. but their auecpBa fSn.HMrt.^'^^ ^f "'" "^IP™^ °" *'>«'' «"""y to combine with oth¿r Insecticide ind mlxt ,rp thon "n^i.P/t?""'* S"',' ^""^ °°t seem to be anv lower per 100 gallons of sprav Selr keenïni ^Inmtî ^"ri^^^^^s a°5 °o^ «liable information is avahable regarding mentlonBrt „^nffini'^s,- ^^'^ ""^^I advantage that can be seen from using the above- Test?J-ests wlth^^Sirnf'with derrls and'2 pyrethrum"" orchard against will lie the inmealy increased plum aphis-safety of the operator.operato?

Substance (commercial preparations) Dilution Per cent ofkUl A. Derrls preparation.... B. Derrls preparation.... 1 ounce to 8 gallons C. Pyrethrum soap 2 ounces to 6 gallons 97.8 D. Nicotine sulphate 2 pounds to SVi gallons. S4.4 E. Check, no treatment. 1 ounce to 6 gallons 92.2 0

(127) THE OBIBNTAL PEACH MOTH IN CONNEOTICUT Conn. New Haven Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 313, p. 401-451, illus. 1930.

watot which l%r2Vim8ÄTr h„°JS,''i.''-L^^'".i^"'' "=""<= centimeters containlns fldiilt ttmthl n^ *S .P °l 5°°*^ ,'""3 '^6" ^^^^^ were placed in cages c%"^p^1?,""o2T7*''o1; u2i'rei'tld'ÄfsTp'''42lf°'« «'* ''^' ^"^^ deposited.^l

gavesir5r2'"g°;a¿s*°an?°w"a/eÍ a nrnhuhl» offll.iI^^l „/ to'ïoÂ"?,Vh?^'" v "9 SS^^'^ centimeters î? \^° "iwhen ^«"t sprayed «"l"«»" upon '-^ theacetone) eeea iâtchfnr"p^ 422) * "'^ °' "''°°' ^^ P^"" <'*°t °" "«¡»"»t of larval mortality aftf? No insecticide gives sufficient control to warrant recommending it. OATER. B A Tl Nc/ras^oN MiscfflXANEors INSECTS IN 1924. Malayan Agr. Jour. 13:1Ä7.

der^rls (^"1621."""""" ^*"^ ^™'°- (Arctiidae) has been recorded as attacking

Tour.'l3r^2V"r92T'^"°"^^''"^ „^,,„, ^, ,„,^ Malayan^ïJ?.

in"m'i^í?'fva*?s^Sy'l?dl"an*¿'d f?o°rí'lSlt"°vea?' %%.Tf''r <" D^"'« the position is

fe?„"-fS«unron-fhr¿SlA ^STÊ^^^KP^^^" ^^^ A DIGEST OF THE LITEBATXHIB OF DEBRIS 25

GATEB, B. A. R.—Continued. ^ v, ^, E halanooti/oha. Meyr. In addition to these some rooU have been found badly damaÄy borers7but as yet they have not be«n Investigated" (p. 224). (130) INTOSTIQATIONS ON " TUBA." Malayan Agr. Jour. 13: 312-329. 1925. "As an insecticide there are roughly three ways ot applying Derrls, viz : As a wfltP? < «tract 'in the form ot a spray, as a dust, and as a spray made by emulsl- ^Hn^ with wBtPi- an extract obtained by chemical means. The chemical extracts Ä^ Mt beln used larVely up to thi piesent time owing to, dlflcultles In extrac- tion and ihe expense of îhe solvents used. Methods have lately been Perfected rtTVïla?^^^^^

"■^■i^heX's'Bficef^nlÄlvÄ 6 gallons of water, using heat if necessary.

Soap was not added . ^^„, ,_, „_ ^u. loaves of Derrls: Parata aleiH», F.: A±f» 'ÄÄ 4am!r9r-;¿««j¿3^^^ irÁ^rasXfu:

^pti¿sr&''oTricA:'^'Syti^^^nd a^¥°nTh?lo'n^ira?4 An to feed on Derrls

^hrn^stA'^'ior^app^Ua^^ a^^ Ä ^ o^í eiÄ £ ^ÄUK &rrBrT."^aicrJis°ÄfiraÄ^^^ r/m^e h^^cro7reÄrn|^;t^ Ä\ÄÄ Ä*-,-^S^ a^^^ g?¿*'/"sSa^^ls"?Ít^n'^e"d^rtt rilt"í^lrl'^ätmïsï'?f^"ot entirely, destroyed by the digestive fluids of this Insect."

^''™™BUTION A L-miDB DU ROBINIA Nicou AUDLET. Ann. Inst. Colon. Mar- éeme (1895) 2: 1-S6, illus. 1895. «oM,.ia nico« Aublet from jren^^^^

?o"Vntüfn' Ä^f ^¿5'eoC;¿ 'n^<;'^l,íe"Ys °tLSe ^Sîfno^e.]

®™ilATI0N8''iN THE AMOXINT OF ETHER EXTRACT OF TUBA ROOT („ERBIS MALAC- OKNSis PBAIN). Malayan Agr. Jour. 17: 361-363. 19^9. The roots of the erect form of DerrU ,nalacc^sism<^ctSar^^^^^^ much fhrtlnÄtf A^aVaU^ïm^of IVÄ^^^^^^^^ Ifa ÎSUro^w^^nrrrm%'"ofSrs?Ll'elïrrrnL"r%'iftiv\X\*'lt the government plantation, Serdang. 26 MISC. PUBLICATION 12 0, U. S. DEPT. OP AGBICULTUEE

GEOBGI, C. D. V., and CURTLEB, E. A. .^„„,

™A™ou" l^Yt^TS """' '"'""' "'"""^^ »=^^«> • Mala?ai

inoÄ!Vere°as"f^lfo''^s"f' "■°" ""^ ^^''^'"'^ ^"'"^ states during 1926 to 1928.

were spaced 20 by 20 feet squa-e The tuba ™tt?nJIw„,''''P^''-. Jl" ''«P"'' f^f-s apart and spaced 3 feet apaft in the rows ThR nufntTn^^ planted in rows 3 feet pfants per acre, as compared with 4 840 if the tnf. h,^5 arrangement gave 3,555 crop, i-he roots were harvested at the end ot 2? %

todetlXÄ constant weight ;°a1 maÄVyff.rtr'X^,'^fdrying the material over'^'^ phosphorusîf^ V'^ P"'"''' pentoxide *"« in»»'«'"-« vacuo

ln?lolM«'l^xtrLtor"at''''a''?emrratí?/';""'r'' by. treating the powder with ether toWhen constant extraction weight was at completeion* r XlX'n"ls'",i^ Aith„;,„í 1.^*1.^ distilled mil*" off, «?"'''^.>>.« and the **»>"residue *" dried"Slh willthe etherbe comparable extract in sincethis themanne^r"aSd''ïhffÎsultrnT''tt'°'V «nmoü,„*h„j "suits are therefore t"''^'«, ."¡lightlv P'««« by'drylnglow the? By coarse roots ire meant thSset"cke?th^ñ'„r^''J''™"«''.<'"t »»^ »¿vestlgatloZ are more acceptable on the London markeÍÍ,A°„M'''"""'''' «'^•' P«°<'"- *'lne "-oots percentage of ether extrnctnoí^V.Í,^?- ?,?*'.P'°'"''''y "^ account of the increased shown in Table 1 * "•" """ ^"^^^'^ "' ^oo-^- The results of tliese tests Ire

TABLE 1,—Derris elHptica roots

Yield per acre Ether extract Age of roots (months) Moisture-free roots Moisture-free basis Fresh Fine Coarse Total roots roots per Fine Coarse roots per roots per Fine Coarse acre acre acre roots roots roots roots

Pounds Pounds Pounds 21 1,277 Per cent Per cent Pounds Pounds Pounds 23 240 211 7.88 6.99 2,100 403 201 18.9 14.7 33.6 25. 2,697 9.63 4.52 38.8 9.1 47.9 27. 576 149 8.69 3.18 3,446 751 317 49.6 4.7 54.2 6.17 4.84 38.8 16.3 64.1

roots. M'

su^bTe^'cmerío'ñ TtlfÁfX' Xt'^ti"""' f î»^'^"^ '« •^«««^"'ed. The most concentration. A series of test« „t „a ..F*° '"' ^^'"^e flsh should be used at each that survival time ^^'^^f^^^^.^^lli^y^TAt^^^^^^^^^^^ A DIGEST OF THE LITERATURE OF DERRIS 27

GERSDORFK, W. A.—Continued. ^ ^ ^ la more toxic to goldflsh than is potassium cyanide, and the latter Is two hundred tii^s as toxic ai phenol. A concentration of 0.075 milligram rotenone per liter (1 plrt In ah.fut IsloOCOOO) nt 27° C. kills Koldflsh In two hours. (135) THE TOXICITY OP BOTBNONB, ISOKOTBNONB, AND DIHYDROBOTENONB TO GOLDIISH. Jour. Amer. Chem. Sec. 52: 5051-5056. 1930. According to Powers's formula these substances have the following decreasing order of toîlclty : Dlhydrorotenone, 1.4 ; rotenone, 1 ; and isorotenone, 0.26. (136) A STUDY OP THE TOXICITY OP TOXIOAROL, DEGUBT.IN AM) TEPHROBIN USING THE GOLDFISH AS THE TEST ANIMAL. .Tour. Amer. Cliem. Soc. 53: 1897-1901. 1931. AecordlnK to Towers's formula these substances have the ioljowlng,

tigated. (138) MOSQUITO SUPPRESSION IN CANADA IN in2T. N. J. Mosqulto Bxtermiu. Assoc, Proc. Ann. Meeting 15:136-146. 1928. Mr Herman found that under laboratory conditl

membranes of the nose and mouth. (139) MOSQUITO SUPPRESSION IN CANADA IN «i>28. N. J. Mosquito Extermin, Assoc. Proc. Ann. MeetlnR 16: 102-108. 1929. wi^^ ^^^^^ê-f^-u^t^v^J^^^-^ ^^t.:^^^^! than those from using pyrethrum ..,,„.,.„ containing n heavy infestation of A large sem permanent pool in open countiy coniainiu!, H ."'"y',^i„^ ¡.„^ j^ mature larvae and some pupae of ^e^ß« f'!Z^''^,-,.\A±^à/l^l^S^-' A th¿

^tlt 7^2"hfurr?¿e« íX^ct^ l^'t"he>«f ^« «a^^o^^^^e

?eH„flf ■%d^^c^%r1'l>f"e^tàí?o^"b''ut'^"*'

¿?¿c^^í;'\oA"AuT8Í.'^Pcr¿^Át*°'?5rpA PCÄ^T^^ p'er^ent: tobacco dust, 071/2 per cent ; powdered ™lphul^ 25 per cent performed with the Derrls po^d^e'^^r^uÄd! a-n7thle*MÄ^^ ke-^Cástn^iud^S^tL^ri^t Ta", ^^e^-S^/.tf Ät»''Bo?e., and the dog and cat 28 MISC. PUBLICATION 120, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE GiLMER, P. M.—Continued.

of these animals. The cockroaches iSded the American ^onTh P^^i^,"""^"" 1°"«« can« Linn and the Crotón hug, BlattagerZlê^Unl ^°^^^' ^«"P'«"«*« <"neH. m4T%T/'^od^r^^,s^"r^y'^?on'i\"¿'d feÄant"?«^^^«"«'?™''^-"«'^^ '« -* '-"m- liquid is almost nonmisclble and must he S with somp «^lî"''l ''"'^, '?.''?• «"'^ t^ie such as soac, which makes It unhandy to prepare and n«e A"/ «"""'««ylng agent, and vegetables it seems to have no piopertles to r^cnmS,»;^ ^^ Ï ^P'"îî '°'' '™'ts ??í f-Aiir^î^ttAitrfV/Si^?^^

propfrtll;''unaIte,íid n^ lîe'L/en*"alr*'''lt^Äd be u"sert'„ïï^ ï^'"'"« »« Insectlcldai powder, and in the 20 per cent derrla-finnpr ron? ïfu "'"i" '''«.same as pyrethrum power about as effective as that of Sm^erclSîLtah'^™"'^"^î."''='"F »^as a killing cidal power makes it superior to pyrethromev™ «r„*«ii^i!l i^s stability in insectl- hpwever, to lack the Instantaneous effe?t of Dvr?thr,,m^?Í'J Ä'^''^'' »£'^1-. « «eems, fl'es when blown into the air. As a chick aia^n^t SSo2°° l^ not effective aganlst sites, It is fully the equal of pyrethrum asTrdTnariTpu%häsed'°'' '""''* ''^'"P"^" GiMMTTE, J. D. MALAY¿r^sMÄS POISONS AND OHAEM CURES ¿Sir TCrl 9 -^^^^^'^^-^^'^-^^^^^OftA ,^ -li T , (141)

»he^oÄs^^n^feÄÄn'^^^^^^ ''-^"-te?. ^ÍÍ>Vo|¡ ?Í ^neîvf"nerve and '•H''"^* musc "«y e to bfXite^d direct stlmulatinn by s aviation h„t ?i, Th?rí°il,°'',^°''^'''í• '®, '^ ^^^° some atslight apparent response death of . H. B. Durham found In iS that th»Sn.î?^ ^P'°"l '^'^^^ 's paralyzed. ™''°°^^ °' haps the Daphnid crustawa T^riifi! ¡»"'"»'s most sensitive to tuba root are ner-

frogs' hearts showed that the vnn-no «,„ „„ , of the apple {E. lanígera). Trial nn ''Ïn''/n''n5''?.'n"<' normal vagiflnhlbmoS"'''^""'^' ^° "'''' stimulatfon of the nerve Federated A/statï*'''Tn%n^,'^î,^°f^<^'y'"'?™^ with tuba as a larvlcide In the '«'^) 'v-ere kille'd by*fin 40,0wf's^u° pension S? tîf.S"^'^ '"/'''' hh¡oÍaiaVln?l î to W A'"'""«." »f 1 in 10 000 ffid the larval.'fnÍ!?'?;''''''^'^ ""'^« i-««' "' ^ ro!'¿Ae°yrv'a"e?e?e ¿ËHS " '^^. Oo"ofnhn'g¿,e^^^o^.*-^| f fí

exposed . fresh wa crystalll

•'y exposure to even diffused light hut kïen ¿°„ïïH''= fP*V=^^ «f« altered and reddened

or h„^''nî'''«'"''ÎÎ" '« best eltracted from fhí °°t at twentyfold dllutlo" '™" or hot paramn (burning oil), fro^wÄ ^^VoX.,\^.fZa"tL'Z°'iri:^X¡ A DIGEST OF ÏHK LITEEATURE OF DEBRIS 29

GiMLETiE, J. D.—Continued. resinous canary-colored masses. From these masses the crystalline body may be purlüed by extraction and recrystalUzatlon from alcohol. A characteristic color reaction Is siven by both the crystal and the reslnold derrld, according to Durham. Treated witli a drop of strong nitric acid without heating on a glazed oorcelaln nlato both become red, and then a drop of ammonia cauises an evanescent deep rich nencock blue-Kreen (signal green) coloration, fading to chocolate and yellow. Caustic Eotash after ^nitric add aves a similar reaction, less lasting, passing, to purple, then yellow: TWs is a distinctive reaction which might prove useful in criminal cases, as It Is very sensitive. According to Campbell, it should be easy enough to detect the presence of tuba poison In the stomach contents by simply testing the effect after boiling and ülterl£g, of áome of the fluid upon small flsh, as they are killed by'very weak solutions of the poison.

iNSHOTiciDB INVESTIGATIONS. N. J. Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rpt. 49, 336 p., lUus. 1928. A suspension of pyrethrum flowers, as well as an ether-alcohol extract of pyre- thrum when mixed with homy was found to be exceedingly toxic to honevlieeB. A snsnenslon of derrls (1-400) killed 100 per cent of the honeybees after 24 hours, and ISISInSon of cube VWt (l-liOO) killed 100 per cent of the bees after 48 hours. CoipwatTve ?ests wlih arsenic trloxide, caffeiue, hellebore nicotine oléate, 3, 5- dinltrocresol, and several other organic compounds are recorded (p. 158-1Ö3).

MEECUEY SALTS AS SOIL INSECTI0IDE8. Jour. Ecou. Ent. 22: 335-340. 1929. Five applications of derrls dust at weekly Intervals were ineflrective In combat- ing the carrot rust fly (P««a roaae). Mercurous and mercuric chloride were 100 per cent effective. and GAINES, J. G. , T-, T^ ,. n« A-,n^ff} THE CABKOT RUST FLY PROBLEM IN NEW YOEK. JOUr. BCOn. EUt. 22: 412-41(J. 1929. The same data on derrls dust as presented in Glasgow's previous article iU3). GL-VSSFORD J. (145) THE ECONOMICS OP pYRETHEUM. Jour. Bcon. Ent. 23: 8î4r-877. 1930. The two Insecticides containing rotenone, derrls from the East Indies and cube from South Ainerlca, also promise to be useful vegetable insecticides. Derrls con- tains 0.5 to 5.5 per ¿ent of rotenone. and cube up to 7 per cent, with an average of about 4 per cent. Rotenone Is said to be about equal to pyrethrln In toxiclty. Commercial prices on these Insecticides are not yet stabilized, but if they can be obtained as cheaply as it Is hoped, finished sprays may possibly be made for from three-fourths of a cent to 1 cent per gallon. .„„„(.„ A 1 per cent lubricating oil spray costs about 0.3 cent per gallon ; a lead arsenate spray, 1.2 cents; a lime sulphur spray, 1.75 cents; a nicot'^e ^p^-ay containing 0.04 per cent of alkaloid, 1.84 cents ; and a pyrethrum spray, containing 0.04 per cent of oleoresln of pyrethrum and activated with soap, costs 2.2 cents per gallon.

[coMBATiNo'MITES IN HETOA NTTESEEIES.] Meded. Alg. Proefsta Alg. Ver. Riibberplanters Oostkust Sumatra, Rubber Ser. 67: 19. 1929. [Ab- stract In Expt. Sta. Rec. 62: 457. 1930.] In comparative experiments with sulphur akar-tuba, and Neotnn the best and quickest results were obtained from the application of sulphur, and at a cost from one-third to one-fourth of that of the other materials. GOBHAM, R. P. „ ^ r, ,-> *„_.„ AII? THE EUROPEAN ROSE 8A-WFI.T IN NEW BRUNSWICK. Ent. Soc. Ontario, Ann. Rpt. 58:70-72. 1928. Greenhouse experience has shown that the larvae are readily killed by ePraylng the underside of the foliage with nn arsenical spray. The stain ^?" »n the foliage bv the drying sprays, however. Is oh.1ectlonable to the florist. Trial, fhere- fore was made of dusting the leaves with ground derrls dust during different laival instils It was found that, like other sawfly larvae, these were very susceptible to the toxic action of thù ínaterlal and that they dropped In a helpless cXdltlon within two hours after application. No objectionable stains were left on the foliage or blooms. GRAY A. <"8> UNITED STATES EXPLOEING EXPEDITION DUEIN8 THE YEARS 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842 UNDER COMMAND OT CHAULES WILKE8, U. 8. N. BOTANY. Pnan- erogamla, v. 1, 777 p. New York. 1854. Derrlê uUffino$o from Tongatuba, Fiji Islands, Is described (p. 4B7). 30 MISC. PUBLICATION 12 0, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

GBESHOFF, M. CHEMISCH-PHABMACOIXWISÜH LABOBATOEIUM EE»STE VEBSl^G VAN HOT OND^^ ??.^'^/:i^« »E PLAN1-EN8T0FFEN VAN NEDEKLANDSCHINDIË. Mededeelillffpn Uit 'S I^nds I'lantentuin VII. 127 p. Batavia. 1890 '*'''"' "•^**'"'^™

BEITRAGE ZUE OHEMISCH-PHAEMAKOLOOISCHEN KENNTNIS INDISCHB» LmUMI N08EN (ERSTE SAMMLUNG). Mitt. Chem.-Pharmakol. Lab Bot Gart" Bultenzorg [Java]. Her. 23: 3537-3550. 1890. "'

(Cyprimta flavipinnis) welghlnTabout 4S Irams ' ^ '^ poisonous to flsh An InfuKlon oí üerria elHptica in a diltiflnn nf 1 in ^nn i\nn 1 (HaplooMlu» iavmicua) weighing about ¿4 gram It eoñtn?n«'í"^'™""/ ^^ ^»h mulerial wliioíi is easily soluble In alcohol fthS' rhin,^^?„ri,^ ^ nonnitrogenous Himilar(p. 3538-3539). solvents, but is verrdlfflcultlvuimouiiiy sX'bllsoiume in 'wnÎm-water and»ní"' potassium ^""^l ^^<^?^<>^' hydroxide and „t^m"« í?"°«''?8 data on the chemical composition are given • Crude derri^ m«if. at 61° C, but decomposes when heated to lfin° o^ivimr „w „„ ' ,'""^ oerrld melts protocatechulcof coumarin. add.Heated with I^HUSHCcaustic aiKaii,alkali it ' jleldsv^lelriT^fíin^^^ salicylic acid and a little

BE8CHRIJVI.NO DEB GIITXGE EN BEDWELMENDE Pl^NTBN BIJ DE VISCHVANGSÍ^ÍN O^BÜIK. (MONOGEATIA DE PLANTIS VENENATIS ET SOPIEN™ QUIE ÍD SnT^^oTmria^^'X^.- ^'^"«'»-""«- Uit ','^llnT^y.t

^i-f/r"ln?eB"°m'arre?er^^?esPt°"58,'''6ÄT '"'""'"'' "^ ""'""^"^'^ """^ "■ «"-

boan1Srä^ar°a'ct*e'rUfcrÄs?r7Tni^i?e^^^^^^ many references (p. 98-^103). ^ "™ Po'son are described. Gives

A's^tV'a'î.^b/rpTol^er^i^^^^^^^^ Ç. A report on Wichmann Is given (p! 4&-52)T crystalline material from derrls by A. W.

nieou which is a species of LonchocarDus and thnt pl^f * ° ^í^ «uinna flsh poison In a flsh poison from Surinam. Greshoff has ÍÍin 1 ed d^ ..í^"?*^ " ^"'^'dlike material Bonth., also from Ormocarpum and Loichocarpus Mundulea »uberosa

TWKEDK GÍ31)KKLTK VAN DE ÜBSCHH1 ivr\r 1.1.-1, /.,....,.r„., „ (155) BIJ DB VISOIIVANGST IN OHmmK T,,3 ""' "™WET.MENDE PLANTEN WASSEN DEB OEH^ LBZEN „™» ™ ""^'""'^ "™ HEROISCHE OE- PLANIENFAMILIËITI^Î^B^HZ D^Prl^^'"'^"''''"' '"^ ""^ N^TOUBLIJKE QUAE AD PISCES CAPIENDOS^t^B^T «nr^t "^ VBNBNATIS BT SOPIENTIBUS ■S Lands PlantentuinTxiX.'''2^'p'"XIlv'ir-/¿)i) ^^"^^'^^'^^^^ Uit Lists Dcrris elUptica Benth. as a flsh poison (p. 174-175). ' A DIGEST OF THE LITBBATUEE OF DEBBIS 31

GBESHOFF, M.—Continued. _ (156) DEKOE GEöEELTB (SUPPLEMENT) VAN DE BESCHRIJVJÎîG DE» GIFTIGE EN BEDWEL- MBNDE PLANTEN BIJ DE VI8CHVANGST IN GEBEUICK. TEVEN8 : OVERZIOHT DBB IIEBOI8CHE GEWA8SBN DER GEHEELE AARDB EN HUNNEB VERSPHEUDING IN DE NATCURLIJKE PLANTENFAMIL1ËN. (MONOGBAPHIA DE PLANTIS VENENATIS ET SOPIENTIBUS QUAB AD PISCES OAPIENDOS ADHIBBRI SOLENT; PARS III.) MedC- tleelingen Uitgaande Van Het Department van Landbrouw No. 17. 370 p. Batavia. 1913. Several species of DeiTis, Including eWptica and uliginosa, are Usted as flsh poisons (p. 72-75). GBIST, D. H. (157) MARKETING OF DEBRIS (TUBA ROOT). Malayan Agr. Jour. 14: 79-80. 1926. Three large firms are using tuba, and various sheep dips and sprays have l)een Blaced on the market, the emclency of which depends upon tuba root. Tuba root comes mostly from Borneo, where it can be bought more cheaply than in the Fed- erated Malay States. At the end of 1925, 500 acres of tuba were under cultivation in the Federated Malay States and 6Ü0 acres in, Johore. The price of the root In Singapore ranged from 10 to 12 cents a pound to about 25 cents a pound (in United States currency). The freight charge to England was nearly $100 a ton. Tuba root has been found to contain borers which not only eat the root but also destroy Its toxic qualities. B'umigation of tuba before export will probably prove necessary. The author concludes that the cultivation of tuba in Malaya will show no advance until the dllBcultles attending the selection of the best varieties and the reduction of freight are overcome. In view of the fact that the marltet is restricted to a few buyers, there seems little purpose in advising the cultivation of this crop on eitate«, (158) DIVISION OF ECONOMICS—ANNUAL REPORT FOB 1927. Malayan AgT. Jour. 16: 114-130. 1928. Reports that the acreage of derrls in certain States of Malaya is as follows : Selangor, 40 ; Perak, 378 ; Negrl Sembilan, 269 ; Pahang, 57 ; total for E"ederated Malay States, 744; Johore, 1,400; Kedah, 3; total for United Malay States, 1.403 This comparatively little known insecticide Is engaging the attention of Investi- gators in various countries. Samples and trial shipments have been sent wlilch it IS hoped will eventually lead to established markets In various parts of the world. The Inspector of agriculture for Johore advises that there is increased activity in the cultivation of this crop In Johore for export to Japan. American Inquiry has been met with full Information, which it is hoped may lead to business with that country. GROSS, C. K., and FAHBY, J. E. (159) SOME OF THE CHEMICAL PROBLEMS IN CODLING MOTH CONTROL. NorthWest Fruit Grower 2 (32-33) : 7, 22. 1930. Refers to work on rotenone under way in the Insecticide division of the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils and to tests made by F. L. Campbell, Bureau of Entomology, which indicate that rotenone as a stomach poison to silkworms is thirty times as toxic as is lead arsenate. Field tests at Yakima, Wash., In 1929, show that in low concentration rotenone was not so toxic to codling moth larvae as was expected.

HADDON, A. C. (160) HUNTING AND FISHING REPORTS, CAMBRIDGE ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXPEDITION TO TORRES STRAITS, v. 4, 393 p., lUus. Cambridge. 1912. Parts of certain plants are scraped and pounded or bruised and placed in pools or lagoons on the reef at low water to stupefy flsh, which are easily caught as they float on the surface. In Mer the process is called kublam and sad : kub is a fruit which is crushed and thrown into the water, turning it red; sad (eastern islands), zozl, or sazi (western islands) is a vine, Derris uliginosa Benth., that turns the water a milky white. HALL, C. J. J., VAN. (161) DERRis ALS INSECTICIDE. Tcysmanula 31: 159-166. 1920. A review of the work of Mclndoo, Slevers and Abbott, and others. HALLER, H. L. (162) ROTENONE. XI. THE RELATION BETWEEN ISOROTBNONE AND LIOTENONE. .TOTIR. Amer. Cliem. Soc. 53: 733-737. 1931. Rotenonlc acid in glacial acetic acid and sulphuric acid is isomerized to a sub- stance which is insoluble in alkali and appears to be a saturated laetone. This compound, named ff-diliydrorotenone, gives the typical reactions of rotenone. It yields a dehydro compound which adds 2 mois of water to form an acid. It Klves a diketone. With potassium hydroxide it yields an acid Isomeric with dihydrotubaic acid. ' It Is possible that when rotenone is isomerized to isorotenone, the double bo id fromom the isopropylene group migrates 1o nn a, ß position to the laetone group n.id 32 MISC. PUBLICATION- 120, U. S, DEPT, OP AQHIOULTUEE

HAIXEB, H. L.—Continued.

■ and LAFOBOE, F. B.

and LAFOEGE, F. B.

and LAFOEGE, F. B.

acid

acid contradicts the theory that cleavaee of thP mní»^n,*\"V'^°*''?°' 8'^'=» Isotnbale group. The nucleus of tubac acid do« Lt »■S¿*'?"'''.,*'''^t^,P''''=« a* tl>e ketone secondary decomposition pVod^?t."'^ertïs U'dolf'?ot'°exi1rí¿'°rotlno^e"''' '"* *« " HAMILTON, C. C.

mixture of blacltstrap molasses 1 nart tn 4 nnrf« J"*'''l ^ ^°-J'^9 ^"»s «PPHed in a and free nicotine gave betti? ?ôntr^ol thin th^ DorÍÍslnl.'''• ^"^^ °"=°"°« «"»Pl^«*« HAMLTN-HABBIS, R., and SMITH, F "•=. '=-^lsr£SS7.t ST,Z' =r TÄ— a..»ib,ï Tb. ,„«.i's c.i«T"inSî?.A ii'VAns;,""' ""•■■" •» HANBIOT, M.

we?eTbtXd\Ton^l5Sll"?eogr¿ISí'l„°í.''f^r°*''' "O"^'« '^o" the lies Comoreg 187°. called t?¿híoB^ne^"'|hÍ*Pbromo • derfvaî™ ^^Myy^'í'«í,*5'í^«0'»' meltlíg pS^t tepbroslne in water, alcohol. ^cÄ?, 'ch Órof'o^m.^li*! gfyclr'oTls ^^'^^^'^^ "'

BTJB LA TOXICITÉ DBS PRINCIPES DEFINÍS DU TEPHKnaTA »^^„ J^^^ NEtrsES). Compt. Rend. Ac«d. ScnParls] 14^ 4li!^00 1w '''''"'"

derivativerecÄ."Teph'r"ir'is^Ä of tephrosine. m'ore"t'xfc''T/¿^ "^'"^ *°'^° f\tephrosal ^°«f or'^"'^ the '«Ph-'o^ineyellow bromo are

"1¿^. ^^á:iZ!''' ^ ^^"-«-"- Compt. Rend. Acad. Sel. [P^aHs]

waI^^es?e1'"„Vn rïtef'2!,nla''?ig''sf'2lî'd'A '"^"'»""»l' "<> «"traperitoncally A DIGEST OF THE LITERATURE OF DERRIS 33

HARMS, B. L. (171) TUBA FISHING IN THE PEBAK BivEE. Amer. Foreign Serv. Jour. 2:297-299, 318. 1925. An account o£ fishing with tuba Is given. Tuba is a root containing a vegetable poison which has a peculiar effect upon fish. It grows wild In the Malay Peninsula, and like creeping ivy it entwines Itself around the wild ieru trees of the Jungle. When the root is broken up an odor Is produced which somewhat resembles chloro- form. It Is prepared by mixing the sap with water and adding a hit of lime. The tuba is first pounded into a sort of pulp, and the milky Juice which runs out is collected into a pit or possibly the bottom of a small boat or dugout and then finally mixed with the abraded root. " The effects of the poison soon became apparent. Small-sized fish began coming to the surface and turn turtle with their bellies upward. "As we descended the rirer the larger became the fish. The poison was getting in its work. The spécifie gravity of tne tuba water, which is considerably heavier than that of river water, began to assert itself on the bottom of the stream, and the large fish had to take notice. The poison does not affect all species of fish alike. The carp seem to have the least stamina in resisting the poison. Long-whiskered catfish also stood no chance. Mudfish would bury themselves for safety deep in the mud, while perch frequently escaped by seeking shelter in the shallows. The great bulk of the fish, however, raced with the current in an endeavor to keep in front of the oncoming poison." HARTWICH, C. (172) DIE NEUEN ARZNSaDEOGEN AUS DEM PFI.ANZENREICHB. Berlin. 1897. The native names, habitats, and uses as fish poison, arrow poison, medicine, etc., are given for Derrts elliptica Benth., D. uligiitosa Benth., and D. pinnata Lour. D. forsteniana Bl. is mentioned as yielding a fish poison (p. 125). . and GEIQEE, P. (173) BEITRAG ZUR KEiNNTNIS DEB IPOH-PFEILGIFTE UND EINIGER ZU IHRER HEE8TEI/- LUNQ VERWENDETER PIT.ANZEN. Arch. Phami. 239: 491-506. 1901. Derria elliptica and D. uliginosa are listed among plants used to prepare arrow poisons. The anatomy of the root oí D. elliptica is described. HARTZELL, F. J. (174) TOXICITY OF SPRAYS AND SPRAY INGREDIENTS ON PEAR PSYLLA NYMPHS. JOUR. Econ. Ent. 23: 100-197. 1930. A commercial pear orchard infested with nymphs of the five instars of the pear paylla (Paylla pyricola Förster) was sprayed by means of a large spray rig main- taining 350 pounds pressure. Derrlsol (li^ pints per 100 united States gallons) alone was not very effective [59 per cent killed] but the addition of Bordeaux brought the killing efficiency equal [92 per cent killed] to that of the regular spray, which consists of 20 pounds copper sulphate, 40 pounds hydrated lime, and 1 pint of nicotine sulphate to 100 gallons water.

HABUKAWA, C. (175) STUDIES ON THE BUSH SAWFLY, TOMOSTETHUS JUNCIVOHUS BOHWEB, BCT. öhara Inst. Landw. Forsch. 2: 521-644. 1925. A whitish solution made from derris roots was supplied by an Insecticide dealer. The method of preparation is unknown to the author. The author tested this solu- tion on various insects and found that it seems particularly effective against the larvae of the rush sawfly. The tuba fluid diluted with one thousand times its volume of water killed 100 per cent of the larvae. Parallel experiments made with the tuba fluid diluted with soap water showed that there is practically no difference In effectiveness between the solution diluted with water alone and that diluted with soap water. The results of experiments are shown in tabular form (p. 541—542, 644). HASEMAN, L. (176) REPORT SUBCOMMITTEE ON INSECTICIDES AND APPLIANCES. JOUT. BCOD. ENT. 22: 13-15. 1929. Combinations of oils and derris, pyrethrum, and nicotine have received further studies, and in some experiments these have given very effective results, though they are expensive. Pyrethrum, derris, and nicotine have been given special atten- tion as remedies for pests of livestock and poultry and have proved satisfactory for some of the pests. HASSELT, E. H. VAN (177) OVBB DE PHYSIOLOGISCHE WEBKING VAN HET DEEBiD. K. Akad. Wetensch. Am- sterdam, Verslag Wls en Natuurk, Afd. 10:704r-716. 1910. [Also In English. Roy. Aead. Sei. [Amsterdam] Sect. Sei. Proc. 13 (pt. 2) : 688- 699. 1911.] Derrld is obtained by extracting derris roots (after the roots have been extracted with water, pressed, and dried) with 96 per cent alcohol. This alcoholic solution is evaporated and freed from fat by means of petroleum ether. 90070—32 3 34 MISC. PUBLICATION 12 0, U, S. DEPT. OF AGEICULTUEE

HASSBSLT, E. H. VAN—Continued. Den-ld has the composition C33H30O10. It is soluble In alcohol, ether, chloroform acetic aold, benzene, acetone, carbon disulphlde, and ethyl acetate, slightly soluble In petroleum ether. Insoluble in water, and very slightly soluble in 10 per cent potassium hydroxide solution. Tests with eels, frogs, mice, dogs, cats, rabbits, and guinea pigs show that derrid acts upon the respiration center. (178) TJEBEB DIE PHYSIOLOGISCHE WIBKUNO VON DE»BID, PACHYRHIZID UND NBKOE. Arch. Internat!. Phaimacodyn. et Thér. 21: 243-279. 1911. Describes effects of derrid upon fish {Oasterosteua pungUiua), frogs, mice, dogs and cats. Derrid acts strongly upon the central nervous center, especially thé respiration center. HASSKABL, G. C. (179) CATALOGUS PLANTABUM IN HOBIO BOTáNICO BOGOBIENSI CULTABUM ALTïïB. Also Tweeds Catalogus der in 's Lands Plantentuin te Bulteiizorg Gek- weekte Gewassen, 391 p.. Batavia. 1844. Lists Pongamia uliginosa (Derris uHginoaa) (p. 283). HAYNES, A. S. (180) ANNUAL BEPORT OF THE DEPABTMENT OF AGBIUULTUBE, STBAIT8 SETTLEMENTS AND FEDERATED MALAY STATES FOB THE YEAR 1!)2B. 17 P. 1927. On page 11 it is said that tliere has been, an extension of the area planted with tuba by Japanese in Johore. A further considerable area may possibly be nlanted on a Kuropean-owned estate in the near future. «"i-cu Experiments are being conducted at Serdang to test the comparative values of different varieties of tuba in respect both to yield and to insecticldal properties The position ot tuba on the world's market is studied. Through the efforts of the department various insecticide manufacturers have been persuaded to carrv out experiments regarding the economic use of this product. HELFRICH, C. (181) SCHETS EBNER GENEESKUNDIGE PLAATSBESCHBIJVING VAN DE ZUIU EN OOST- KUST VAN BORNEO. Geneesk Tijdschr. Nederland. Indie 7: 321-365.

An infusion of alsar toeba (derris) is mentioned as an insecticide. HENDBEN, R. P. (182) TUBA BOOT, PRODUCTION AND EXPORTS, SARAWAK. U. S. Dcpt. Com., BUT Foreign and Dom. Com., World Trade Notes on Chemicals and 'Allied Products 5(4) : 10. 1931. Tuba (derris) root is being cultivated in Sarawak, Borneo, more widely than heretofore. The present area under cultivation is estimated at 2,000 acies or nJ whih""íít *V °i ^^2*;,..'^?« "<"=' "«P «'>™1'1 approximate 3,125 ions of root' ínn^mí^' .^"'"^ n"??' oue-third used by gardeners for spraying is deducted, 2,30d tons may be available for export, l^iba-root exports in 1Ö28 amounted to 469 tons rÍoÚnTe™t Ad!"""' "' *''■*"'• ^*'^ ^^P«^^*^«* *" ^»29, this"belng"tht laÎgëlt in\^îiw^£ fií?«i^''^","^^¿' *, ^"á > formerly produced most of the tuba root wllf^ ,.™^„ iti nííP„"«' '° .J^^l'ind. However, it is reliably reported that this Arm Mténslvp hoiriln?-f .n°T\'° ^"" rS^""«''* '."« «"." "' ^^^O to conccutrate upon, Its ?i,il^ ^ holdings in Johore. ■This firm is said to have heretofore financed the Chinese growers of tuba and to have taken over their crops when ready for export

/■■|OQ\ DEBRIS (TUBA ROOT) CULTIVATION EXTEWDINQ IN JAVA. U. S. Dept Com Bur Foreign and Dom. Com., World Trade Notes on Chemical and Allied Products 5 (14) : 7. 1931. to tuba^roo^" '"'"'''''"" '" Batavia, Java, has reported that he has 2,000 acres planted HEYNE, K. g DB NUTTIOB PLANTEN VAN NEDEBLAND8CH-INDIEJ. Ed. 2, 1662 p. (DeOt Land- bouw, Nijverheid end Handel, Buitenzorg. ) 1927 A DIGEST OF THE LITERATUEE OF DEEKIS 35

HINDS, W. E. (185) DEPAKTMENT OP ENTOMOLOGY. La. Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rpt. 1925- 19-2T 1&25. nJ^^^.nZViiSli.^^ " Pe^t 0'>,

HOOKER, J. D. (187) KEa-ORT ON THE PROORES.S AND CONDITION OF THE ROYAL GARDENS AT KEW DURING THE YEAR 1877. Lolldon. 1878. „,.^'^i^*t **!."'n"iïf tuba roots sent from Singapore by Colonel McNair grew and pioved to be /)errt« elHptlca. In Singapore water in which these roots have been steeped is said to be a very efBcient insecticide for gardening purposes. The decoc- tion also poisons flsh (p. 43). (188) REPORT ON THE PROGRESS AND CONDITION OF THE ROYAL GARDENS AT KEW DIIRINQ THE YEAR 1878. Loildon. 1879. Mentions that a specimen of Derria eUlptica (tuba) in the Royal Gardens at Kew flowered during the preceding year (p. 7). (189) THE FLORA OF BRITISH INDIA. V. 2, 792 p. London. 1879. (D''^ 240-^48)'"* ^^''"^'^^ °' Derris are described, including uliginosa and elliptica HOOVER, .1. M. (190) [LETTER TO THE EDITOR]. Agr. Bul. Straits and Fed. Malay States 9 (6) : 128. 1910. In a letter to the editor, Mr. Hoover states that a rubber plantation has been freed from white ants with tuba. This was prepared by heating the root and mlx- T-'^^i ^^" water. Strong or weak, it does not effect the trees or other vegetation. If the ease Is not bad, the water is poured around the tree. If it is bad, the earth IS taken away from the roots a little. In a note In reply the editor, H. N. Ridley, states that tuba root has often been if .d ,ior termites with more or less success. It will eject them temporarily, but It is like other liquid insecticides—too easily washed out by rain. The pest then may return. 36 MISC. PUBLICATION 120, U. S. DEPT. OP AQBIOULTUEE

HOSE, C, and MCDOUOAIX, W. (lftl> THE PAGAN TBiBEs OP BOENEO, 2 V., iUus. London. 1912. ro^f'^if Vhß ^.l^í'rM"" f* te® f'^^'® •>?, poisoning the water with the juice of the Í? „i„^i the tuba plant. This is usually practiced in the smaller rivers at times in DatcheTon • the n^«1,í''fl°P,lí= "' Ä ^'"^n «ipPe^ti^g- The tuba plant is cultivated thP^niflSf^ ww P*, ^''''^^' f.*?"*? °'.*''® "^""t« are cut o£E without destroying Hvp/nt th« „lil''^»,* '''"'S*' 9"2?"iy.''a^ been gathered, a fence Is built across thf in fhf*=t''fiíí',°* «chosen and big bubu traps are let into it facing upstream. Then V^t^^l^J^ll^^? ^"^ Í •"?*" ^"l "'1'"°«'^ """^ brought into the reaches of the ilver thiA'^l'i? ''''""Í 1 ™i'*^ ?'^°v<' t'«' fence. Each boat carries a supply of tuba root nn îL* h^ ^.^^P'" ''™^* "^y pounding it with wooden clubs against stumps and rocks nP fî, ^hi??'' "H ieainst the side of the boat. Water Is thrown into the bottom rin^Prt nSîi,''!l'^ ^^% pounded root is rinsed In the water, pounded again, and again wiiwhi" i"L''^. Polfionous Juice is extracted. The water In all the boats, milkv ^vi?tnl,ff ^"'f^' ',? H°°''®?.?* " e''«° s'8"al *n*° "Je river, either by baling S by ««„"^.^i"^ Í5? ''?"'^- >"er about 20 minutes the flsh begin to rise to the surface and rush wildly to and fro. In the meantime the boats have been put to rights lanflinrÄ P^^^h® P"™r ^^^ ""■''.*'"= '°«'' """e" ^"h flsh spears: the"^women with i^SSÎf ^ °'^*^- T'l^. ^P'"'' sees on for several hours. Some men armed with clubs stand upon a platform which slopes up at a low angle out of the water and rests who" hit» t?'=''- ?'Ä ?"'' 'fíP "P"" ^^i^ platform and are clibbS by the men! Tro „?5,IH to.''''®''' their agllitv to avoid the spikes with which some of the flsh cfn nnT^h- ^F^% "äug^tltles of flsh are sometimes taken in this way. Those that WMio Hi ®t"i" «"S? "■'i •i'''.®'' «"^ smoked over the fires In the houses, irro» f nLi fl t 1? fl«,.'i'°g is being arranged and the preparations are going forward great care is taken to avoid mentioning the word " tuba," and all references tnthi ^^Í"ÍM°'5'^® i",,"""!}?« Plíra^es. such as "The leaves (that is the flshls) can't fl^? anrt th»'h/fo"f ■ Tliis precaution is observed because it is belioved that the bWs and the bats can understand human speech and may, if thev overhear remarks ntinnt « red-banded leaf roller, Argyrotaenia (EulUt) results "p" M) ' *° atomizer at a strength of 1 to 800 did not give pr¿tósing

HOWARD, L. O. (193) PREVENTIVE AND REMEDIAL WORK AGAINST MOSQUITOES. U. S Dent AeT Bnr Eut. Bul. 88, 126 p. 1910. f • s •. Decoctions and emulsions of Derría uliginoaa have been recommended for larvlcidal ^r» Íl^i^"" ?*„"?*' Î'îr,''"S*'î? "I t"^« Wellcome Research Laboratories at Khartoum show that it also kills flsh. Even In regions where these plants are native the different species of Derrla have only a limited use as Insecticides (p 78). (194) REPORT OP THE ENTOMOLOGIST. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Ann. Kpt.

n„'!.iP.f°J>'®m'^l/^°?^i""?°'^ í'.,Jílí"'^ •^a^.® ^«e" studied in cooperation with the ?h«îl^? v.'„.í^''*°'.,^"í"'S7- .Additional poisonous plants have been obtained, and their toxlcity and physiological effects on insects are being determined • * • ?íí^i®fi.°Lt.® .foTP"''.?''''® effect of pyrethrum, hellebore, and sabadllla on Insects S f, ?®y .a<3v?"<:ed, and experiments with a very promising product, one of the so- called flsh-polsons, presumably ' Derrls,' are being made " (p. 6). (195) REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent Ann. Rpt.

nf'nî?nfi'''llr.«Miî"®5^ """'® ^ }^î Investigation of the Insecticida! constituents of plants, especially the so-called derrls. This insecticide of oriental origin acts botfi as a contact and as a stomach poison. As a stomach poison It Is efficient 2S5L"l'.°i"y ? /*'' i°^®<=î^'.,'i'> î^.'is a «°°t*<=t Insecticide it Is efficient agatast a Srhel?f^ln1i^a1?n"l9f8-?1p'"ll'^'"''* °" *'"' ^"«®<=' '« P^""®'^ "' '^^ <=>»^« (106) REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. U. S. Dept. Agr., BuT. Bnt. Ann RDt 1919, 27 p. "Work on the so-called 'Derrls,' an insecticide made from plants of the eenus SL*ÍA«Sf"u'¿?n ''®®° competed. If this insecticide can be oClnId In su^cieSt ?of%AÍÍ8e"ct8\rcrarp¿'S?-l}íe"NS'8)""" '° °"' "^* °' ^""^'"^''^ ^'^'^^ "» A DIGEST OF THE LITERATURE OF DERRIS 37

HOWARD, L. O.—Continued. (197) BEPOHT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. U. S. Dept. AgT., Bur. Ent. Ann. Ept. 1921, 33 p. ''A study has been made of the Insecticida! constituents of plants, and 180 different preparations have been made from 46 different kinds of plants, excluding tobacco quassia, and derrls, the properties of these being generally acknowledgei Of the 180 preparations, only a few are worth further study" (p. 9). (198) REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Ann Ent 1922 32 p. • I • . " Further tests with the little-known Insecticide derrls have been carried out and the results published. This material has been found to be very effective for use in the dust form against lice of cattle and other domestic animals as well as against fleas. The finding of an effective dry treatment for lice Is a matter of much importance to the dairymen and stockmen of the North, where the use of sprays or dips is hazardous dining the winter, when the lice usually become most troublesome. Thousands of dollars are spent each year for lice powders, and many of these are entirely Ineffective " (p. 22-23). ■ (199) REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Ann Rot 1923, 37 p. "A number of tests have been made with the destruction of the warbles in the backs of cattle by applying powders and washes. As a result of this work It has been found tliat over 98 per cent of the grubs can be killed with a general application to the backs of cattle of powdered derrls root. A wash consisting of 1 pound of derrls, 4 ounces of soap, and 1 gallon of water has also given a percentage of kill above 96. An ointment consisting of 1 part dcnis and 5 parts vaseline has also given almost 100 per cent Mil when the material was pressed Into each hole" (p. 29). (200) SOME RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN MOSQUITO WORK. N. J. Mosqulto Extermin. Assoc. Newark Proc. Ann. Meeting 11: 8-19. 1924. " On January 28, 1924 Dr. Andrew Balfour, formerly Director of the Wellcome Research Laboratories in London, and now the Director of the Rockefeller School of Hygiene In London, passing through Washington on his way home from Bermuda, told me that Dr. T. A. Henry of the Wellcome Research Laboratories has during the past year isolated an active principle from Chara foetida which has been shown by Malcolm MacGregor, a former Caiuegie student In this country and now of the field laboratory of the Wellcome Institution at Wlsley, Surrey, England, to be toxic to mosquito larvae. In action, according to Mr. MacGregor, it appears to be somewhat similar to the well-known Malay fish poison, Derrls" (p. 10). (201) EEPOET OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Ann. Rpt. 1925, 35 p. Further attention has been given to plants containing Insecticidal properties. In cooperation with the Buroau of Plant Industry. Further investigations have been made of insecticides derived from derrls, pyrethrum, and Rura crepitaría (p. 5). (202) REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Ann. Rpt. 1927, 29 p. Tests with Insecticides against cattle grubs made at Burkes Garden in Virginia " Indicate that certain tobacco powders of high nicotine content, free nicotine dust (1 to 3 per cent nicotine), and powdered derrls root will give a high percentage of kill If applied and brushed In at iutervaU of about 20 dayg^' (p. 23). (203) MOSQUITO WORK THROUGHOUT THE WORLD DURING 1927. N. J. MoSquitO Extermin. Assoc, Atlantic City, Proc. Ann. Meeting 15: 6-15. 1928. Refers to the work of Castillo (.11) with three species of Derris against mosqui- toes. HOWES, F. N. (204) FISH POISON PLANTS. Roy. Bot. Gard. Kew., Bui. Misc. Inl'orm. 4:129-153. 1930. An Interesting discussion of fish-poison plants according to geographical occur- rence. Reference is made to articles on derrls by Wray (1^1) ; Maxwell (Í86) ; Hose and McDougall (119) ; Oxley (301) ; Tattersfield and Roach (^95) ; and Mclndoo, Sievers, and Abbott (876). (p. 1S9-H0.) 38 MISC. PUBLICATION 12 0, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRIOULTUEE

HUNT, T. F. iNSECTiciDAL VALUE OF DEBRIS. Calif. Agr. Expt. Sta. Aim. Rpt. 1922-23 : 132

tlons of 1 to dOO gave a 68 per cent efficiency, while 1 to 500 sav-e a control nf h,V; feiartS^Llnn.- " '"'' '''"> '°"°^ '"««'=""°' «gainst The re.f"s^ller™rX„°Ä fn,Î^,rt'''J^*J?î,'"^^ *i°"l Srounâ dénis root mixed with SO per cent of inert carrier WA«

HYDE, A. M.

P^iml'ing'reJuUsYp ¿4?. ' "P"'"' "■"' "'''''' <"^«tr"-tiv¿ Insects^^'i'ÎS IBHIKAWA, T. INVE8TI0AI1ON OP TUBA, AN BAST INDIAN POISON FOB FISH. Tokvo leakl^.i

:scrystals, •! variable ííi SnSEïSflilïStr in shape, but Zs^ly hexagÓSil or ac^^^^ f'r ri"^'I'Í^™ "«-P?" ^■'»"•^

water,Ärp^r'sa^^r," weak acids, and a kS■¿,a-a%¿H ies It melts at ä£^^^iflcí'-io°'Í7'' í'i'- .." '» Insoluble In cold So-^-^rAâuîîraVCo^nitc^rMf S^ .vellow color on the addition ot 1 or 9 T^?,. I'i''?*»^,'" m glacial acetic acid gave a ■ ^Ve-sÄi^fifÄMSffl?aa-^^^^ minimumKiViferL-^A'^ep^itfrdSriîfïfr^^ lethal dose for the rabbit vv^a» o OOmL«,^ heart eraduaily ceased. The SföiV.""^^^™""^'^'- "" -A.ro?,s"lTctfo'n^,'"tuPb1to'iî"„«^^?s IbÄd'^t!?^

whTc'h' gë't^ie'I^AoïiT %JTml{%2;^ es'"ï^sS"»""-'?f ♦«""■' "^«tai« organ. -Ivent. but not in water. '^I¿"«¿ï^oTu^W'?i^spel'lnc"?otÄ'U^ W^- -226.2 . ine empirical formula was CisHjsO;

JACK, H. W. KicyN MALAYA. K. PBSTS AND DISEASES. Malayan Asr. Jour. 11:157-161.

dama^ge%t""STo6Ír6íp„Ac.Y^^^ r^VP'^^T^ """ »"^o «>»'^h the flowering slioots tend to retard lie .-WMÍ^*" auriciUa. These besides killing formlty, thus causing addlUonai loss at iJ^e^t^ of the crop or to break Its uni- nant but the latter w.is more nrominent n t^ff'' T,^^ 'ormer Is usually predoml- the Krian district and liad uS^bêënDrevinn^lvri^i í""?* "' "'" ^921 season In Malaya. The preventive methods d scn««Srt fl,. îh^ recorded as a pest of padl In referred to ari applicable to ?hesel,Zrsa^so inTJ.'^} °' »he padl bugs'already tuba (the Juice extracted fromTerX/íHotiml i«VnT"«.''?,''^ the application of be use

JACK, R. W. (211) REPORT OF CHIEF ENTOMOLOGIST FOR 1928. South. Rhodesia Sec Dept Agr Rpt. 1928: 39^6. 1929. ' " Some experiments with top-dressing maize against borer (maize stallt borer aiottula tunca Hmpsn.) were carried out witli two proprietary insecticides and derris powder. All gave a satisfactory kill, but only the last named failed to scorch the plants. JAOOR, F. (212) SINGAPORE—MALACCA—JAVA. RBI8E8KIZZBN. 252 p., iUuS. Berlin. 1866. On pages 54-56 fishing with tuba is described. JONES, H. A. (213) THE DECOMPOSITION OF B0TEN0NE IN SOLUTION. Indus. and EnKln. Chem 23: 387-388. 1931. Dry rotenone shows no decomposition on long standing, hut in solution in organic solvents it is oxidized by atmospheric oxygen to dehydrorotenone and rotenonone. which are inert insectlcidally. Rotenone changes least rapidly in solution in ben- zene and most rapidly in pyridine. In acetone the change is slow. For insectlcldal use solutions of rotenone should be freshly prepared or else kept in air-tight containers. and DAVIDSON, W. M. (214) PREPARATIONS CONTAINING ROTENONE FOB USE AS INSECTICIDES. I. AQUEOUS SUSPENSIONS. Jour. Econ. Ent. 24: 244-257. 1931. Good physical suspensions of rotenone result from the addition of pyridine solu- tions, or acetone solutions containing tannic acid, to water in the proper concen- trations. Satisfactory suspensions may also be obtained from the use of mixtures of precipitated rotenone and suitable dry protective materials, such as the gums, saponin, or bentonite. Suspensions are more easily obtained in slightly alkaline than in acid media, but the former condition is not advisable due to the sensitivity of rotenone to the action of alkalies. It Is difläcuit to obtain permanent suspensions In very hard water. Owing to the decomposition of rotenone in certain solvents, especially in pyridine and in acetone containing tannic acid, it is advisable to prepare the primary solution immediately before making the finished suspension or to make use of dry powdered preparations. and SMITH, C. M. (215) THE SOLUBILITY OF ROTENONE. I. SOLUBILITY ANU OPTICAL ROTATION IN CER- TAIN ORGANIC SOLVENTS. Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc. 52: 2.551-2562. 1930. t The optical rotation at 20° of rotenone in 21 organic solvents has been found to range from —68° to —2.30°. The solubility at 20° of rotenone in these same solvents has been found to range from 0.2 to 33 per cent. The solubility is very low in petroleum hydrocarbons, which are used extensively for spraying purposes. Chloroform is the best solvent for rotenone. Some of the others tested are valuable in the following order : Ethylene dlchlorlde, trichloroethylone, chlorobenzene, ethylene chlorohydrin, benzene, acetone, and toluene. The solubility of rotenone In the lower aliphatic alcohols is only about 0.2 grnm per 100 cubic centimeters. It appears to be appreciably soluble in menhaden fish oil, and in stiam-distllled pine oil. JUNGHUHN, F. (216) PLANTAK .lUNGHUHNiANAE. Enumeratlo plantarum, quas in insuUs Java et Sumatra, detexit. Fase. I et II, .522 p., London. 1S53. A botanical description of five species of Derris, including D. uliginosa is given (p. 251-254). KALAW, M. M., and SACAY, F. M. (21T) SOME ALLEGED PHILIPPINE POISON PLANTS. Philippine Agr. 14 : 421^27. 1925. Derris trifoliata Is included in a list of Philippine poisonous plants (p. 425). This is a poisonous vine useful as an insecticide and fish poison and is not very common. KARIYONE, T., and ATSUMI, K. (218) CONSTITUENTS OF DEaiRis HOOT. Jouf. Phann. Soc. Japan no. 491, p. 10-17. 1923. [In Japanese. Abstract In Chem. Abs. 17:3025, 1923; Chem. Zentbl. 94 (I) : 1399-1400, 1923.] Tuba, the root of Derris elllptica, is used to paralyze fishes, and its powder or extract was introduced as an insecticide. The cnemical nature of tubatoxln, first isolated by Ishikawa from tlie root, is reported here. Six and sixty-five liundredths per cent crude tubatoxln was obtained by Ishikawa's method. It crystallized from alcohol In crystals. It melts at 163° C. and has the composition CisHisOj. To study the nature of the oxygen, tubatoxln was treated witli phenylhydrazine and glacial acetic aetd on the water bath two hours. Yellow needles, CITUISOí —C : NNUl'h, with a melting point of 255°, were obtained. Since the oxlme, melting point 245°, has also the composition C,7H„0iC : NOII, tubatoxln must have 1 carbonyl group. When tubatoxln was heated with an equal amount of anhydrous sodium acetate and 5 parts of glacial acetic acid for two hours at 140° it gave " diacetyltubatoxln " (?) needles, 40 MISC. PUBLICATION 120, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

KAMYONB, T., and ATSDMI, K.—Continued. wii.°?i,P°'?i °* ^^^'? J^^Pt definite, and the saponification number of which U lower than the one calculated. Although the formation of the di-a™tvl derivativ» Î! doubtful, tubatox n has the power to utilize some alltali With benzovl chloride t^fhn î^îiPj"",^*'."'' benzoyi derivative; with phthalic anhydride, noSlof its ester wa»" riwfh-T Dft^mlnatlon of methoxyl gave 1.5 with sil ver ultra te and 11 l%Ji?h dlmethylaniline. Since tubatoxin and rotenone have similar properties (roten^ne Shl^'M'^nH.^^Î'^^rpPe "t 163» I phenylhydrazone, melting point 243°) they are TOII Ärhizide and Än.^.''S«''"^" to compare the proplrties of tubifoxin,'^ rotenJS? gfolÄ'tVgS?. 'a'nr¿°eltín"/;:?^f oí"thWeWfcrarn'^i°« ''°'°'' --P-'«on^; ATSTTMI, K., and SHIMADA, M. /o1ft^ THE CONSTITUENTS OF MILLETIA TAIWANIANA HAYATA. JoUr. Pharlll SoP ?8?4n«°i-o^2"'^-,?^I^^- l^^' fI" Japanese. Abstract In Chen'. lbs! W 13^116 ^1924 f'"*- ^^'- ^^ = ^^^' ^^^^: Yearbook Amer. Pharm

thus prepared melted at 163% had the formula dsHuO,, and [a] ?9 244" (In

numberIf^m is 118.T,V. ^4*ínitatn^AÍÍnf^^^ tfirHüW number illTolo^/iÎÎ.'îf acetylatlon the saponification-"^4^? Thus rotenone and tubatox"n must be the 's?mp ?n/thZ',^?^'''''"l'^\'"'"*^ »' 65°- action of rotenone and tubatox^ r-iosf mVist hi^^No^îÎ **"> ■'"fefe"*. pharmacological ?hTfaÎ?eï'°^'°' ^''«^^^-""^^ and HADANO, M. UNTOiSUCHUNQ Ä DIE BESTANDTEILE DEE DEKEISWURZEL (IV). Jour Pham lbs.A8¿-'l93oV~'''' '''''• "»J^P«n<^«e. 'AbstracrinÄ

mett^y^e^theJ. Índ"dÍ^j,rotÍLi?'^?i'¿ '"AtSli°/„sï^^*°?"^V '°*^'"=, «^"î' '■''"'"'<= -<='-l

prefer Butonandfs stru^cï^r^af?o^r"¿^í°7oVt'¿I?c"alid"a*«th\\'p?oplísf^ &i"*^°" KiMURA, Y., and KONDO, K. ,„01 ^ "'Îm^l)'' iV'^fî^ r^^- "• •^°"'-- P'^'^'-'^- Soc. Japan no. 514. p.

o/DeX'lmptíeffH\°%l,ZTthttc'H%^^^^^^^ °£ *e root A further attimpt to identify ?he OH ¿imln hJ\ ^Z'','''^* Instead oï CgHisO, (219). When treated with methyl magnesiuS fodkPe » rcoífiíííl 7 ^^'"""'^ compound^ fkiled. it has no methane. Accordine to Vjin snifííPJt /f J? Chugaev and Zerevitluov, gas is passed into an aSoI?c somtinn of rtJrrM i^®'''• "^^"I" ^yírogen chlorid¿ split off 1H«0, formiuff an «nhf.Svi ?i • derrld (impure rotenone) 20H erouDS same results- wi h pur^e rotenon^e ™The"™Vh*' ""í I^l^I^awa (íOS)' reported ?hl anhydro derrld, (-ither by Sini hvrtrno.„ï^""ïf' .^»«'.«'vef. failed to obtain any or hot alcohol or by heitiiL u litV h?rt?L„í'Sî;',''^i''*? P"'^'' rotenone in cold they found was a compound 0 H Pin'^ ^ff^? chloride In a sealed tube. What In general loss soluble Xn rotenone °'RV^„''?-^ -f ^^Kl "<"'^^<'^ «' which are mide C.ai.jBrO,. melting at 185° ÎSéach^cns« fíl"^', "*"""^ *^ obtained a bro- than the theoreiical. In order to diterminf i^ fif»'^l'i'P" content is slightly less cation of the presence of a double bond í?tr„ SÍ"*"^'' ""^ lalogenation is an Indl- with palladium barium" sSlphaS In ethy" Icetate''''"?!.'»';!«'.^^','"''''"'="<'" ^'■'^ f'«" ta,2Ö r'^r,.'"'""'"' '"■°'"^'°^ '¿Ä-ienL\! cXot°rel?i"n/''aTlî'6°'" doos^Tot'tie „nT rT*; '"' ~'*'° "" ^Wo'oform). This dihydro derivative fin'SsiÄflTtteWnf treatment the authors obtained an acirtwhi^híil'n- ^l ?ii?i'°"'" Potassium hydroxide e.H„p.,. This is tubaic acid which sho^?dh»"rtiff^„ "LÍ^P^"^?" »""s the composition iofn.*^^!*',?'?'' empirical formula but meltg„tlR2»%^^^^^ from rotenic acîd, that color with ferric chloride and forZ a'¿ío^nSÍcl?yVco2?^SÍfd."a'eltf.T|\? mK'í!^T¡ A DIGEST OF THE LITERATURE OF DEBRIS 41

KAKIYONE, T., KIMUBA, Y., and KONDO, K.—Continued. monomethyl ester, melting at, 5i°. The former gives no color with ferric chloride, but the latter does. It has [a] -— 90.8". gives a dlhydro derivative C»HisO, by catalytic reduction, and Is an Isomer of dimethyl salicylic acid, but Is a dlííerent compound from this acid. Dlhydrotubalc acid, melting at 166°, gives a purple color with ferric chloride and has [«Ig- 105.3». Its monoacetyl derivative, melting point leS^-lÔO», gives no color with ferric chloride, but the monoethyl eater, melting point 79°, gives purple color with the same reagent. This dlhydrotubalc add can also be obtained by boiling dihydrorotenone with alcoholic potassium hydroxide The reports of experiments with derrls root and Its active principle In dermato- loglcal cases with certain parasitic Infection are Included. and KONDO, S. (222) TUBAio ACID. Jour. Pliarm. See. Japan no. 518, p. 376-379. 1925. [In Japanese. Abstract in Chem. Abs. 19:2485, 1925.] According to Takel, tubaic a'cid (melting point 129°), obtained by treating rotenone with alcoholic potassium hydroxide, has the composition C10H10O3, but the authors found It to be CHjoOa. («86. ) Reanalysls of this add, with a larger quantity, gives the composition Cj.HuOj, which Is also confirmed by reanalysls of the acetyl derivative. Thus dlhydrotubalc acid should be C12H14O4. Accord- ing to Takel, a compound obtained by alkali fusion of lotcnonc or tubaic acid is CBIIJOOS and was named by Takel rotenlc add. The authors found that this com- pound Is CisHiaOi, and Is an Isomer of tubaic add. The analysis of its monoacetyl derivative obtained by heating the compound with sodium acetate and acetic anhydride also conflrms the correctness of this formula. This compound, therefore could not be a dlmethylsallcyllc acid, as suggested by Takel. and KONDO, S. (223) Nomz ÜBER DIE TUBA8ÄURB. Jour. Pharm. Soe. Japan no. 519, p. 4-5. 1925. [In Japanese. Abstract in Chem. Zeutbl. 96 (II) : 829, 1925.] The composition of tubaic acid Is CoHisO,. Rotenlc add, the melting point of which Is 182° Is obtained through a caustic potash fusion of rotenone or tubaic add. Rotenlc acid Is an Isomer of tubaic acid. Acetyl rotenlc add needles melt at 154». KONDO, S., and MAKABE, K. (224) CONSTITUENTS OP DEBRIS BOOT. III. TUBAIC ACID. Jout. Pharm. Soc. Japan V. 48, p. 674-678. 1928. [In Japanese. Abstract in Chem. Abs. 23:382, 1929; Chem. Zentbl. 99 (II) : 1338, 1928.] In Paper II (Chem. Abs. 19 :1708) It was reported that tubaic acid, CisHi^O,, la a monohydroxymonocarboxylic acid containing one double bond. In order to 'deter- mine the exact position of the double bond the ozonlde reaction of tubaic acid was studied. Tubaic acid with methyl iodide and silver oxide, and subsequent saponifi- cation with alcoholic potassium hydroxide, gave tubaic add methyl ether, CisH.jO,, having the melting point 78°, and this with hydrogen and palladium-barium sulphate gave the dihydro derivative, mdting point 101*, which was also obtained by methyla- tlon of dlhydrotubalc add. The trlnltro derivative of the dlhydro derivative has the melting point 133°. Tubaic add methyl ether and ozone and subsequent decomposl- * ■ "„„"S ozonlde with water gave an aldehyde acid, CjoHjaOs, having the mtltlng point 98.5°. This reaction shows that tubaic acid should have a CIÏaiCH— group attached at the end of a side chain so that the reaction can be expressed by : -CHj:CHCoH,0(OMe)C02n-.OHCCi,H70(OMe)CO.H. Of 4 oxvgen atoms, 2 beloig to the CO3H group and 1 belongs to the Oil group. The remaining oxygen atom P j 'Î?A''T'°''™' ''° <"*'"''' I'nltage. An attempt to obtain a compound devoid of OH and CO2H groups In order to study the nature of the remaining oxygen atom was unsuccessful. Boiling of dlhydrotubalc add with hydrobromic acid gave dihydrotuba- nol, melting point 121°. The monoacetyl derivative melts at 63°. Dlhydrotubalc acid and phosphorus pentachlorlde and subsequent decomposition with water gave chloro- dihydrotubaic add, melting point 201°. Reduction of tlie aldehyde add, melting point 98.6°, with hydrogen and palladium gave desoxydihydrotubaic acid, CuHiaOCOaH, °l, '°f.^P°,'"'x \^^°- Boiling of chlorodlhydrotubalc add with hydrlodie add gave chlorodlhydrotubanol, boiling point 111° to 112°. The molecular refraction (54.34) of this indicates the presence of at least three double bonds. The above-described reactions show that tubaic acid has the structure COHTC—CH : CHs) (-0H) ( —CO2H) (>0). KBLSAIX, A., SPITTAIX, J. P., GOBHAM, B. P., and WALKER, G. P. (225) DEBBis AS AN INSECTICIDE. Ent. SOC. Ontario Ann. Rpt. 56: 24-40. 1926. The authors review the chemistry and economics of derrls. Tests upon the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say.) with derris in 4-4-40 Bordeaux, derrls and hydrated lime, and derris alone lead to the following conclu- sions : Derris is effective In Iioth spray and dust form ; derrls kills more rapidly than arsenlcals ; derrls Is apparently less effective mixed with hydrated lime, and still less effective mixed with Bordeaux mixture. To get the same eventual kill, 1 pound of derrls is apparently about equivalent to from IH to 3 pounds of calcium arsenate. A 5 or 6 year old sample of derrls was ineffective against the forest tent cater- pillar (Malaoosoma disstria Bon.) when dusted or sprayed upon chokecherry foliage fed upon by the caterpillars. Tests were also made upon the orchard tent caterpillar {Malacoaoma americana tab.) ; the Imported currant worm {Pteronus ribeeii Scop.) ; the house fly (Jfusoo 42 MISC. PUBLICATION 12 0, U. S. DEPT. OF AGKICULTUEE

KELBALL, A., SPITTAIX, J. P., GOBHAM, R. P., and WALKE», G. P.—Continued. domestica) : the carrot rust fly (Paila roaae Fab.) ; clothes moths; bedbugs (Clmea> leotulariua L.) ; bud moths (Hpilonota ocellana Schiff.) ; tail webworm (Hyphantria cuneai Drury) ■ sreen apple aphis (Aphia pomi De Q.) ; potato aphis i^Macrosiphum aolanifoUi Achm.) ; Aphia rumiéis L. ; the Imported cabbage worm, and against miscellaneous pests. Undiluted derris dust, applied with a hand duster, gave 100 per cent control of Inreh sawily larvae. Uerrls dust had apparently no effect on Ohermes. The .'i-Iinetl potato beetle was controlled by a dust application of derris and hydratid lime In equal proportions. The same mixture had apparently no effect on the squash bug. A red aphis on goldenrod and the currant aphis were not controlled on being dusted by the same mixture, but by reasoning from other experiments it is possible they might have been If in the presence of moisture. Derris, botli dust and spray, gave a measure of control against the larch case borer but was Ineffective against the chain dotted geometer. Arseiilcals were practically Ineffective against them also. Derris, IV^ pounds per 100 imperial gallons water, with the addition of soap, was used agaiuHt aphlds on a eutleiif birch. Geometrld larvae, ladybird-beetle larvae, and f!yrphid-fly larvae were kiiied and dropped In a tew hours, but the aphids did not appear to be attected during the first 12 hours. Two days later the tree was found to be completely free of aphids. • Derris was not effective in a bait fed to cutworms, either In the Inseetnry or in the field. It was noted in some eases that when dusts containing derris had been supplied to plants, and later rains had washed the dust into the soil, earthworms came to the surface of the soil and died. Derris, applied at approximately the rate of 1 pound per 100 Imperial gallons, added to a large tanlc of water very heavily infested with mosquito larvae killed all the larvae in three or four days. It was also noted that if slugs traveled over a surface on which derris had been lightly sprinkled, they Immediately became dis- tressed and died in a few hours. Derris, used undiluted, and 1 part to 3 parts dry cement powder was found very effective against lice on cattle and horses. '• BesldcB all the Insects utill/.ed by ua, it is well known that derris has been very 8ucce«sfully used as the Insecticiaal Ingredient of certain proprietary sheep dips.

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS " During the next few years Derris will probably be available in quantity, and at prices competitive with other insecticides. It is a very effective insecticide over a wide group of insects, but by no means effective against all insects. It kills very largely by contact with the external surface of the insect. " When used against insects on plants, derris is effective both as a spray and as a dust, but Is generally more effective as a spray, and when used as a dust is gen- erally more effective under moist conditions. " Derris has physical properties which make it good for dusting purposes For spray purposes it is advisable to make into a paste with a small quantity of water preparatory to diluting. j i «.ici '■ Used on a number of varieties of plants, and used at much greater strength than is necessary, no foliage injuries on any plant were observed following Its us» As the material is practically nonpoisonoue to man, it should be especially useful where it is desired to make an application to food products, such as cabbages and currants within a short time of use." KEISTDALL, P. F. (226)

DISCUSSION OF DEBRIS ELLIPT1CA AT THE EVENING MEETINO IN EDINBUBGH (JANUARY 22, 1928) OF THE PHARMACHIUTICAL SOCIETY OP OLFFIAT BRITAIN Cheni. Drug. 104 (2401) : 161; Pharin. Jour, and Pharm. [London] 116

The root at Derri» elUptica may possibly replace Paris green as an insecticide. scan.siah "The Ibe rootrnof ofTn°&rL?' D. elltptica "'^''appears ""^ i"°dto be ofnonpoisonous sheep dtp as toa remedyhuman beings.against sheep Knxip, E. P., and SMITH, A. C. (227) THE IDENTITT OP THE SOUTH AMEIRIOAN FISH POISONS. "CUBE" AND " TIMBO " Jour. Wash. Acad. Scl. 20: 74-81. 1930. P.^,''®„nH"l^»'i,"'''"'^'^''"*,"''™" (Aubl.) DC. is called cube or cubi about Huancayo, nortnernnoítheíS P«SPeru TrRL?i'î''tb"°''P^?.\?''K''?.''?'''In Brazil tlie word " timbo " is used™i ''f"'"°tfor flsh °^poisons «'™Ply in barbasco,general thein Sther'fl»h"ínÍÍnn=°* ^1™ becoming timbo legitimo. In British Guianf cube ' and simnar^? pÄvert'"''',ÄT «e haiari; in trench Guiana the word " nlcou " Is powS oTt'îirflsh-po'lL'itlng pTanTs'*'''" ''""'™*'"' ""'* '^ ^'"" *° "^ ""■ """«* 7 "^Jii,™, "^ÎM"^. ÏÎ Lonchocarpus cultivated as fish poisons are L. norihunius and ílÍu8t7aHÓ,fsliiustrations ofó?''tA the three™2''?''",'"' species of^^% Lonehocarpus B^'J,''"'''« natives. are given. Botanical descriptions aSd KINO, G. ^228) MATERIALS FOB A FLORA OF THE MALAYAN PENINSm,.\. (Rcprilltpd from Asiatic S«c. Bengal Jour. 66 (Pt. 2, no. 1) : no. 9, 345 p. Calcutta. 1897. MamrpeSln'*sula'"(™.' llf^ôV)"" "' '""^' '"*"""'' ""^ "■ "«'«<'«'«»»«« f™°> the A DIGEST OF THE LITEBATUKE OF DEREIS 43

KiNOZETT, C. T. (229) CHEMICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA. Ed. 4, 807 p. London. 1928. A brief üescrlptlon o£ derrls root {Derris elliptioa) as an Insecticide Is given. It 1B said to bo the source of a number of dusting-powder preparations advocated for use as more or less nonpoisonous to human beings (p. 883). KIBBY-SMITH, J. li., DOVE, W. E„ and WHITE, G. F. (230) CREEPING KRUpnoN. Aich. Dei'matol. and Syphllol. 13: 137-173. 1926. Applications night and morning of an ethyl acetate extract of derris were effec- tive in five old cases of creeping eruption. [This is caused by the migrations, under the skin, of the third-stage larva of one of the dog and cat hooltworms (Ancyloatoma braisiHenêe).'i In well-selected cases splendid results have been obtained with ethyl acetate alone. KNIGHT, H. G. (231) REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY AND SOILS. XJ. S. DEPT. Agr., Bur. Chem. and Soils Ann. Rept. 192Ô, 42 p. It is stated on page 21 that work; has been continued during the year on the chemi- cal coustiiution of rotenone. (232) REPORT OP THE CHIBa? OF THE BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY AND SOILS. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. and Soils Ann. Rpt. 1930, 67 p. Cube root from Peru has been chemically examined and found to contain about T per cent rotenone, the chief insectlcidal constituent of derris root. Timbo from Brazil has also been found to yield rotenone. Interest in rotenone has greatly in- creased as the result o£ the bureau's activities, and It is believed that within the coming year many proprietary insecticides manufactured within tlie United States will contain rotenone as the essential insectlcidal constituent (p. 31-32), KOPP, A. (233) LES DERRIS INSECTICIDES. Hev. Bot. Appl. et Agr. Colon. Bui. 34, v. 4, p. 400-402. 1924. Derris powder has given excellent results against plant louse ; Pucerons du Pom- mier (1 livre (500 grams) to 800 liters water containing 1 Itllogram soap) ; Mala- cosoma ; larvae of Ilypliantria carnea ; Anisuta 8enatori

KuijPER, J.—Continued. grams), whereafter T was determined tor each class at a definite temperature of the test liquid (room temperature 26.5° to 28*). " We note that T Increases as G Increases. However, by substituting the different values of T and G, obtained empirically in our experiments. In the formula Tj^=Py (pisclcldal quotient), wc find that PQ decreases if G increjises, thus tending to show that at a given temperature (that Is, room temperature) small fishes withstand sub- mersion in the test liquid relatively longer than large fishes. The toxic action of the test liquid increases as the temperature of the test liquid rises. The extract has a tendency to flock out. Heating the extract affects its toxicity to fish, but to a slight degree. Old and putrefying extract has a diminished value against aphlds. The alcoholic extract is more toxic to fishes than the water extract, but the water extract Is cheaper. An extract of stems and leaves of Derruí elUptioa showed no toxicity towards fishes. " Two sets of experiments were conducted in order to determine the aphicidal properties of both aicar tuba (1-2% per cent) and sulphate of nicotine (1-3 per cent) on Mysua persicae Sulz. In the first set, tobacco leaves with at least 300 insects were dipped twice Into the solution (suspension), which was to be tested and then placed in Petri dishes. Counts were made after 24, 48, and 72 hours. The results show that akar tuba works at least as effectively in the concentrations tested as sulphate of nicotine, though perhaps somewhat more slowly. Moreover, these results indicate that the killing power may be intensified by adding 0.1 per cent of soap. " The second set of tests had the character of a field experiment. Tobacco plants were sprayed and after 48 hours counts were made ou the third and sixth leaf from the top. Only the surviving adults were counted. The results show a striking difference between sulphate of nicotine and akar tuba, the latter being far superior in its killing effect. It is presumed that the cause lies in the rapid evaporation of the sulphate of nicotine. Addition of soap did not show any effect on the aphicidal qualities."^ Experiments with Prodenia Utura F. show that akar tuba spray Is not effective. Syrphid files are also resistant. The literature Is reviewed, and 51 references to articles are given. Four figures show photograplis of Derris elUptica, Its fiowcrs, and leaves. KUHZ, S. (235) FOREST FLORA OF BRITISH BURMA. 549 p. Calcutta. 1877. Describes seven species of derris. Including uU0no8a and elUptica found in British Burma (p. 338-341). LAFOEOE, F. B. (236) Ï.OTENONB. rv. CONSTITUTION OP ROTENONa JouT. Amer. Chem. Soc. 52: 1102-1104. 1930. The typical reactions of rotenone are explained by a formula based on Takel's theory of the structures of rotenic, tubalc, and dlhydrotubalc acids, together with the composition and properties of derric acid. The rotenone molecule is shown to consist of two parts Joined together by a lactone and a ketone linkage. Tubalc acid is formed from one part, derric acid from the other. and SMITH, L. E. (237) BOTENONE. I. REDUCTION PEODUCTs OP ROTENONE. Jout. Amer. Chem. Soc. 51: 2574-2581. 1929.

TakelT.S® (SS8)MS?'^'^''', has been''"'""'\'""^/o*^"""^' confirmed. CSSHBOO, proposed by Butenandt (6i) and As a result of many exjierimcnts with a variety of solvents, and with platinum as well as palladium catalysts, the authors have always obtained a mixture of two substances If the process Is stopped after the absorption of about two molecules of hydrogen These substances are easily separated from each other, since one is ÎIS«.,^ r S°° l"^ J'^^'^'^,'' '"'"fal compound. The combined quantities of those products are about equal to the quantity of rotenone employed and occur in about equal proportions If platinum is used, but with palladium the neutral compound predominates Both compounds have the same empirical formula, C¡aH..O«. The rtíwíi'.f.í.! "* 209° and the neutral compound at KM" The neutral compound is aihydroiptenone. On further long-continued hydrogénation, dihydrorotenone is îî^ i''i ! i" "ÎÏ^J"/" ?"^'<'' CssHf-oOo. The same acid is more easily obtained from the original acid by further reduction. The new acid melts at 215°. .i^^Sîîil," „ * .^ P^'tP'y'^'',? compound called derritol by reducing rotenone In il^Ji,P potassium hydroxide solution with zinc. This derivative is a phenol Ín2,niüi,°/J'"A ''«ï'''"' ?*<>?' '^/s tbaii rotenone. He states that an analogous îS?fP ,"?''.,''"^''^ S.°i V* obtained from his dihydrorotenone. The authors have found rr„, i^''i!?T''''i'''! '^ ?"^"y obtained by this reaction from dihydrorotenone. „«J;S„., °°™'"^'î isorotenone by the action of strong acids on rotenone. This i^iïiLi^ . °°?i® 1°,' ^^^% up hydrogen as does rotenone and probably contains a ring ;ni'f?n^„°.ii,>^''"'5^®J"'°^;solution it gives iaodei-ritol Onand reduction Isorotenol. with zinc in alcoholic potassium hydroxide and SMITH, L. E. (238) ROTENONE. n. THE DERIVATIVES OP DERBiTOL. Jour. Amer. Chem Soc. 52: 1088-1091. 1930. hvdr"off^n^n^7in*" ?S''»i°'*°°' 4^5 mixtures of neutral and add products on catalytic ¿Mesiarv tS »JSJÎf-'^ÎS^ of derritol, which Is Itself a phenolic compound. It was necesïary to methylate the phenol gronp for convenience In geparaflng tue acid. A DIGEST OF THE LITEEATUEE OF DEBÉIS 45

LAFOBGE, F. B., and SMITH, L. E.—Continued. Dihydromethylderrltol and methylderrltoUc acid were the products of the reduction. Rotenol gave dlhydrorotenol and rotenoHe acid. The latter was further reduced to dlhydrorotenollc acid. These results Indicate that the atomic groupings which form derrltol from rotenone are not the same as those involved in the formation of acids from rotenone and many of Its derivatives. and SMITH, L. E. (239) KOTENONE. III. DEHYDBOKOTENONE. Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc. 52: 1091-1098. 1930. Dehydrorotenone and the corresponding compounds of the dehydro series are best prepared by the action of iodine and potassium acetate on rotennne and its derivatives. A portion of the dehydrorotenone derivative is obtained directly, but the main product of the reaction is an acetyl derivative of a compound CïIIIOSOT (in the case of rotenone Itself), which yields a hydioxyl derivative on saponification. This compound loses water on boiling with alcoholic sulphuric acid and is con- verted Into dehydrorotenone. Rotenonone and other diketones prepared by oxidation from rotenone, etc., are derivatives of the dehydro series. Rotenolone, the hydroxy derivative of rotenone, yields derritol and rotenol on treatment with zinc in alkaline solution. Dehydrodihydroxyrotenonic acid, CaaHoiOg, prepared from dehydrorotenone by the action of zinc and alkali or alkali alone, according to the directions of Butenandt, was oxidized with hydrogen peroxide In alkaline solution, and yielded a dibasic acid, CISHHOT, which represents that lialf of the rotenone molecule which carries the original methoxyl groups as well as the carboxyl that In rotenone is coupled with the other half of the molecule to form the Inctone group. The second carboxyl is formed by oxidation of the original carbonyl group. The dibasic acid has been called derrlc acid. -and SMITH, L. E. (240) ROTENONE. VI. DERETC ACID. Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc. 52: 2878-2881. 1930. Derrlc acid of formula CUHMOT, which Is obtained by peroxide oxidation of dehydrodihydroxyrotenonic acid of formula C23H240s, is oxidized by permanganate to a new dibasic add of formula CHHIOOT having the properties of a dlmethoxytartronic acid. It seems likely that the rotenone molecule contains tlie grouping corresponding to a dimethoxyphenylsuccinlc acid. Such an assumption might explain the forma- tion and properties of dehydrorotenone. A possible explanation of the formation of dehydrodihydroxyrotenonic acid by the addition of ,the elements of water to the donble bond is open to theoretical objections. and SMITH, L. E. (241) ROTENONE. VIII. ISOMEEIC HTDBOXT ACIDS AND TIIB3B RELATION TO DBHTDBO- ROTENONB. Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc. 52: 3603-3609. 1930. Dehydrodlhydrorotenonlc acid with potassium hydroxide and zinc in ethyl alcohol gives ß-dihydrohydroxyrotenonlc acid, CaHoflOv, melting point 198° C. ; oxidation with 30 per cent hydrogen peroxide in 5 per cent potassium hydroxide gives derrlc acid. Acetylrotenolone i.s reduced In ethyl acetate by platinum oxide and hydrogen to acetyl-a-dlhydrorotenolonic acid (acetyl-o-dlhydronydroxyrotenonic add), melting point 210° to 214» (decomposition), and acetyldlhydrorotenolone, melting point 189°. Hydrolysis of the acetyl derivative or direct reduction of rotenolone gives dlhydroro- tenolonlc acid, which could not be recrystalUzed. The acetyl derivative bulled with 10 per cent ethyl-alcohol-sulphurlc acid gives dehydrodlhydrorotenonlc acid. Oxida- tion of rotenonlc acid with hydrogen peroxide in 5 per cent potassium hydroxide gives dehydrorotenonlc acid, yellow, melting point 225° ; the methyl alcohol mother liquor gives a hydroxyrotenonic acid, melting point 137". Catalytic reduction of o-hydroxyrotenonlc acid gives an isomeric a-dlhydrohydroxyrotenonic acid, melting point 132°. Boiling the hydroxyrotenonic acid with 10 per cent ethyl alcohol-sul- phuric acid gives a compound with a melting point of 275° and dehydrorotenonlc add, melting point 225° to 227* ; catalytic reduction of the latter gives dehydrodl- hydrorotenonlc acid, n al.470, n ¿1.600, n T1.737. O-xidatlon of this gives an acid, melting point 262° (decomposition), Identical with that obtained from derrlc acid; oxidation of dehydrodlhydroxyrotenononic acid gives dihydrotubaic acid, melting point 167°. Boiling dehydrodlhydrorotenononic acid in glacial acetic acid for a few minutes gives dihydrorotenonone. Attempts to separate derrlc acid into Its optical Isomers were unsuccessful. LBCX>MTE, M. H., and GAGNEPAIN, F. (242) ixoBB GÉNÉEALB DB L'INDO-CHINB. T. 2, Fasc. 4, 1132 p., lllus. Paris. 1916. Describe» 15 species of Derrls, including D. uUffinoia and D. elUptica (p. 447-482). Lias, F. C. (243) DERRIS ROOT GROWS WIID IN MALAY ARHIPELAGO. U. S. Dept. Com., Bur. Foreign and Dora. Com., World Trade Notes »on Chemicals and Allied Products. 2(36) : 16-17. 1928. Figures given on acreage and prices of derrls root are essentially the same as those reported by Southard («78). (Sitting the roots Into small pieces before shipment saves space but results In loss of toxic value. LEBPMANS, S. (244) DE KOOLCULTUUE OF DE KABO-HOOOVLAK'H!. Landbouw 2: 627-^44. 1927. " The Chinese and Batak cabbage growers have evidently gone over to the use of lead arsenate following the tobacco growers In Dell. Dr. H. Loos, at that time 46 MISC. PUBLICATION 120, U. S. DEPT. OF AGEICULTUKE

LEEFMANS, S.—Continued. Agricultural Consul for Sumatra's East Coast, wrote us Nov. 10, 1925 • 'At the moment the Chinese and Batak cabbage growers are using In addition to the usual perils solution (extract), lead arsenate. They buy it for 70 fluorins per drum of ■50 kilogram postpaid Brastagi. They mix about 300 grams with 18 liters water and a handful of Derris root. The practical results have been very satisfactory and lead arsenate, which a year ago was practically unknown to the cabbaee growers, i.'i now suddenly very popular.' * " We can report that a Derris suspension In water against cabbage caternlllars gav-e untavorable results. On the other hand, we have obtained excellent I'esults ' »h°^."L,iSm''"'"'S*' "'"'/''' "^"^ extracted with alcohol. The practical conclusion is that addition of a water suspension of Derris or Derris roots to a solution of lead arsenate Is wholly useless since the latter, with the addition of soap, is satisfactory " LENPEST, R. E. (245) ciTBUs COMMENTS. Citriis Indus. 7(4) : 20. 1926. Derrlsol and Black Leaf 40 are mentioned as about the two best contact insecti- cides for use against citrus aphlds. Derrlsol spreads well without SMP Lime- sulphur mixed with Derrlsol will kill the rust mites and red spiders as weil as the apHlUa, LBNZ, W. (246) ZrB KENNTNIS DEB BESTANDTEILE EINIGEB DERBIS-ABl-EN. Arch. Pharm. 249 : At70—oUO. 11)11. Successive extractions of Derris (D. enipHca) root from New Guinea with vari- ous solvents at room temperature gave the following : >^umea witn van 4.8 pCT^c'e"!? *"""'' ^'^ ^" "^"^ ' *'"""'• *-^ P^"" '^™' ' «1™''°!. 6-8 Per cent ; water, n,<^*.°^*°^'H *^? JL"*'^'' principle " derrin." The best procedure by which to get this Is to extract the roots with boiling benzol. The benzol is distilU'd off and the i-,^.v"f 1?"^","» ta,i>oiling alcohol. The derrin crystallizes from this Derrin recrystaUized from ether melts at 158° C. The crystals (rhombic plates) are lÄf'anfcowÄ"'' """■""■ "'"' ^»""•"í«™' ""3 -»<«•« dif¿cuItr's'ol¿'¿ie'f,] coW The crystallographic properties of the crystals are described Derrin apparently has a lactone structure. Derrin tested upon ñsh (Rhodem amarua Bl.) showed a strong toxic action The roots of 1). «tuhlmannii from German East Africa were also examine,! Successive extractions gave : Petroleum ether, 3 per cent; ether, 5 per cent'aÄt farl^ï ÍTLZTolnTeWpt&T- '''"' ^-"t"-*^ '■' t»"-« extVcfs S'n^o^'^stml-

DEBRIS ELUPTICA BENTH, (PONGAMIA MONTANA BI.) Die PfeilciftP »il 7 n illus. Leipzig. 1923. x-ieufeiire. OK p. The author gives native names of Derris elHptica (p. 88-89) In SnmHtm th» diluted root sap is used to kill caterpillars on young tobacœ niants hnt^nn^rl«? 8 quantity kills the tobacco. The rSot of derris in commeîcfal form is S?ctured Men who have drunk water treated with derris to poison fish are mad^ in ?nd ífnv 146-153,"m) '"" '' "' ingredient of arro^ pofsons (p ne^lA" llo-lil LIGHT, S. S. ( NBWLy-RBCX>RDE» POOD PI^NTS OF 80MB PE,STS OP TEA AND GREEN MANUBES Tea Quart., Jour. Tea Researcli Inst. Ceylon 1 (pt. 3) 77-79 1928

LINNE, C. von. FLORA ZEYLANICA. No. 417, 240 p., illus. HolmiEe. 1747. Derris uliginosa is described but referred to the genus Pterocarpus (p. 196).

SPECIES PLANTAEiUM. Ed, 4, V. 3 (pt. 2), p. 851-1474. Berolinl. 1801.^"^ is tlven'''(p';''ll3rií'3fiK °' *"**""• ""»'»<«« <««'-'-i« uliginosa) from Eastern India LIPP, J. W.

V^"toírr£Z%le'>^Z'¿l!!!ráuXr °<' "P^"*°* "•="- ''^'"°«' ^he «nental A DIGEST OF THE LITEHATTJHE OF DEBÉIS 47

J.ITTLB, K. L. (252) DISEUSES OF THE NUTMEG TBESL Jo\ir. Indian Archlpelugo and Eastern Asia (Singapore) 3: 678-681. 1849. The branches aud stem of a diseased nutmeg tree were scrubbed and washed with an Infusion of the tuba root in which was mixed certain quantities of sulphur and Bengal soap. It had no effect. LIVINGSTONB; D. (253) MISSIONARY TBAVEa,8 AND HE8EABCHBS IN SOUTH AFRICA. 732 p., lUuS. NeW York. 1858. Derris uliginosa is reported as growing on the Luabo River, eastern Africa. LOUBEIRO, J. DB. (254) FLORA C0CHINOHINBNSI8, SISTEJN8 PLANTAS IN KE&N'O COCHINCHINA NAS- OENTíB ; QUIBUS ACCBDDNT ALIAB OBSEBVATAE IN SINENSI IMPEBIO, AFRICA OBIBNTALI, INDIABQUB LOCIS VARIIS ; OMNES DISPOSITAE SBCUNDUM SYSTEMA SEXUALE LiNNAEANUM. V. 1, 882 p. BeroUni. 1793. Derris pinnata and D. trifoliata from Cochin China, are described (p. 525-526). LYONS, A. B. (255) PLANT NAMES, SCIENTIFIC AND POPULAR. Ell. 2, thoroughly I'ev., (530 p. De- troit. 1907. The synonomy of Derris Lour. 1790 (Papilionaciae) is given as follows : Syn. rterocarpus, L. 1747, not 1763 (O. Kzc), Salken, Adans. 176.3, Degüella, Aubl. 1775; ronsamia, in part. , , j, , D elUpUea Benth. An Ingredient In the Malay Ipoh arrow poison Is used also as ,, flsh poison, as is (It) I). uHflinosa Benth. (I'onKamla uliginosa DC, Tong, religiosa Wight), which is widely difÉu.spd on tropical coasts (p. 1(12). In Brazil Serjania lethalis A. St. Hll. is used as a flsh poison under the name of timbo. Honey collected by wasps from the flowers is violently intoxicating (p. 426). MCBBIUB, O. C. (256) A STUDY OF DERRIS AND EBXATED INSECTICIDES FOR THE CONTROL OF EXTERNAL PARASITES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. Minn. Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rpt. 33 ; 37. 1925. This Ig one of the projects Usted under Entomology and Economic Zoology. , (257) A LEAFHOPPKB (EUPTERYX FLAVOSCUTA, VAR. NIGRA. OSB.) ATTACKING THE LEATHER-LEAF l'ERN (POLY8TICHUM CAPENSE J. SM.). FlB. State Hort. SOC. Proc. 39: 224-227. 1926. Tests were made with nicotine, lime dust, nicotine sulphate, calcium cyanide, and Five per cent of derris, 1-800 and 1-600, plus soap, 2 pounds to 50 gallons, gave satisfactory conUol, but was slow In its effective work. The fernery was free from leaf hoppers for 13 days after the spraying with derris. The reinfestatlon occurred from eggs deposited before the application of the spray. A second application of nicotine sulphate gave 75 to 80 per cent control, whereas 5 per cent extract of derris gave 98 to 99 per cent. A small amount of injury was observed on all the sprayed plots. It was thought to be a mechanical injury and not considered of any commercial Importance. MODANIEL, B. I. (258) LEAP-HOPPERS AND APHIDS EASILY CONTROLLED. Mlch. Agr. Expt. Sta. Quart. Bul. 10: 171-172. 1928. Among the other better known contact sprays are Derrisol and some of the pyre- thrum extracts. With these, as with nicotine, each Insect must be hit to be killed. , JHoDouGALL, I., and HOWLES, F. (259) IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF INSECTICIDES, SHEEP DIPS, VBJRMI- FU0E8, AND THE LIKE. Australian Patent 18227, issued November 18, 1924 ; applied for June 16, 1924. The same as British Patent 226250 (280). r • and HOWLES, F. (260) IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANirFACTUKE OF INSECTICIDES, SHEEP DIPS. \TSRMI- FUGES AND THE LIKE. Brit. Patent 226250, Issued December 23, 1924; applied for June 23, 1923. The patentees claim a process for the production of an insecticide, sheep dip, vermifuge, or the like which is directly miscible with water. In this process the root portion of the plants, bushes, or trees of the Dalbergia tribe and Derris family are crushed or pressed to a pulp, and the fibrous particles are scoured by mechani- cal means In the presence of a suitable aqueous solution of soap or other body which on solution will lower the p-irface tension of water. Finally the fibrous material 48 MISC. PUBLICATION 12 0, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTXJBE

MoDouoALL, I., and HOWLES, F.—Continued. JB separated from the magma. The active Ingredients may be separated from the hHl,}'^ Pieclpltatlon with a basic salt of aluminum, ironf or lead For ex.mple î^inH^n",=solution is' ^.5^°^'""*^^?added, so that î'A'^^i''*?^;..? the final dilution ?ioii^''*^"*I uary o, lifll. ^^ °^ ^0"' '««"^ ^^^y 8- 1912; applied for Feb^

McDouGAix, I., and MODOUGAIX, S. (^aK\ IMPROVEMENTS ÎFj^^^^^INSECTICIDES SHEEP DIPS, VERMIFUGES, AND' TH¿ AprU2?i911 "' *^^"^^ ^"^ ^' 1912; »PPUed for

5n?iL^e?ÍA tÄfot an'SÄ's"aI? o"î síftf cÄ«f"îî"'" ^''^''«^' J«™«"««». from the plantd, bushes, or treef of the fflmnvlA„¿í?PH°»°''.°'",f°"PO'^^ obtained order of Leguminosae as set forth 'rhS^i'^ Imown botanically as Derris of the described in British P¿t?nt 3204 rtignîw" *° improvement over that McDoUGALL, I., and MCDOUOALL, S. rnaas IMPBOVEMENTSPHOVEMENTS B^I-ATINOBIW.ÍTI7Í/1 av>TO INSECTICIDES,Twc„„ ^ SHEEP DIP, VERMIFUGES ANDV'iO"; TOE Aprii 6, Í912 ^®^^' *'^"^^ December 19. 1912; applied for

compris^gr"ln1 AiTritÍr mvidod'f„rm*"Pth'''P^' /""»""Ses, and the like, of the plants, bushes or trees n7 th» nniwi?' V'f, foot, barli, or other portions rbí^rmArnV^''w£"*ÍA^^^^ tíb^tlUi^'- ^^* «"•""'^ """« '»»t "»y be mixed with Boap! 8uIp¿ur?or other

McDouoALL, I., and MCDOUOAIX, S. /OAT^ SECnciDE. SHEEP-niP vr^unm-rr,,^ ™.« TT O T^.^ ■ , . _<.«><) ^^?S?aAX¿¡^=-«!T911^- ^- "«^^"* ''^'''' '-"^ ^-«

Ins^C"ïnl Äfli^-^-e-oÄl?/ äVn^ceSiraWxTrL^Vl^etL '^r'î^h'e A DIGEST OF THE LITERATURE OF DERRIS 49

MoDoiTGALL, I., and MODOTJGAIX, S.—Continued. Derris family which gives a red color when treated with concentrated sulnhurlc and nitric acids and a fugitive brilliant green color on the further additfon of concentrated ammonia solution, and carryfng and emulsifying agents The pow- dered dried roots are extracted with a suitaíile solvent, such as benzine, and th¿ extract is evaporated to a gummy mass. For a sheep dp a mixture of 5 ounces of the compound and 1 pound of soft soap may be used, such mirture being adapted for use with 100 Imperial gallons of water; or 5 ounces of the compound mav be mixed with 15 ounces of soft soap, the mixture being then absorbed Into a powde? by means of sulphur to make a total weight of 10 poHnds. This preparation should be used with 100 imperial gallons of water. During the manufSetSre of the din wash, or Insecticide a su table water-softening reagent or reagents may be addâ ^°ca^rirMr°°may'"be"'.ldS"°^^ " ^""'^'^^e antiseptic or lactericldl ZrZ MoDouGALL and YALDINO (LTD.) (268) INSECTICIDE, SHEEP DIPS AND THE LIKE. Canadian Patent 253319 Issued September 1, 1925 ; applied for November 26, 1924. The same as British Patent 229773 (ï?0). (269) PERFECTIONNEMENTS AUX INSECTICIDES, AUX BAINS POTJB MOUTONS ET AUX SUBSTANCES BiMiLAiEES. French Patent 589506, issued May 30 1925- applied for November 22, 1924. The same as British Patent 229773 (279). ■ and FETEB, P. J. (270) IMPROVEMENTS IN INSECTICinES, SHEEP DIPS, AND THE LIKE. Brit Patent 229773, Issued March 2, 1925 ; applied for December 1, 1923. The patentees claim insecticides, sheep dips, animal washes, and the like com- prising an organic salt or salts, compound or compounds obtained from the root, bark or other portions of the niants, bushes, or trees of the Dalbergie tribe ana Derris family and/or of perkakal, and sulphonated castor oil as a vehicle or spreading or activating agent for such organic salt or salts, compound or compounds In this invention Improved insecticides, sheep dips, and the like may be formed from, or so as to contain, an organic salt or salts, compound or compounds obtained from the root, bark, or other portions of the plants, bushes, or trees of the Dal- bergiae tribe and Derris family and of perkakal in the manner described for ^^TJÍÍS'o'°.*?í,SP^í'5<^?'""í« °* British patents Nos. 3204 of 1911, 10215 of 1911, ana»S¿¿ot 1912, but in place of mixing with soap or soapy material sulphonated castor oil (known as Turkey red oil and soluble oil) is employed as the vehicle or spreading or activating agent. For the best results the sufphonatton of the castor oil should be conducted at a low temperature (not exceeding 40° C.) and bv the use of acid which is of not too concentrated a form (for example, 94 per cent strength) and free mineral acid must be removed from the sulphonated product

— and FBYEE, P. J. (271) IMPEOVEMBNTS IN INSECTICIDES, SHEET DIPS, AND THE LIKE. Brit. Patent 246252, issued January 28, 1926; applied for November 12, 1924. The patentees claim an improvement in, or modification of the Invention claimed in specification No. 229773, according to which the sulphonated castor oil Is re- placed by any other sulphonated fatty oil, sulphonated sperm oil, or a sulphonated wax. The most satisfactory results are obtained by extracting derris with benzene or other suitable volatile solvent, and after the solvent has been distilled oft, by dissolving the residue by the aid of gentle heat In the sulphonated oil or wax. The best proportion Is 1 part of derris extract to 10 to 50 parts of the sulphonated oil or wax. This mixture may be used with lead arsenate and Bordeaux nrixture, but for use with lime-sulphur solution It Is necessary to add from 5 to 20 per cent of casein to prevent precipitation. H vc i — and FEYER, P. J. (272) IMPROVEMENTS IN INSECTICIDES, SHEEP DIPS AND THE LIKE. Brit. Patent 280256, issued November 17, 1927 ; applied for November 24, 1926. The patentees claim a process for producing concentrated, complete, and self- contained Insecticides containing physiologically active, substantially wator-insoluble plant extracts, extracted from plants mainly of the order of Logumlnosae (par- ticularly those containing tubatoxin (rotenone) and/or tephrosln). The process consists In dissolving such extracts In a phenolic body or suitable solvent, adding the solution to a hydrocarbon oil or mixture of hydrocarbon oils, and finally emulsi- fying the whole. The emulsion needs only simple admixture with water in suitable proportions to form a spraying solution. The extraction of such suitable active plant material has been described in British patent 3204 of 1911. According to one example, 1 part of the resinous active principle from derris or other source Is dissolved by warming it with 2% parts of commercial cresyllc acid. This Is now added to 288 parts of a suitable nydrocarbon oil—for example, medium lubrlcatlng- 011 fraction of American petroleum—and after the addition of 100 parts of a 10 per cent glue solution the whole is emulsified. According to a second example, the 90670—32 4 50 MISC. PUBLICATION 120, TJ. S. DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE

McDouGALL and YALDING (LTD.), and FETí», P. J.—Continued. solution of the active principle In cresylic acid, as described In the first example, is added to ÜS8 parts ot suitable hydrocarbon oil, and the whole is mixed with 12 parts of ammonium oléate or linoleate to form a homogeneous solution, which is diluted with water. MACDOUGALL, R. S. (273) INSECTS AND oTHKB PESTS OF 192S. Highland and Agr. Soc. Sect. Trans (5) 36: 100-140. 1924. Ian Galloway reported that no injurious effects attended any of the cattle dressed with derris for warble infestation and there was no discomfort to the hands of the dresser. Special care was taken—large holes Ireing used—to insure entry of the Jiquld to the warble. A proprietary preparation of derris was used in two strengths— 1 ounce to a quart of water and 1 ounce to a pint of water. With 1 ounce of the derris preparation in 1 imperial quart of water, 440 warble» were treated and 378 larvae killed—that is, 86 per cent of the treated larvae were killed. With 1 ounce SL'?*^ derris preparation in 1 Imperial pint of water 614 warbles were treated and 581 larvae were killed---that is, 94 per cent of the treated larvae were killed (p. Ii5) (274) OX WARBLE FLIES. Scot. Jour. Agr. 7: 61-72. 1924. In spring and summer we used a proprietary preparation of derris. In testing this material the powder was used in the strength of 1 ounce to 1 imperial quart of water and 1 ounce to a pint of water. This dressing had a very fair test the main work under my supervision, being carried out by Mr. Galloway in Berwickshire aast Lothian, and Midlothian. Mr. Galloway's work was very thorough, more care- rul than that of the average worker would be in ordinary farm practice. Anv scab and matted hair obscuring the exit bole of the larva in the skin was cleared awav before applying the dressing. Further, a stout syrinsie was generally used, insuring the entry of the liquid. I was able here to take .idvantage of Mr. Galloway's skill as a veterinary surgeon, for pulse, respiration, and temperature were taken before • t" î!"" dressing, and any consequent symptoms were recorded. No injurious effect attended any of the cattle dressed with derris, and the derris dressing proved destructive to Ilypoderma larvae. No difficulty was found in applying the dressing "Í'IK*^!'* f^^^ I'l" discomfort to the hands or face of the dresser in case of shaking 01 tne liquid. Mr. Oldham, in some cases which he dressed with derris, found that ¿»/l* ÎÏÏ'''' *''1 "*ï''?u *° '°.**"'''' ."^ thorough mixing of the derris powder in th¿ h^íl L Í .So=«''e of the syringe became clogged with powder taken up from the bottom of the receptacle in recliarging the syriuiie." t« 1 !;i°i"lm"inr'"'^ *° 1 imperial quart of water killed 88 per cent, and 1 ounce to 1 pint killed 94 per cent of the warbles (p. 65-70). MCINDOO, N. E., and SIEVERS, A. F. (275) PLANTS TESTED FOB OB REPORTED TO POSSESS INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES U S Dept. Agr. Bui. 1201, 61 p. 1924. MET'Í^ rilípítca and D uliplnom are Included in the list of plants having insecti- cida! properties. The following results were obtained by using a commercial powder consisting of a mixture of D. elliptica and D. uliiiinosa.. The powder used a« a dust!

wÄ Í1' I?„'^?,O^'"VT''H'"'' ""i, '''"!? "°'y «''°,'" lia" the MaerSsiphum sp. A treated 7flí/o,"Jí ^t l„i «ffl^!** ?^ ^ ?'''=?'^î'"?. (""t fl'tefed) and also as a hot-water extract im„o^'' '< ''js efficient against Aphis sp. A and B, and used as a fumlgant it was emeient against Afpus peraicae, Maciusiphum sp. C, silkworms, and the ladv beetle treated, but inefficient against webworms and small tent caterpillars The alcoholic and benzene extracts of derris, when sufficiently strong and used with soap or kero- extiact,eliracTn^r^^rr" used with soap, ^*"""' was •""¿"'•°* efficient "«"»i^'against ■"""/half-grown «Pieles sawfly of aphids larvae butThe inefficientalcohoUc If Tnli.Zh'M'-''''^"™" (first instar, \nd the larvae and iluUs of'potato beetle „,i,i„i, '" • L»■• a eommercjal preparation of powdered derris, used on three dogs Tgainst the"fleas iCtenocephalus cania Curt.),'was foSnd efficient

, SIEVERS, A. F., and ABBOTT, W. S. (276) DERBis AS AN INSECTICIDE. Jour. Agr. Reseurch 17: 177-200. 1919. whlc*}." «nd°tÄ»if^hi"l* "'i*'"® materials used in the tests and the sources from iiKeiyHkelv JJeriui/wL elliptica,2m,^,v,. '^f.„'S'^'î„'"^*'from the open ^""""^'^ market, i Powdered where rootsit is ofsold a derris as an species, insecticide most • inan'tent?in''"R?, ;f„',n'?i''''T '""" •*!: »»''ba in the'Dutch East Indies, from the 's Lands i-Hi T 1 ,' ""'t^n'ioîg. Java; stems of D. uligino»a from C. H. Knowles Suava, iijl Islands: stems of D. koolgibherah and of 1). oUs/oxpernm imm the director of the botanical gardens at Brisbane, Queensland, Australia ; roots of fl «conS • and lÄfa lid?a " ^- '■°''"'*"' '~" "''^ '^''•"'*" °' the'bSanlcal Sirvey oriibput nricHc'ii l^'f.L^J'"' î" ". "ontact Insecticide and as a stomach poison, but is of no S ,^ IH I ^'"^'^ ®^ " '"tnlgant. Of the six species of derris tested, only two {eiuitica ?Ä TT'.''l,™,'"""'11° •"■ satisfactory for insecticidal purpises (««ptico nrindDle whiüh''wiL^'u^'ir^'' *° "'' " «T^ economic solvent for extracting the toxic t'-SrFrr '"^^^^^^^^ ™"^' "jr^tÄifs^ *"P0^^ ^?otfe*ta''rr'irec^Ä^ «Wa\,rdfl'uTed^ilrwTe'r"aV?e\dTf^^*^se''-"" '^'^"'^ *"*» ^^^^^ «irí!n«f''!ií',?"fl'''"' ""í?,"^ '\,^^^Í ""der practical conditions was found to be efficient against dog fleas, chicken lice, house flies, three species of aphids UpftS ZmSisL. A DIGEST OF THE LITERATUKE OF DEBRIS 51

MclNDoo, N. E., SiEVEKs, A. F., and ABBOTT, W. S.—Continued. Aphis pomi Ve Geer, and Mi/aua oersicae Sulz.), potato-beetle larvae and siniHli f»)i h.fír"ríT„' "•"' û'.no.Pra'^tical value against bedbugs, roachef, chic¿„ mites mea?v bugs, Urthe^ta mmm», red spiders, or against the cr iwllng younc of th? ovstii^ahpil scale I sed as powder In water with or witrhout soap "mlerpiaet^Ll conditions It

?/eTll' ifr^-a^"'"^ <^"'""» *^"'*'"''» » -dTf, s'maTÎ'enf ÍS{'e1?plíSrr"aid'lÄ" JtfcKBH, E. THE CULTIVATION OP DEEMS (TUBA ROOT) IN BRITISH MALAYA U S Dent Com., Bur. Foreign and Dom. Com. Spec. Clrc. 151. 1926. ' -„^^A"*!*^ n'^ñÍ ;°ÎÏ*"Î^^'' a"S"*'o° ''"S been given to the cultivation of derrls (tnha

%lrK^Thií i„ * . *'"'.' VF«-ir'--« '^- *''® exsentiai property 'f in - several ■'- í^ntA^SS proprietary inaectlcidea

The Malay Archipelago is considered as a factor In the world's snnnlv nf rtoi-rii. ní^ín^^íí^l Borneo probably supplying the gre.ítest qS!u,U?r ArÇhi^eginning Mabfv st^t»^ "ïSfn ^°° ^"^"^ ^^^"1 t"'^ '^O"» »Í cultivation in the fou? Federated Malay States, 000 acres In (he State of Johore, au Indeuendent Stnfe «? H^ rd'Xr'lerrlfor'iel^""'^ ^''"°^"'"' '^'"^ P™babi;"a lar?ef ï^'eale'ln è'or^fo rrJ" *i"; '°'^"' market there Is considerable fluctuation i,i the Price of tnlin root The estate owners will, as far as possible, demand a price near 1 shlllim- nër nnnmí' 24 cents United States currency, for the cultivated prcS whereäl tave?s" In Mngapme can purchase considerable quantities from the native collectors and ^maM cultiva ors at.trom r, to U pence n.r pound (10 to 12 cents Unfted States cuiiren?v{ ^"^,."■"""8 price is usually depenáent upon the immediate supply of (he two source' The two principal difficulties experienced by the local shiDDpia In ¡nnrwin» tnïf« r^nL^L ^^f'-i^l."^ knowledge as*^ to its toxic valu^ and the excessfvèbul^"VhicS causes high freight charges. Attempts have been made to extract the toxic nroDer ÎL^il.'^fiT» f ÄP'."^' ""* ♦^''y ï'^r "ot proved satisfactory: Öhopplng up th^eToot }, nrMh„î,H. "ïï,"" *" 1'""" *''"*"'• ''^' gi-Inding the root, then pressfng it into bales In Äya """"^ '■'"°'°"" "'"'""^- '^'"^'^ '"'^"'"'^ '>^ followed by two factories

S^îtfes''aTe''"aL''sïrp&*io^ -CU'^^^La"' " '^''^""° ^""-P «^'P ™ntZT,!'¿^X'! MAHEU, J. (278) LBS TOUB.\ PARASITICIDES. {Dcrrin elUptloa IJenth. ot Dcrh ulwinosa Benth., Légumineuses). Bul. Sei. Pliarmacol. 32 (3) : 134-145- (5) • ooi 292. 1925. j-o-i-xi^. (.j; . _»i

«..;^-?"''*' '■eviPw of the chemical constituents and use as insecticides of Bpi-rts, '¿Znt'X ^Itir'SeTous^fl^luie'l.*"'"«^ "' *"" ™»'« »' bot'^^sS^^llv^erilS MAIDEN. J. H. ,279) THE USEFUL NATIVE PLANTS OK AUSTRALIA (INCLUDING TASMANIA) G06 I) London anil Sydney. 1899. " DerrU uliginosa occurs In Queensland and Northern Australia The leaves are pounded and thrown into water for the purpose of stupefying flsh (p. 168). MABLATT, C. L. (280) BBPORT OF THE KNTOMOLOGLST. tT. S. Dept. AnT., Bur. Eut. Allll. Rnt. 1928 o4 p. ' ' „1,'.^ M''H"'il^ tested a.s contact sprays and ovicldca [against the codline mothl in- 1 ta%o'?,V?»''ci'i'"r'" »"l"i«»t'no sulphate at difterent^trengths, extrà'fts'"of d'err"s I to SCO, extracts of pyrethrum, and white-oil emulsions " (p. 2). ' Í281) EBPOBT or THE CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. U. S. Dspt. AtSr Bur Ent. Ann. Rpt. 1929, 39 p.

of oll'iif A,'í?,„H„Í"-",í,!'P'''"íf°*'' were started to determine the value as a spray SL2i i^.£ "'""'*'°".,*'*'' nicotine, pyrethrum, derrls, and also with nicotine coni- was te^îed ''TÍ?»'«."'."nJ"^*'"']'''?-, "^'"^ most'active'principle of derrls, roTenon^, Lie« nf rtri„-i i^ so-called sandwich method for determining the minimum lethai fute toxieui of^rnl^ífií stomach-poison insecticides was used to determii" the abso' *'nrtw Í.VML^J'"'?'',^'' "' .stomach poisons including rotenone. cattle anÎH?,Î'r,i?rÎÏÏJÏ'''K''°'''' Y"" "'""^ ^'tii insecticides applied to the backs of flnlVi ',.^Ef„i ( attention being given to tobacco powders of htèh nicotine content and dusts containing nicotine sulphate, free nicotine, and rotenone and other materials ex- 52 MISC. PUBLICATION 120, V. S. DEPT. OF AGBICULTUEE

MABLATT, C. L.—Continued. v ., tractcd from derrls root. These Insecticides show high toxlclty for cattle grubs and ein undoubtedly be developed to a point where they can be extensively used în control procedure (p. 2-3, 27). (282) BEyORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE BXJBBAU OF ET^TOMOLOGY. U. S. Dept. Agf., Bur. Ent. Ann. Kpt. 1930, 76 p. Derrls extract combined with white-oil emulsion has been tested in the fleld oiroinát fodllnS moths at Yakima. Wash. ; BentonvlUe, Ark. : and Wichita, Kans. MârandlSôfatry tests hl^ebem made with rotenone' (p. 18!l. The work of Back, Cotton and RoarkT26) in moth-proofing woolens with an acetone solution of rotenone Is meStfoned (p 60) For the control of cattle grubs (Hypoderma larvae) 2 or more ouS of derrls powder per animal Is necessary It the entire back of the animal is to be treated (p. 64). AlABSDEN W. ' ^^^ ^ THE 'HISTORY OF SUMATRA, CMNTAINING AN ACCOUNT OF THE GOVERNMENT, LAWS, CUSTOMS, AND MANNERS OF THE NATIVE INHABITANTS, WITH A DE- SCRIPTION OP THE NATURAL PRODUCTIONS, AND A RELATION OF THE ANCIENT POLITICAL STATE OF THAT ISLAND. Ed. 3, 478 p., iHus. London. 1811. Besides the common methods of taking fish, the natives employ a mode unpracticed in any part of Europe. They steep the root of a certain climbing plant, called tuba, of strong narcotic qualities, in the water where the fish are, producing such an effect that the fish become intoxicated and appear dead, float on the surface of the water, and are taken with the hand. This is generally done in the basins of water formed by the ledges of coral rock, which, having no outlet, are left full when the tide has ebbed (p. 186). MABlTN, R. ^ „^„ „, (284) DIE INLANDSSTÄMMB DEB MALAYISCHEN HALBINSEL. 1,052 p., lllUS. Jeiia. 1005. Mentions use of tuba roots {.Derria elUptlca) in fishing in the Malayan Peninsula (p. 792). MATHIEU, E. (285) TUBA-ROOT (DEBRIS BLLipTioA) AS AN INSECTICIDE. Gard. Bul. Straits Settle- ments 2 (6) : 192-197. 1920. "Agromyza phaseoU, a fly, deposits its eggs under the skin of the stem of beans a very few days after germination of the seeds ; the larvae feed on the tender tissues of the stems just below the first pair of leaves. The skin, a week or so after germi- nation, turns from green to brown and on pressing with the fingers, it is found to be hollow. The leaves fade and drop, and on splitting open the little stem, the small yellow larvae are found imbedded In the destroyed tissue. "A trial of tuba was made on a fleld of 8 beds, 66 feet long, with 1,056 seeds ot Lima Bean (Small Siéva) on the 28th of October, 1919. Ten ounces of tuba-root were well pounded in a wooden mortar, the juice was thoroughly expressed, and the fiber exhausted In 20 imperial gallons of water. Tuba-water was then applied to each young plant at the rate of a cigarette tin full to 4 plants, morning and evening. This was continued for 15 days, until the plants were sufficiently established to be past all danger, which is only present during the first stage of their existence, when the stem Is quite tender. Only 18 seeds failed to germinate, and of the 1,040 plants that came up, not one has since died. And to-day the plot is showing the most vig- orous growth, a living testimony to the potency of the tuba-root as a plant-Insect killer.'*^ MAXWELL, G. (286) IN MALAY FORESTS. 306 p. Edinburgh and London. 1907. A detailed account of the use of tuba root In catching fish is given. By keeping to the surface of the water small fish escape the tuba, which follows the bottom of the river (p. 246-264). MATNABD, L. (287) DERRis ROOT SALES IN MALAYA. U. S. Dcpt. Com., Bur. of Foreign and Dom. Com., World Trade Notes on Chemicals and Allied Products 5 (1) : 10. 1931. The supply of derrls received at Singapore Is rather Irregular. Derrls grows in a wild state in Borneo, but it is understood that practically all the supply from that source is contracted for in London. There are about 500 acres under cultivation in the Federated Malay States and 600 acres under cultivation in Johore, one of the unfederated Malay States. The price of derrls is variable, but is usually rather high, owing to a good demand and a limited supply. Native sellers have received as much as from $0.24 to $0.30 per pound for the untreated roots, but Singapore buyers can generally purchase the product at a lower figure, ran^ng from $0.10 to $0.12 per pound. The roots are usually shipped in the rough form, although exporters are seeking some method to reduce bulk shipments without lowering the toxic qualities of the roots. Cutting them into small pieces has been tried, but the resulting loss in toxic value makes this method of shipment unsatisfactory. Thus far no suitable means have been found for extracting the poison from the roots before shipment. A DIGEST OF THlä LITERATURE OP DERRIS 53

MEEB MOHB, J. C, VAN DEE. (288) EENIGEN WENKEN VOOB DE BE8TB1JDIN0 VAN DE BLADLUIZENPLAAO (MYZUS PEESicAE) IN DH DELi-TABAK. [Some Hiuts OH Work against M. persicae on Tobacco in Deli.] Deli-Proefsta. Medan Vlugsclir. no. 42, 7 p., illus. 1927. [Abstract In Rev. Appl. Bnt. (A) 16:165, 1928.] Myzua persicae Sulz. Is a serious pest ot tobacco In Dell, Sumatra. The seed beds are infested from the adjacent forests, and the young plants In the Seid are either Infested in the same way or by the Introduction of infested seedlings from the beds. If the beds are very badly Infested, the seedlings should be destroyed or dipped in derris solution, experiments having shown that this does not harm them. In the plantations a daily watch should be kept for the first traces of infestation. Spraying with a solution of derris is advised. The application must be repeated after four to five days. MERBILL, E. D. (289) A FLOBA OF MANILA. 490 p. Manila. 1912. Describes three species of Derris which grow In the Philippines, namely D. dla- delpha; D. scandena, and D. trifoliata {uliginosa) (p. 247-248). . . (290) ANNUAL EEPORT OF THE DiBECTOB. Calif. AgT. Bxpt. Sta. Ann. Rpt. 1924-25, 78 p. 1926. A comparative study of the Insecticidal properties of various species ot Derris was made to determine the possibility of including species other than that of D. elUptica as a source of commercial insecticides. The work Included tests of powdeis made from stem, stalk, and roots of the different species, together with ether, alcohol, and water extracts of them. „ ,. The species are Usted In the order of efficiency as follows : D. elUptica ; D. poly- antha, and D. trifoUata. The percentage of the active principle as extracted by ether was : D. elUptica, roots, 1.8B per cent, trunk, 2.26 per cent ; D. heptaphylla, roots, 4.2 pej cent ; D. polifaniha, roots, 3.16 per cent, trunk, 2.95 per cent ; D. trifoUata, roots, 2.31 per cent, trunk, 3.25 per cent (p. 53). MILES, H. W. (291) LIFE HISTOBY AND CONTBOL OF THE PEA MOTH, LASPEYEESIA NIGBICANA STHPH. Bul. Chamber Hort. 3 (pt. 1) : 6-9. 1926. [Abstract In Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 14:217-218, 1926.] Cydia (iMspeyresia) nigricana, Steph. (pea moth) Is one of the most serious pests of peas. Experiments were made with various spray substances. In the case ot peas grown for marketing green, the best results were obtained by spraying with 2 pounds of calcium caseinate, 2 pounds of load arsenate powder, and 10 ounces of nicotine per 100 Imperial gallons water, applied on July 22 [1926]. The use of this spray resulted in 30 per cejit ot infested pods and 11 per cent of dam- aged peas. When the peas grown on the treated plots were threshed thoy were again examined. ,,„ ^, ,^ . . It was found that the lowest percentage of damage (16 per cent) resulted from the use of 20 pounds powdered derris to 100 imperial gallons of water, applied on July 22 [1926]. The use of a spray of 10 ounces nicotine per 100 gallons water with soap sufficient to lather gave almost equally good results. The per- centages of damaged peas harvested from plots sprayed with derris or nicotine show little difference from those observed when the green peas were examined. It would seem, therefore, that these sprays have a permanent effect. This contrasts with the results obtained on the plot sprayed with caseinate, lead arsenate, and nicotine, which gave a lower percentage of green peas damaged but a higher per- centage of damage to peas harvested when ripe, possibly indicating that this spray has only a temporary influence on the pest. MiLLEB, N. C. E. (292) A MAJOB PEST OF DERBis ; NEOLEPTA BiPLAoiATA. Malayan. AgT. Jour. 18: 541-544. 1930. A small chrysomelld beetle, provisionally identified as Seolepta Uplagiata Jacoby, is very destructive to derris. Only the adults cause damage, by eating the leaves. A mixture of pyrethrum powder, petroleum, flshoil soap and water, killed 85 per cent of the beetles sprayed with it. MILLER, R. L. (293) A CONTRIBUTION TO THE BIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF THE GREEN CITRUS APHID, APHIS SPiBAECOLA PATCH. Fla. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 203. 476 p. 1929. Derris extract is not toxic to plants when used at any of the ordinary spraying strengths. When used against aphlds at 1 part to 800 it gave a 99 per cent kill and at 1 part to 1,000 it gave a 95 per cent kill. This insecticide, however, is a slow-acting material and will not kill all the aphids in 24 hours, but in 36 to 48 hours it snows its real effectiveness. The writer was not able to find that derris extracts had any more lasting effect or repellent action than did nicotine sulphate. The author concludes that extracts of derris and nicotine sulphate were most successful and gave the most consistent control (p. 467). 54 MISC. PUBLICATION 12 0, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

MiQUGL, F. A. W. (294) FLORA VAN NEDEBI.ANDSCH-INDIK—PrX)RA INDIAE BATAVAE. V. 1, pt. 1, 1,116 P. illus. Amsterdam, Utrecht, [etc.] 1855. Gives botanical descriptions of 11 species of deirls, incIudinR uliginosa (p. 140-

MoETXEK, .1. and ïHOM.S, H. (29.")) UtaUlID tJNl) UiaiKIS, REAL-KNZYKT.OPAIIIE DER GESAMTEN PHARMAZIE. Ed 2 720 p., Illus. Berlin. 1905. ínSu'í''' **"* active principle of D&rris eUiptlca, is given the formula CmHaO, (OCHa),,. This is di'serilied ns a clear yellow, amorphous, strongly poisonous powder, wliich melts at about 73° C, is insoluble in water, difficulty soluble in petroleum ether, but easily soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and acetic ether un heating with alcoholic hydrochloric acid it is converted into anhydroderrid' which occurs in .the form of clear yellow needles, that are insoluble in water, dif- nculty soluble in alcohol, ether, acetic ether, and petroleum ether. The melting point is 214 . Although derrid is a strong fish poison, anhydroderrid is not poisonous to flsh (p. 305). MOOTOOSWAMY, I*. S. (296) ON THE MEDICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME OF THE INDIGENOUS PLANTS OF SOUTHERN INDIA. Indian Me

MoRlTzi. A. (297) SYSTEMATISCHES VERZEICHNISS DEB VON H. ZOLLINGE» IN DEN JAHREN 1842- 1844 AUF JAVA GESAMMELTEN PFLANZEN, NEBST BSNEB KURZEN BESCHREIBUNG DER NEUEN OAriUNGEN UND ARTEN, 80L0THURN. 1845-46. (D^'sT" ''''""''™' 'ï'''«tTlp(ion of Pon{/amia volubilis (Derris elUpUca) from Java

MORRISON, F. B. (298) STUDIES ON APPLE INSECTS. N. Y. Agr. Bxpt. Sta. Aun. Rpt. 47 ; 44-46. 1928. Rosy aphis infestation is noticeably reduced by tobacco dust or Derrlsol. NAGAI, K. (299) lUBEK KOTEXON, lUN WIRKSAMER BESTANDTEIL DER DEKKISWURZEL.] JoUr Tok.yo Chem. Soc. 23, p. 740. 1902. [In Japanese. Reviewed bv Takei in Biochem. Ztsehr. 157: 2. 1925.] T/™'",*''? r°"* 2Î P'"^i^ cMnenms colorless crystals called rotenone were isolated. «niv»?,f'i *''*'r¿^' 'fhich melted at 163°, were Insoluble In water but soluble In organic mnW,i«r i/lLïl 1 H"' solution was neutral. Analysis and a determination of the "^HAlwfSîellfàrlisî''" "^'"''''' '°™"'" ^-«-0=- '^'"' Phenylhydrazoue NBTTAI SANGYO KABUSHIKI KAISHA. (300) A NEW OR IMPROVED PROCESS FOR OBTAINING INSECTICIDAL OB OTHER TOXIC SUB- STANCES FROM PLANTS OP THE DBKRi.s SPECIES. Bi'lt. Patent 247,140 issued Augu.st 5, 1926 ; applied for June 25, 1925 ; In Japan February 4, 1925. lWriS''«n»M„i"f„'*''*i'l',"'/'^ Insecticidal or other toxic substances from plants of the of the Sim. n^rn"" '"V" <''>"s'*'ts in collecting fresh Juice of crushed fresh roots 70° c ^n^ ^Vv"^^''^? **^''''"' .^jappi-ating the juice at a temperature not exceeding tl?« inicp ThJ ?.? I' *" ^ ^»i'l"^, '*?*"■ Surplus resinous matters are removed from arrtert ft u flu„£H*riS°'«'îî tu'Ji is crushed, and after a small quantity of water Is î„ =11 " ' ullcred. The filtrate is allowed to settle for about three hours in order in „ I .'^„rf """' la^tt'^'-s to separate. The supernatant material Is then evaporatld n/7n« wi,''X:"i'"'l"°f..P^'' •"■ "? ordinary evaporator at a temperature not exceed- drlin. '..hn^hii pasty, the contents are spread on glass or iron plates and dried In a sonasohd mass.mass •rhe"Lfi,i*''°"J"'''"""Ihe solid mass may ."'be pulverized*0, *9 *?°i for """l convenience *«y become of use a deep-brown, The tiow- ?otlno,?e 34"to%? n?c"'"^r'; ^^i!,'' ^^'SÏ '=°°"'">^ '"^°"t 30 to 32 percen^t of albSmen' lím „nrt foh ""^'wJ ^Z''\'^- ""^ ¥ P""" """^ »* Impurities, such as resin, n iBnm^' ^^•J'i^ ñ.^\'- ^^S? 'Í *ä properly diluted by the addition of the desired quantity of water, it becomes the best insecticide for agricultural purposes." A DIGEST OF THE LITEEATUEE OF DEEBIS 55'

NBWBOLD, T. J. (301X POLITIOAL AND STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OP THE BRITISH SETTLEMENTS IN THE STRAITS or MALACCA, VIZ, PINANO, MALACCA, AND SINGAPORE; WITH A HIS- TORY OF THE MALAYAN STATES ON THE PEININSTTLA OF MALACCA V 2 508 D London. 1839. Describes preparation of flie arrow poisons, ipoh Itrohi, Ipoh tennlls (or Kennili) and Ipoli Mallaye, which contain tuba root as one of the Ingredients. The Kennilc arrow poison Icilled squirrels in 12 minutes, young dogs in from ST to 40 minutes, anil a fowl in 2 hours. Three arrows tipped with the Mallaye prepa- ration, it is affirmed, would 1(111 a man in less than 1 hour and a tiger in less than 3 hours (p. 398—404). NiBUWENHUIS. A. W. (302) PFEILOIFTE UND TtJBA-FISCHEJBEI. QUCT dUTCh BomeO. V. 1, 493 P, lUuS Leiden. 1904. Describes tuba fishing (p. 192-196) and arrow poisons containing derriá (132-153). Nozu, R., and SONOYAMA, I. (303) RESULTS OF STUDIES ON PHAEDON INCERTUM BALY (CHRYSOMELIDAE). AgT. Expt. Stn. Shimane Prefecture, ghlmane, Japan, March, 1926. p. 1-162. [In Japanese. Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 14:642. 1926.] The Chrysomelid, Phaedon incertum Baly, Is widely distributed oyer Japan, where It feeds on cruciferous vegetables in the adult and larval stages, causing serious damage. The remedial measures recommended are collecting the adults and spraying with derrls mixtures. OHORI, T., and NAKAZAWA, K. (304) PROCESS FOR PRODUCING A LIQUID INSECTICIDE CONTAINING EFt'ECTTVE INOREIDI- ENT OF DERRis SPECIES. U. S. Patent 1745907, issued February 4, 1930; applied for February 10, 1928; in .Tapan, February 18, 1927. Assigned to Zaidan Hojin Rilcagaliu Kenlcyujo. A process for producing a liquid Insecticide containing the effective ingredient of Derrls species consists in forming a primary material In which the effective ingredi- ent is mixed with an anhydrous and alkali-free material of an oily nature and dissolved In an anhydrous solvent such as benzol, carbon tetrachloride, or trichloroe- thano. and then mixing the primary material with a soap solution to form a colloidal solution. The following examples are given: (1) To 100 grams of powdered derrls root, 10 liters of ether are added to extract the effective ingredi- ent. After extraction Is complete, the whole or greater part of the ether Is evaporated and recovered. To the residual effective ingredient a mixture of ISO' grams of anhydrous and alkali-free flsh oil and 150 grams of benzol (as the anhydrous solvent) are added, so that a solution of the effective ingredient in benzol results. This Is the improved primary material. The soap solution is easily prepared by, for Instance, adding 500 grams of soap to 100 kilograms of water. The solution is mixed with the improved primary material for use. (2> To 1 kilo- gram of powdered derrls root. 5 kilograms of benzol is added, and the effective Ingredient of the derrls root Is extracted by warming the benzol. The l>enzol Is recovered by evaporation. To the residual effective ingredient, a mixture of 600 grams of anhydrous and alkali-free flsh oil and 600 grams of carbon tetrachloride (as the anhydrous solvent) are added to form a solution of the effective ingredient. This Is the improved primary material. The soap solution may be the same a» cxemplifled in example 1. Trichloroothane as the anhydrous solvent can be used as well. Also in the two examples given, the Improved primary material can be easily prepared In the form of powder when 800 grams of anhydrous gum arable are added. O'KANE, W. C. (305) PUNGiciDB AND INSECTICIDE. U. S. Patent 1786125, Issued December 23, 1930 ; applied for May 18, 1927. The patentee claims a fungicide and insecticide consisting of hydrocarbon white oil carrying a colloidal metal derivative component, such as colloidal cuprous oxide or hydrated oxide. If desired, this refined oil may be used to extract any suitable organic material such as pyrethrum of various species, derrls of various species, or other substances that will furnish an additional killing agent effective against Insects, or such materials may be added to the refined oil. OLIVER, D. (306) FLORA OP TROPICAL AFRICA. V. 2, 613 p. LoudoU. 1871. On pages 244-246 five species of Derrls, Including uUginuaa, from tropical Africa, are described. OxLBY, T. (307) SOME ACCOUNT OP THE NUTMEM AND ITS CULTIVATION. JOUr. Indian Archl- pelago and East. Asia 2 (10) : 641-660. 1848. Several species of insects lay their eggs on the leaves of nutmeg, but they are not all of equal Importance. The species which manifests itself by the discoloration of the leaf, and the larvae of which are embedded in the substance and not on the 56 MISC. PUBLICATION 120, U. S. DEPT. OF AGEIOULTURE

OxLEY, T.—Continued. surface, appears the worst, but all ought to be carefully watched and removed or they rapidly spread and cause great havoc amongst the trees. For this purpose It Is necessary to wash the leaves with a decoction oí tuba root, and syringe them by means of a bamboo with chunam and water of the consistency of whitewash. This adheres to the leaves and will remain even after several heavy showers, riving for the time rather an unsightly appearance to the tree, but making amends by clearing It of the larvae. PABISCH, H. (308) UEBES DIB TUBA-wuBzBiL (DEBÉIS KLLiPTiCA BENTH.). Pharm. Zentralhalle 46 (36) : 697-706. 1905. Describes the microscopical structure of the roots of Derris elliptica. Drawings are included. PALM, B. T. (309) BBREiDiNQ VAN AKAE-TOEBA EXTRACT. Mcded. Dell Procfsta. Mcdan. ser. 2, no. 42. 1926. Good results have been obtained In Sumatra with akar-tuba extract as an insecti- cide (p. 25-26). (310) PABMAN, D. C, BISHOPP, F. C, LAAKE, B. W., COOK, F. C, and ROAEK, R. C. OHEMOTBOFIO TESTS WITH THE SCEEW-WOBM FLY. U. S. Dept. AgF. Bul. 1472, 32 p. 1927. A commercial derrls powder repelled 95 per cent of the screw-worm flies visiting a bait of beef liver. This Is about the same figure as that obtained with pyrethrum powder. . LAAKE, E. W., BISHOPP, F. C, and EOABK, R. C. (311) TESTS OF BLOWFLY BAITS AND BEPEajJ!NT8 DUKINQ 1026. V. S. Dept. AgT. Tech. Bul. 80, 15 p. 1928. Derrls powder, 0.5 gram, plus kaolin, 4.5 grams, when spread upon 4-ounce cubes of beef liver in a Mason jar repelled 38 per cent of the screw-worm flies and 81 per cent of the LuciUa flies that approached the meat. PAEEOTT, P. J., and GLASGOW, H. (312) THE ROSY APHID IN EESIATION TO SPEAY PEACTICES IN 1929. N. Y. State AgT. Expt. Sta. Bul. 582, 32 p., lUus. 1930. Presents results of experiments designed to ascertain the comparative values of different insecticides in combating the rosy aphid (AnurapMa roaeua Baker). The results with the derrls preparations are as follows : Percentage of aphid ^ „ „ apples per tree Ume-Bulphur, 1-40 ; Derrlsol, 1 pint to 100 gallons spray mixture 22.17 Lime-sulphur, 1-40 ; Derrlsol, % pint to 100 gallons spray mixture : nicotine sulphate, % pint _ _ 7 39 Bordeaux, 4-4-50 ; Derrlsol, 1 pint to 100 gallons spray mixture 43. 90 Check plot 51. es In past seasons samples of Detrlsol, although consistently inferior to nicotine sprays, greatly reduced the aphid population. It would appear that Derrlsol is not yet a thoroughly standardized product. , GLASGOW, H., and MACLEOD, G. F. (313) CONTROL OF APPLE RED BUGS BY DUSTING. N. Y. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 490, 30 p., illus. 1921. Tests were made with a number of materials against two species of plant bugs, namely, the bright red bug (LyMea mendax Reuter), and the dark red bug (Betero- corayius malinus Reuter). A derris-scap compound was used, a commercial prepara- tion assumed to contain approximately one-half pound of powdered derrls root and Ö pounds of soap per United States gallon. This derrls-soap mixture was used at the rate of 10 pounds to 100 gallons waier. Applied at the rate of 13% gallons per tree the derrls-soap mixture killed 99.2 per cent of the Insects. This same mix- ture injured in three different tests 6, 6.3, and 14.1 per cent of the apples, the average being 13.2 per cent. PEEEEDèS, P. E. F. (314)

THE ANATOMY OV THE STEM OF DEBéIS ULIGINOSA, BENTH., AN H^^STEEN FISH POISON. Amer. Pharm. Assoc. Proc. 50: 321-332, lUus. 1902. A detailed description. PKESOON, C. H. (316) SYNOPSIS PLANTAEUM, SETT BNCHIEIDIUM BOTANICUM. Pt. 2, 657 p. PariS 1807. Two species of derrls are described (p. 278). A DIGEST OF THE LITEEATUBE OF DEBRIS 57

PBTTIT, K. H. (316) RETORT OP THE SECTTioN OP BNTOMOLOOY. Mich. Agri. Expt. Sta. Ann. Bpt.

During the spring of 1925 a series of lests was made by L. G. Gentner to deter- mine the comparative and absolute values of various sprays against the blaclî cherry aphis, as well as the various aphlds of apple. These tests included trials with derris miscible oils, and nicotine used separately and in combination, and were made partly in Benzie County and partly in Ionia County. The results, while encouraeine were not conclusive nor even entirely satisfactory in the test against the cherry aphis. A better kill was secured with the apple aphlds (p. 222). PETER, W. (817) EINE NEUE INSEKTIZID WIRKENDE DROGE: DERBIS EüIPTICA. CLIEM ZTC 54* 724. 1930. ■ An abstract of a paper presented before the German Natural Scientists' and Phy- sicians Association held al Konigshurg. The root is described, and petroleum and benzene are suggested as commercial solvents for the active ingredients For ecto- parasites of vertebrate animals, the following mixture is recommended : 8 per cent finest derris powder, 67 per cent tobacco dust, 25 per cent sulphur ; or 20 per cent finest derris powder and 80 per cent tobacco dust. For coclsroaches, a mixture of finest derris powder with flour and sugar is used «s a successful stomach poison. Jor biting and sucking insects the following spray is recommended: Dissolve one- half kilogram of soap In 100 kilograms of water and scatter it in 1 kilogram of derris powder. PPAPP, F. (31g) ÜBER DIE GIFTIGEN BESTANDTEILE DES TIMBOS, EINES BRASILIANISCHEN FISCH- oiFiES. Arch. Pharm. 229: 31-48. 1891. Two compounds were isolated from Brazilian timbo (identifled as PaulUnia oin- nata L.)—a nitrogen-free body called " timboin " and an oil called " timhol." Tlm- boin, melting point Sñ° C, is very readily soluble in ether, alcohol, benzene, acetic acid, toluene, and carbon disulphide, very soluble in chloroform, very difficultly sol- uble in petroleum ether, and quite insoluble in water. The formula of timboin is CSTHMOS. [AS a result of Klllip and Smith's explorations (217) timbo is now known to be Lonchßcarpus nlcou, the acHve principle of which is rotenone. PfafE's timboin was probably Impure rotenone.] POWER, F. B. (319)

THE CHEMISTRY OP THE STEM OF DERKIS ULIGINOSA BENTH., AN E^VSTEBN FISH POISON. Amer. Pharm. Assoc. Proc. 50: 296-321. 1902. Essentially the same as (iW). (320) THE CHEMISTRY OP THE STEM OP DEEKIS ULIGINOSA BENTH., AN EASTERN FISH POI.SON. Pharm. Arch. 5: 145-100, 1902 ; 6: 1-14, 1903. ..,>'i"^>''®^^'^^ extractions yielded the following results : Petroleum ether (boiling point 40-60), 0.93 per cent; ether, 0.33 per cent; chloroform, 0.28 -per cent; alcohol, 2.7» per cent ; total, 4.33 per cent. The active principle is a constituent of that part of the resin soluble In chloro- forni. There were isolated from this resin after treatment with hydrochloric acid In alcoholic solution fine yellow needles, melting point 212» to 213°, very sparingly soluble in cold aleohol and apparently identical with the anhydroderrid of Silleveldt (Sf.fi). Fusion of this resin with potash afforded acetic and valerlanic acids. Oxida- tion of the resin with nitric acid gave behenic acid and oxalic acid. The chemical constitution of the active principle was not determined. Other com- pounds identifled in the original alcoholic extract of the drug were : Caproic acid, arachidic acid,, stearic acid, ceryl alcohol, and two isomers of cholesterol. QxjAiNTANCE, A. L., Chairman. (321) REPORT OP COMMITTEE TO FORMULATE PLANS FOR INVESTIGATIONS OF THE COD- LING MOTH FROM BIOLOGIC AND CONTROL STANDPOINTS. JOUr. ECOn. Ent. 21: 31-38. 1928. Field tests of derris against the codling: moth In New Jersey are being made by Si. R. Van Leeuwen. According to Van LeEUwen, derris in laboratory and field testa has shown nromisp. (322) REPORT OF COMMITTEE TO FORMULATE PLANS FOR INVESTIGATIONS OF THE COD- LINO MOTH FROM BIOLOGIC AND CONTROL STANDPOINTS. JOUr. ECOH. Ent 22: 24-29. 1929. Derris has been tested by A. J. Ackernian, Bentonvllle, Ark. ; G. M. List, Colo- rado Agricultural Experiment Station ; W. P. Flint, Illinois State Natural History Survey; B. A. Porter, Vincennes, Ind.; P. M. Gilmer, Wichita, Kans. ; B. R. Van Leeuwen and L. C. McAIister, Moorestow.D, N. J. ; and B. J. Newcomer. Yakima, Wash. ii''"V?/* '■sports good results with commercial derris extract combined with white oil, 1% per cent. An alcoholic extract ol derris used against second brood worms appeared to be of little value (Ackerman, Ollmer, Newcomer, and McAIister). 58 MISC. PUBLICATION 12 0, XJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTUEE

QuAi.NTAXCE, A. L., Chairman—Continued. (323) EEPOBT OF COMMITTEE TO FOEMULATE PLANS FOR INVESTIGATIONS OF THE COD- UNO MOTH FROM BIOLOGIC AND CONTROL STANDPOINTS. Jour. KCOII. Ent. 24: 18-23. 1931. During 1930, field tests against tlie codling moth were made by Leroy Childs, Hood Hiver, Oreg., with rotenone; by W. P. Flint, Urbana, 111., and P. M. Gilmer and E. VV. Howe, Wichita, Kans., with oil derris. Flint and Gilmer reported that the addition of derris extract, 1-800, to oil did not materially Improve Its effectiveness. In small-scale flpid tests rotenone has given very poor results (Spuler, Newcomer, Childs). In the laboratory results have varied from good (Spuler) to poor (Lathrop and Sazama). Newcomer reports that rotenone appears ettective immediately after application but loses its effectiveness rapidly on exposure. RAFFLES, T. S. (324) THE HISTORY OP JAVA. Ed. 2, V. 1, 536 p. LondoH. 1830. The Coculus indicus and other intoxicating drugs are sometimes thrown into the river, after which the flsh are found floating on the surface and easily taken. This method, termed " tflba " is prohibited on large rivers. Jämprong is the usual term for the procedure in wnlch the flsh are afterwards driven down the river into a snare laid below (p. 208-209). REDECKEB, S. B. (325) BUMATR.V AS A SOIRCE OF SUPPLY FOR DERRIS OB TUBA ROOT. U. S. Dept. Com., Bur. Foreign and Dom. Com. Spec. Circ. 144. 1926. " Derrid has been used for years by Chinese and native farmers in Sumatra as an insecticide on vegetable plants, and there is a fairly active trade in the product with these local farmers. Within the last two years the Important tobacco estates in the Deli districts of Northern Sumatra, which produce the Sumatra cigar wrapper tobacco, have used increased quantities of Derrid on the tobacco plants for destroying the lice (aphids) attacking the plants. It has been found to be extremely effective for this purpose as it exterminates completely the lice and at the same time does not Injure in the least the most tender tobacco leaves. It is reported by the experimental station of the Sumatra tobacco Industry that last year all the tobacco estates combined used about 10,000 kilos of Derrid and that the insecticide has proved so effective that they will use approximately 15,000 kilos during the current year. The tol)acco estates formerly used a mixture of nicotine for this purpose, but owing to the high cost and sjarcity of this product they were obliged to turn to Derrid as a substitute, the use of which will probably continue. "Another important and increasing use for Derrid is as a body wash for cattle and animals of all kinds, as it has been found entirely effective in exterminating the animal insect pests and at the same time does not injure the skin of the animal. However, when the animal is suffering from a skin disease sucli as scurf, Derrid can not be used, as it is then injurious to the animal. " The present price of Derrid In Medan is approximately 0.8 florins per kilo, equivalent to 1.5 cents United States currency per pound. Wiien exported the roots are simply tied together and placed in heavy gunny sacks." REES, A. (326) THE CYCLOPAEDIA; OR, UNIVERSAL DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, AND LITEEA- TüRB. V. 11, London. 1819. Gives botanical description of Derris and in particular of D: pinnata. RICHARDSON, C. H. (327) INSECTICIDE STUDIES DEVELOP MANY NEW WAYS TO KILL PESTS. TJ. S. DEPT. Agr. Yearbook 1927: 389-393. 1928. Derris, a comparatively new insecticide of plant origin, has given excellent results in the control of cattle grubs and of fleas on domestic animals. Tests have demon- strated that derris extract is very effective against leaf hoppers on leatherleaf ferns in Florida. ■ (328) INSECTICIDES. Ann. Survey Amer. Cliem. (1927-28) 3: 226-245. 1928. On page 241 the author refers briefly to the papers of Quaintance (32/1, Daniel (87), Hough (192), and DeLong (95). RIDLEY, H. N. (329) A iiST OF MALAY PLANT NAMES. Jour. Stralts Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc. 30: 31-283. 1897. Akar is d^ed as anv climbing plant (p. 35). The word also signifles the root of a plant. Tuba Is defl^ned as Derria elliptioa Benth. (p. 274). ~ (330) INSECTICIDES, NUTMEGS AND MACE, AND PEPPERS. gplcee. 449 P., lUUS. London. 1912. Tuba root Ig one of the best Insecticides and is the one most regularly used by the Chinese in the Malay Peninsula for treating their vegetable and other crops. The A DIGEST OF THK LITEBATUBE OP DEBRIS 59

RIDLEY, H. N.—Continued. plant known as tuba (Derria elUptica) is u woody climber, propagated by cuttings. It will grow in any corner of the garden and soon develops Into a falrlv larse mass of stems, lying on the ground. TÊe roots are pounded up In water and thfd?coc «on is poured or sprayed over the crop, where it will kill all cuterDlUars Eraas- hoppers, and other fnsects It Is perfectly harmless to any p/ints.ïhe décoction Is poisonous to human beings, but only when taken In large ouantltles and risk from it in the case of spice plants is infinitesimal (p 8-9) q"«"""™, and risk In Sarawak a small, flattened, green bug, having its sides fringed with tiny spines has been found. It is an immature form, probably of some species of Centrocnemis. wH*h ïhîfnl^, « ""P shigglsh animal but a serious pest. The best method of dealing with this class of animal is to spray the vines with a decoction of tuba root (D elliptioa), or some of the well-known insecticides, such as nicotine (p. 273). (331) THE FLOBA OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. V. 1. Loudon. 1922. Derris elUptica and other species of derrls growing in the Malay Peninsula are described (p. o95-o98). RiPLEY, L. B. (332) TOP-DRESSING OF MAIZE AGAIN.ST STALK-BOHEB. RESULTS OF TESTS ParmlD"' In South Africa 1: 153-154. 1926. An attempt is being made by an industrial company to grow derrls In South Africa. Derrisol is more toxic than 40 per cent nicotine .sulphate; the highest concentration of Derrisol economically practicable for use on a large scale Is 1 to 150. Kymac, a sheep dip containing derrls extract as one of the actlv(> ingredients, burns plants at 1 to ¿GO and is not quite toxic enough to the borers at this strength Derris dust calcium fluosilicate, cryolite, and calcium arsenate will be tested next season. Sodium fluosilicate burns badly. Recommendation : " If you wish to avoid burning the young maize, use derrisol 1 to 150. It will cost 7 to 10 shillings per acre, exclusive of lahor." (333) TOP-DRESSING MAIZE AGAINST STALK-BORE»—UNEXPECTED DAMAGE WITH DERRI- SOL. Farming in South Africa 1: 392. 1927. In {S3Î) It was pointed out that of many substances studied. Derrisol was the only one that did not burn the plants at a strength which was suffleiently etfective against the borer. This substance was therefore regarded as the most promising of the many tried, although its cost (7 to 10 shillings) was somewhat too high. The author states that a ease of severe injury to maize, following the use of Derrisol, lias recently been noticed. The damage is not that of burning but a delayed and peculiar type of giant poisoning. This did not occur in the Cedara experimental plots even when lerrisol was used, very much stronger than the strength recommended for trial. Fending thorough investigation of this Inexplicable result, farmers are advised not to use this substance on maize. For other purposes, however, as advised by inanu- racturers, Derrisol was found to be an excellent insecticide. (The manufacturers have not advised its use on maize.) (334) TOP-DRESSING MAIZE AGAINST STALK-BORER. Farming in South Africa 2: 613-616. 1928. Keference is made to previously reported results on derris and Kymac, a sheep dip which contains derrls. In the tests reported In this article, four différent ,>iubstance« were used, namely, Kymac, Kerol, ai-senlte of soda, and sodium fluosilicate. The author concludes that Kymac diluted 1 to 2i>0 may be safe as a top-dressing for maize when used at the rate of a tabiespoonful of liquid (10 cubic centimeters) per

and HEPBURN, G. A. (335) TOP-DRESSING MAIZE AGAINST STALK-BORER. Fanniii/i in South Africa, 3: 933-934, 942. 1928. Cr.volite diluted with an inert powder at the rate of 1 to 100 is not nearly so effective against the stalk borer as when diluted with water at the rate of 1 to 600. With powdered derris root the situation is similar. When applied In water at 1 to 90 It is much more effective than when used as a powder at 1 to 12. The killing power of a dry powder under the conditions of top-dressing Is far below that of the same Êowder diluted to the same extent but applied as a suspension In water. This Is per- aps explained by the fact that when suddenly wetted by a liquid the borers swallow some of it (as is easily shown by using a coloivd liquid and dissecting the digestive system after dipping), whereas they do not appear to swallow a dry powder very readily. Thus the liquid can act as a stomach poison more effectively than the powder. Pulvex (ground derris root) applied as a suspension in water is extraordinarily toxic to the stalk borer. As it does not burn foliage, the concentration that can be used Is limited by cost. If Pulvex is diluted at the rate of 1 to 450 by weight It costs about the same per acre as Kymac 1 to 250, namely, about one-half penny per acre. It is found that at these strengths the two substances are equal in killing power. One of the chief Ingredients in Kymac is derris extract. 60 MISC. PUBLICATION 120, U. S. DEPT. OF AGBIOULTUBE

KiPLEY, L. B., and HEPBUEN, G. A.—Continued. (336> A NEW INSECTICIDE AGAINST MAIZE STALK-BOEEB. Farming In South Africa^ 0; 285-287. 1930. To determine the eCEect upon the yield of ti eating maize plants heavily Infested with the maize stalk borer, twelve %-acre plots were laid out In a uniform stand. Sli were top-dressed, the remaining six being left as controls. Kymac paste, 1 pound to 25 Imperial gallons, Cryolite, 1 pound to 60 gallons, and Pulvex, 1 pound to 40 gallons were used. Two of the six plots were treated with each insecticide. Kymac gave an Increase over the controls of 27 per cent ; Cryolite, 26 per cent ; Pulvex, 13 per cent. I^Ivex Is the only one of these Insecticides that Is harmless to foliage. A new Derrlsol has been brought out and Is recommended as superior to the three products previously advocated for the control of the maize stalk borer. The addition of a resin soap to the new Derrisol reduced the toxiclty to a marked degree. Dcrrisol is recommended for use at the rate of 1 part to 1,000 parts of water, by measure. One imperial gallon of Derrisol is sufBcfent to top-dress about 45 acres. Preliminary experiments with a mixture of cryolite and Derrisol gave nromlslne results. = r s ROABK. R. C. (337) PLANTS USED AS INSECTICIDES. Amer. Jour. Pharm. 91: 25-37, 91-107. 1919. D. elUptica and uliginoaa are listed as Insectlddal plants (p. 36-37). (338) ÏX301TOMIO ASPECTS OF THE USB OF INSECTICIDES. Chem. Markets 22: 303-304 1928. No figures on the consumption of derrls products In the United States are available. (339) BBCENT PBOGKESS IN THE CHBMISTEY OF DERBIS. JoUr. Econ. Ent. 22 : 378-381 1929. '*^,i*yif?' S£ the work of the following: Nagal {299), Takel (3S6, Ä87, S88), Bute- nandt(«i) Wright (iSS), Fryer, Stenton, Tattersfleld, and Roach («8), and Tan Hasselt (JTVj 178). (340) SOME BEOENTLT PE0P08ED STOMACH INSECTICIDES. A EEVIEW OP THE PATENT LITERATURE. Fouith Internatl. Congr. Ent. Trans, v. 2, p. 730. (Edited by K. Jordan and W. Horn.) 1929. The author calls attention to the root of Derria elUptiea as a material worth testing as a stomach insecticide. References to patents covering processes of preparing derris extrants nrp ipivpn r ^ o — (341) VALIOSAS PLANTAS INSECTICIDAS SUDAMERICANAS. Bol. Unlon Panamericana 63: 1298-1299. 1929. Mentions rotenone as a valuable Insecticide occurring in derrls, Lonchocarpus. cube, and timbo and suggests the cultivation of these plants In South America (342) NEW INSECTICIDES DEWET.OPED TO IMPROVE CROP PROTECTION. U. S Dally V 4 p. 8, January 23, 1930. Refers to the work of the Insecticide division with rotenone and to Its occurrence In cube. (343) INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES. Ann. Survey Amer. Chem. (1928-29) 4: 358- 382. 1930.

and'^HaseM^^TIreT*'''''^ ^^ '^"'^^ ^*"' ^^'^' ^^'^'^^ ''■*'' ^^^"'^Se and Smith (237),

(344) THE AMEKICAN MARKET FOR TUBA HOOT (DEBRIS ELLIPTICA). Malayan Agr. Jour. 18 : 455-458. 1930. Growers are urged to produce derrls root of high rotenone content. A chemical method of determining rotenone in derrls root Is given. The cultivation of Loncho- carpus (cube) in the Federated Malay States and the marketing of derrls as an thFSîÎ rather than as a crude root are suggested. Recent work on rotenone and tne other constituents of derris is reviewed. (345) DEBRIS, CUBE, AND TEffllEOSIA AS INSECTICIDES. A REVIEW OP AMERICAN AND FOREioN PATENTS. Soap 6: 105, 107, 109. 1930. Abstracts American and foreign patents relating to derrls, cube, and tephrosla. A DIGEST OF THE LITEEATUKE OF DEBKIS 61

RoABK, R. O.—Continued. (SiQ) PEOBLBMS IN THB PRODUCTION AND USB OP INSECTICIDE8 IN THE SOUTH Toiir Chem. Ed. 7: 2301-2306. 1930. »OUIH. jour, erif FlSîlda '^ "^""^"^ *° **"* possibility of growing derris and Loncliocarpus in soutli-

(347) GENUINE DERBIS ROOT MAY CONTAIN NO ROTENONB. Jour Econ Ent 94 • 32&-330. 1931. , ■ • Authentic specimens of derris root have been found to contain no rotenone The total ether extract of derris root may range fiom 5 to 23 per cent and the rotraoni content from 0 to 5% per cent, but there is no consistent relation between these Cube root has been found to contain up to 7.6 per cent rotenone A cîbe extract may soon be commercially available. extiact

THB INSECTICIDB POSSIBILITIES OF DEBRIS ROOT. Soap 7 : 97, 99, 101. 1931. („éHfM^'°° J^ ;?"!'' *° i*^^ possibilities of rotenone both as a contact and a stomach Insecticide, to its harmlessness to mammals when eaten by them to recent work on Its structure, and to the patents relating to rotenone-bearing píants. -, PABMAN, D. C, BISHOPP, F. C, and LAAKB, E. W. (349^ REPELLENTS FOB BLOWFLIES. Indus. and Engin. Clieni. 19: 942. 1927 Derris powderpowde when undiluted repelled 95 per cent of the screw-worm flies vlsit- ing fresh beef : cent.ceit ^ ''""""' ^'*'' ° °^ "^^''^ "' kaolin it repelled 38 per ROSBNTHAL, D. A. (350) SYNOPSIS PLANTABUM DLàPHOEicABUM. Systematisclie Uebersiolit der Heil — Nutz—und Giftpflanzen niler Länder. 1,359 p. Erlangen. 1861. (p^m^)"""*"^" '" ^*'^ *° ^^ "^^'' '" ''^"^ "^ * medicine and for stupefying flsh ROTHAMSTED EXPERIMENTAL STATION. (351) EOTHAMSTED EAPEEIMBIÎTAL STATION, HAEPENDBN. Ann. Rpt. 1925-26. Refers to the work of Tattcrsfleld and Glmmingham with insecticida! plants ,ii!fll'* eüiptica, the tuba root of Malay, and halarl, from British Guiana, have yielded a poisonous resin and a colorless, crystalline substance, tubatoxln which is excessively poisonous to insects (p. 47-4á). "aLuiiu, wuicn (352) ROTHAMSTED EXPERIMENTAL STATION, HABPENDEN. Ann. Rpt. 1927-28. Mentions investigations designed to develop new Insecticides. Four plants are especially promising—derris from Malay, whlcfi contains poison in its roots ; tephro- ?h«'fÎf^ïJ™/« H/K^n'^V " <:"™i>er. liaiari (both white and black varieties), from regions ( 51-54) Guiana ; and pyrethrum, the only one which grows in temperate

ROXBURGH, W. (353) HOBTus BBNQALENSis, 105 p. Serampore. 1814. Describes Oaledupa uliglnoaa (Derrit uliginoaa) on page 53. (354) FLOBA INDICA ; OR DiscEiPTiONS OF INDIAN PLANTS. V. 3, 875 P. Londou and Calcutta. 1832. „^..'?''*?''''^^'^®^"'P''°° of five species of Galedupa, including ff. elliptica (Derris elhptica) and G. uliginosa {D. uliginosa) (p. 239-243). r v «> RuMPHius, G. E. (355) HBBBAEIUM AMBOINENSB, AM8TEBDAM. Pt. 5, 492 p., ilius. Amsterdam. 1747. Describes akar tuba (Derris ellipHca) under the name of tuba radicum and men- tions its use as a flsh poison (p. 37-38). RUSSELL, H. L. (358) WHAT'S NEW IN FABM SCIENCE. Wis. Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rpt. (1927-28), ■ Bui. 406, 128 p. 1929. Many kinds of predaceous insects attack the cherry aphids (Mvzua oeraH Fabr. and help to limit the degree of infestation, but their unaided efforts are not sufficient for commercial control of the pest. This can be accomplished with contact sprays, nicotine sulphate, or Derrisol, applied early in the season before the cherry leaves unfold (p. 119). 62 MISC. PUBLICATIOÏT 12 0, U. S. DEPT. OP AGEICULTUEE

KussElx, H. h., MoKBisoN, F. B., and EBUNG, W. H. (357) STUDIES OF THE BIJi-CK CHERRY APHIB, GLB.\NIN08 FROM SCIENCE. WiS. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 388, 145 p. 1926. A number of experimental sprayings were made In the spring of 1926, and a variety of Insecticides were used on the black cherry aphid, Jii/««s cerasi. It was found that the petal spray Is probably the best for cherry aphids control and a new insecticide Derrisol, Imported from England, seemed to possess superior qualities (p. 64). SABASIN, F., and Roux, J. • (358) NOVA CALEDONIA, BECHEBOHES SCIENTIFIQUES EN NOUVELLE-CSALEDONIE El AUX ILES LOYALTY. Bul. Bot. 1, pt. 2, 1T6 p., lUus. Berlin and Wiesbaden. 1920. Describes Denis uliginosa from the Loyalty Islands (p. 157). SCHMITT, N. (359) DEBRIS ELI.IPTICA BKNTH., EIN VEGETABILISCHER UND UNOIFTIGER INSEXîTICIDLJB- FEKANT. Angew. Bot. 12: 453-463. 1930. \ general description of Derris ellipUca, Its cultivation, and use as an Insecticide. Cuttings of derris are being grown in the Frankfort I'alm Garden and the botanical garden in Nvmplienburg near Munich, (jermnny. It is reported that a derris planta- tion has been established in tlie vicinity of Laguna, Philippine Islands. Some good photographs of diTris plants and roots are shown. If clu'wed, tlie root has a peculiar metallic taste, slightly sourish aromatic. It Ims an astringent action, and after about half an hour produces on the tongue a last- ing numbness, which extends Into the pharynx. ScHWARra, B., and SHOOK, W. B. (360) BABBIT PARASITES AND Di.sKA.SES. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers' Bul. 1568, 30 p. li)28. For combating fleas on rabbits the animals should be dusted with pyrethrum pow- der, with powdered naphthalene, or powdered derris root which should be used in the same way as in treating for lice with pyrethrum (p. 10). SEEMANN, B. (361) VITI : AN ACCOUNT OF A GOVERNMENT MISSION TO THE VITIAN OF FIJIAN ISLANDS IN THE YEARS I8«o-oi. 447 p., Ulus. Cambridge. 1862. The materials employed by the natives for poisoning, or rather stupefying flsh. a custom as prevalent all over Polynesia as it Is among the Indians of America, are the square fruit of the Vutu rakaraka (Harrinotonia speciosa. Linn.) and the stem and leaves of the Duva gaga (Derris uliginosa). Both plants grow in abundance on the sea l)eacli just above high-water mark. As soon as these materiafs, pounded to render them more efficacious, are thrown into the water, or drawn through It by means of a line or creeper to which they have been attached, the flsh turn on their back and rise to the surface. They are stupefied and are thus easily taken. They soon recover their lost activity and are believed tiot to die from the etfecta of this treatment (p. 339). . (362) PLANTAE viTiENSBS, BONPI.ANDIA. V. 10, HO. 19, 372 p., lUus. Loudon, New York [etc]. 1862. Derris uliginosa from the FIJI Islands Is described (p. 296). (363) FLORA viTiENSis. 453 p., lUus. London. 1867-1873. Describes Derris uliginosa from the Fiji Islands. It Is plentiful on the sea beach, and by Its long running rootstock helps to keep the beach together. The leaves are pounded and thrown Into the water by the natives for the purpose of first stupefying, and then catching fish, the process being the same as practiced by the American Indians on the Isthmus of Panama, and elsewhere (p. 65). SHAKPLBS, A. (364) ANNUAL BBPOBT OF THE MYcxjLOGisT FOB 1H22. Malayan Agr. Jour. 11 : 267-272. 1923. Diseased plants of tuba root have been under observation (p. 271). SHUTT, F. T. (365) REPORT OF THE DOMINION CHEMIST (CANADA) FOB THE YEAR ENDING MARCH 31. Dept. of Agr., Dominion Experimental Farms, 84 p., 1927. Among the samples received for analysis was a dark-colored, odoriferous liquid Insecticide, strongly alkaline. This was submitted by the dominion entomologist, and was manufactured by A. St. l*ger, Lago Magglore, Italy. Upon analysis It was found to be a sulphonated tar oil neutralized with ammonia, and containing apparently the active principle of derris root, rotenonc. This Is one of the more newly Introduced insecticides under Investigation by the entomological branch. A sample of derris root, which was a finely ground, yellow powder, was sub- mitted for analysis by A. Kelsall, entomological laboratory, Annapolis Boyal, N. S. A DIGEST OP THE LITERATURE OP DERBIS 63

SHUTT, F. T.—Continued. The following results were obtalnea : Moisture, 6.48 per cent- ether »^tm^t a TO . methoxyl content, 14.90;* alcohol extract,» aiter ethir extract 14 2ß' "^ * (p. nlrâr '"*'''"*"''^'' Insecticide is regarded as a contact 'a¿d stbmach poison The pieces of root on arrival in Canada are quite dry, Indicatine a drvin» nn of the sap and the consequent coagulation of tfie poisons. For Sis reSsra th? root should be ground to an impalpable powder and special means taken th.t,f is thoroughly díspersed throughout the spray fluid, /or maximum efflc"encv the use of organic solvents, for example, wood spirit, is advisable emciency the Derrls is quite poisonous to the lower forms of Hie ; in moderate doses it ia nnn poisonous to man. Its uses are many. It has been fiund very effective as a moth preventive, as an exterminator of lice and fleas, and also as an agent in mosouito control work, m experiments with a number of dusts as mosquito controTflnelv ground derris root was found to be highly effective against the larvae SiLLEVOLDT, H. E. Ï. VAN (ggg^ UEBER DAS DEKBIU UND PACHYRHIZID ; EIN BEITRAÜ ZUR KENNTNIS DER IN- DISCHEN FiscHGiETE. Nwlerluncl. Tijdsehr. Pharm. 11: 246-256 • and Avch Phann. 237: 595-616. 1899. (luaug. Diss., Marburg, 1899.) ' 71,ÎH®! ®Í"P,W>°''' "^"^ poisons occur mainly in plants of the family of PaoiHonaceae »IH. ';^l'. ^^"».'¡"i"' ,Pfep«red from the root of Derris elHpUca, by trMtlng w th wat«' extracting with alcohol, evaporating, and treating the residue with ether is a DI1¿ yellow substance. It melts at 7S° C and is i.nsilv aninhilT ¡..i!,„!:.' i ^ i solvents, slightly so in light petroieu^'alfd InUSb i^n'^w^V'" T*! a"icöh'ol"c'Ä tion has a. faintly acid reaction. Derrid is dissolved by sulphuric acid fo 'mine a bruwnish-violet solution, from which it is reprecipitated by water It'anoeTr^ to iT'^a" r.'*f Pbenylhydrazlne. By boiling with an alcohSlc ¿lution of TdrogeS chloride U forms an anhydro derivative, CxtU^^ß^, which is ato! nreseiit in írnfle ffTAo ™? is not dissolved by ether. Thlà'-^om^Und iorm/smalMreJdlls mè^^^^^^^ whiih ¿leHs Tt 240°.' '"*'' ^^^'^''^^'^ '^^''^ " i«™« ^ compound, SÄb«(OHU Rlr!h''i'/K?„'î."?„''Îh"î'^''/''l"^'!'?' Ci«.I\.0„. from the seeds of Pachyrlaua angulatu», Klch is similar to that of derrid. I'achyrhizlde melts at 81°, and closelv resembles derrid. A. compound, f^H^oO», which is insoluble in ether and melts at 198° U Ä/",^'*>"""^ '", ">? «r''^- The anhydro derivative of pachyrhlzlde cllLol obtaiiu'd by warm ng it with nn alcoholic solution of hydrogen chloride is a crvfta 1 two mrthoxyf groups." '' "* '^-°- " ""■""'"■' '"'"' P'^«nyl'^y'' ^"î'^u-^'f?'"'/" "PP«^"'' to *;?•''"« to ^he same homologous series as Pfaff's timboin, for Which the formula CMHJ^OIO may be calculated from his analyses. SMITH, K. N., and WADSWORTH, J. T. (3C7) THE CARROT AND ONION ilJES. SOME PRELIMINARY ATTEMPTS AT THEIR CON- TROL. Fruit Grower 51: 575-578, 616-618. 1921.

.L-ir?« ^M.^/Q'^^^ÍÍ,""^ "^ "i P°«■ T^'^ '''^"'^ mixture gave the best control of any of the materials „f Vieil. "^^'1*' *.''! °"'SS "'^^ {Hylcmyia antigua) in the same way 6 applications souarè vaid°Lvp^Hn''n i" P"/'? ^'"" ^^ ^ P,?« ''"■•'«' "i* ">« '■"t« »f 1 ounce p"? c?emi onfons onions, whereas soot alone gave only 16 per cent

SMITH, L. E., and LAFORGE, F. B. (,S6S) BOTENONE. X. CLEAVAGE OF DEKRITOL AND BOTENOL. ,TüUr. Auier Cliem "soC 52:4595-^.598. 1930. nf^nÍ!íí¡í'/''n'?l''^rv'''^i.'' y'<''*l?.o" alkaline peroxide oxidation a monocarboxyllc acid vlBiíí tï„ ,H.'i; 'î^ having the properties of a trimethoxyphenylacetic acid which l^oond» in fía pmñ'!Hn^i'V'""'",^ ^J permanganate oxidation. The new acid corre- fti n,r,n«Jiit ^P¿''™' formula to a trimethoxybenzoic acid but does not agree in rTÍ^H"^.? "** with any of the four known compounds of this type. It therefore Snknown.*'""^'"""*^ *" *'"'" *''* ^' ^' ^ """ 2-3. 6 derivative, Both of which are i„Ji'!î?'''",S'''}î*"î?"'' *5'.<', 0" peroxide oxidation yields a monocarboxyllc acid of lormula CuHnOj containing the two methoxyl groups of rotenol. SMITH, R. H. (389) EXPERIMENTS WITH TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN SPRAT OILS IN CONTROLLING BED SCALE. Calif. Cltrogr. 14: 315, 326. 1929. Tests were made against red scale on lemon trees with nicotine and extracts ?„ P^K. ÏÎ""' i'"'£'^.' *•"■"« species of Tephrosla, and two species of Lonchocarpùs, in a highly refined kerosene. No combination showed any practical value. fn^^i^r P^''™"taKe o,f ether extract per se can not be regarded as a measure of the toxlclty of the sample, but considered in conjunction with methoxyl content, it serves toward a decision in respect to genuineness and strength. »Gives a general indication of the nontoxic constituents having some value as emulsl- Zliï^^l í^*'l'"*' í'^'i"!" '">'' percentage found is high, indicating that this sample possesses high emulsifying properties, confirmed later by actual use of the root In spray preparations. 64 MISO. PUBLICATION 120^ U. S. DBPT. OF AGRIOUL.TXJKE

SONAN, J. (370) STUDIES ON THE INSBXTT PESTS OP THE TRk PLANT. PART II. FormOSa, Tai- hoku, Dept. Agr. Research Inst. Rpt. 29, 132 p. 1927. [In Japanese. Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 16: 482-483, 1928.] Spraying with derris and soap or nicotine sulphate and soap proved very effective against the following pests Infesting tea plants in Formosa ; Lymantrllds, EuprocHs pseudooonepersa. Strand ; E. sericea, Wlleman ; Porthesia taitoana. Shir ; P. scintU- lana, Wlk. ; Pneudodura dasychiroides, Strand ; Olene mendosa. Hb. ; Notolophua posticuê, Wlk. ; Stilpnotia oygna, Moore ; and Arotomia alba, Bremer. SOUTH, F. W. (371) SHORT RBPOKT ON THE WORK OF THE INSPBX3TI0N STAFF, SECOND HALF TEAR— 1920. Fed. Malay States Dept. Agr. Bui. 8, no. 4, p. 25&-258. 1920. In Perak, during October and November, experiments were conducted on the control of Bena Kura (Podope coarctata). a medium-sized brown bug; stem borers (BchoenoMus Upunctifer and other species) ; and the mole cricket (CfrvHotalpa sp.). Spraying with kerosene emulsion and extract of tuba root (Derrii sp.) was tried. The results were uncertain. Lamp traps were also employed, with some success in the case of stem borers and mole crickets. (372) REPORT ON THE WORK OF THE INSPECTION STAFF, JULY TO SBa?TEMBEIt, 1922. Malayan Agr. Jour. 10: 264-268. 1922. For dealing with the pest Nymphula depunctalia in the nurseries spraying is Ijeing carried out with a decoction of tuba root. (373) ANNUAL REPORT OF THE CHIEP AGRICULTURAL INSPECTOR FOB 1923. Malayan Agr. Jour. 12: 219-237. 1924. "Tuba (Derris elliptioa, Be[n]th.) :—A Japanese estate on the Jobore river is cultivating this plant on a large scale and is putting a root extract on the market." • (374) ANNUAL REPORT OF THE CHIEF FDXD OFFICER, 1924. Malayan AgT. Jour. 13: 189-302. 1925. " Tuba (Derris spp.) Is grown on certain Japanese estates in Johore and on a small scale in a few other localities in the Federated Malay States." (375) ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OP AOBICULTÜBE, STBAIT8 SETTLEMENTS AND FEDERATED MALAY STATES FOR THE YEAR 1927. 18 p. 1928. The comparatively little known insecticide tuba (Derris elliptioa, Malayan tuba puteh, and D. malaccensis, Malayaij tuba merah), is engaging the attention of in- vestigators in various countries. Samples and trial shipments have been dispatched, which It is hoped will eventually lead to established markets in different parts of the world. The area planted with this crop In Johore has been extended, so that in 1927 it comprised about 1,400 acres. In the Federated Malay States there were more than 700 acres under tuba. A study has been begun of the inseeticidal value of different varieties of tuba. The toxic values obtained at Eothamsted with ethereal extracts of the dry root are being compared with those obtained with aqueous extracts of fresh roots, oí known age, grown on the plots at Serdang (p. 11). SOUTHARD, A. E. (376) BORNEO AND MALAY ARCHIPELAGO SOURCE OP DERRIS OB TUBA ROOT. U. S. Dept. Com., Bur. Foreign and Dom. Com., "World Trade Notes on Chemicals and Allied Products 1 (41) : 7. 1927. In 1923 derris was grown on 500 acres in the Federated Malay States and on eoo acres in Johore. In Borneo the acreage under cultivation is probably some- wliat l.nrKPr Estate owners ask 24 cents per pound for the cultivated product, out oonsidi rabie quantities may be bought from native collectors for 10 to 12 cent» per pound Ihe freight rate on tuba root to New York is $17 per ton. Much derris has been shipped to Australia for use as sheep dip. SPRENGEL, C. (377) SYSTEMA VBQBTABiLiUM. Ed. 16, V. 3, 936 p. Göttlngeu. 1826. í^^SSm"**" ^^^Oinosa (RoWnia uliginosa Roxb. W. ; Derris uliginosa) is described tp. ¿o¿¡. SPRING, F. G. (378) '^'oa^'^ "***'"''' °^ '^'^^ AGRICULTURIST FOR 1922. Malayan Agr. Jour. 11:

vet '^lîn Ä'J-^^'Jf,,''' .^F'^'î,"""^ """I FisberlPs, London, reports that there Is, as yet, no trustworthy information concerning the relative toxic contents of different A DIGEST OF THE LITEBATUEE OF DEBÉIS 6Ö

SPMNG, F. G.—Continued. species of Deirls or of tlie varieties of the species Derrla elliotica «inp„ h«for,i„ specimens have not been obtainable. Every endeavour irtoh.mmi„iw,M°'^n''= paitment to obtain suitable botanical speciAe¿s f, pTrposps of Ä^ Th« Ministry further states that it is at present too eiSv to iinLo,. ,î 2^1 , '■ -"^ï* the probable demand for the product ; but there is no donht ih^tnL.?'"?"'''^ ,''^.í° ifr?t''f ;t is handledbVn?r"r-'"^'^ in a sound"""i'^"' manner " '^'» [commerelaflvl t«ke"Vplace''amoU' An iirtiHB ihe'^om^r'lSsect í^n n^l.„i rV Ä "í",'

b^^"Sfnes ™^r¿¡? Víren^4\"r.T?niUir.'. '" "''"'^'^ "n'^-ls^ÄsSV^el^/S

SPULESt, A., STRAND, T., DORMáN, K., GILLUM, K., and üB\NNO.\ D (37Q) VALUE OF COMBINATIONS WITH LEAD ARSBNATE AND BUMME¿ OILS IN CODLING MOTH coN-moL. Northwest Fruit Grower 2 (3i)) : 4, 5, <), U, 12. 193a ..^"^^î ".^^ "' spreaders, flsh oils, mineral oils, nicotine, derrls and nvrethrum o^m ÏZ^âl "',,«"»binatlûn with lead arseimte for codling moth control hafgiven v^riabl^^^ results. Ihey have frequently caused considerable injury to ti-ult and foliage

'^»¿'"'192^'' "'' ''^"'"' PBODUOT8 . . . Bui. Imp. Inst. [London]^^26:

M^A;^k|5^/'ir'ñrAif'>r^^^^rAi¿S^

BECENT RESEARCH ON EMPIRE PRODUCrfS. MISCELLANEOUS VEGETABLE PRODUCTS Uul. Imp. lust. [London] 26:222-223. 1Ö28. *„♦'<'^'"'J* i*'"^^ "^ *"*"> '■°°' 1'« »nder trial at the Government Exoerlmpntal Pinn XläV^TfC^i.,Th'f'«'?,r/?* ..ifr' , I . '"''h J, and I)en-»8 '■'í'""'^'? mulaccensi" '"""^y var.'Tuba (an Meràh'f erect form D^TmataJciM from Snrawnki t,,r ^.°'''' '\<'° P^gi-ess to deterurine the relative value of thise different tVuTriu îí,LPH^??'■^'i"" "' "" insecticide. For a study of the va ue of the tubl root as '" Insecticide, it appears to be desirable to obtain more Information TOncerning the vaC of aqueous extracts of the kind In common use locally. A compai¡"on °s belli!- made ?5»nu/^ïïi' <'M""><'â,"t llothamsted by the use of dry pa?uráged roots w!thïhe hfstoíy. ° ' *' ""' "'" "' '"^^^ ''1"'^"« extracts from roots of kSown STRICKLAND, C. iS82^ H ALP-YEARLY REPORT OF THE TRAVEI.ING ENTOMOLOGIST 1« THE FEDER \TED MALAY STATES. Unpublished Report to the Secretary of State for the Colonies. [Ab.stract in Rev. Appl. Eut. (B) 1: 18. 1913.] nfTh!; 9'i^!ii°° °' *'"' "*'",fy 'i' *"'"> >■<">» "P'i"'"'i^.i" ^'t'^ "' mushrooms infested with the mushroom fly ¿ff?i?'^u"prH?|oÄfunir'' *"•' """'' '''""''' '" **" "' "^■•«« <"'y=' "« "^»d "' íc.íii.'' <'<"'cl'i'led that mushrooms will not stand treatment with powder insecticides in ÍÍ,.r Pyethrum. (ierris, and 1 per cent naradlchlorobenzene). When not checke, markeí (p;'"235) ^ Powders, the musï.rooms are reudered absolutely unfltff'r

~" (384) NOTES ON THE BLACK CITRUS APHIS. Rhodesla Agi". Jour. 21: 612-626 725- 737. 1924. forwn'rrt'°„«'5^.1Sfi,/''."'/'"'"■? "!?"'! «xtract, a proprietary preparation, has come ISiZl as a s"bstitute for nicotine in the control of the black citrus aphis. Experl- th?. ¿,u'î is." preparations containing this substance have been carried out by higher animals rp.''735) ^''^^ *^ *' ««"siactory. Derris Is nonpolsonous to the 90670—32 5 66 MISC. PUBLICATION 120, U. S. DEPT. OP AGBIOULTUEE

TAKAI, S. <385) STUDIES ON THE FAMILT ZTGAENIDAE. I. THE LIFE-HISTOBT OF PBYEEIA 8INICA MooRB. Research Bui. Gifu Imp. Col. Agr. 3, p. 1-^0. 1928. [In Japa- nese. Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 17:565, 1929.] Sprays of derris or pyrethrum may be used for control, but arsenlcals are more effectlTe. TAKEI S. (386) THE OONSTITUENTS OP DEEBis BOOT. I. Bul. Inst. Phys. and Chem. Research [Tokyo] 2:485-496. 1923. [In Japanese. Abstract in Chem. Abs. 18: 685, 1924.] The alcohol extract of 100 gram» Derris elliptica, produced in Singapore, becomes a milky liquid when diluted with water to 2 liters. It acts as a powerful insec- ticide It becomos inactive when kept in water solution, but not in alcohol. When extracted with ether, powdered derris root gives hexagonal plates with a melting point of 163' C, which Is the same as that of tubotoxin. The yield is 1.5 to 6 per cent of the material. The minimum lethal amount of the crystals is 0.00125 fram per 100 grams of white, rat. The formula was determined to be CMHISOü. 'ormer investigators have given it as CisHisOj. The phenylhydrazone is yellow and melts at 243° to 245° When treated with concentrated sulphuric acid, it is changed into an Isomer, colorless needles melting at 177° to 178° and having no poisonous properties. When it is saponified with 3 per cent hot alcoholic potassium hydroxide, a substituted hydroxyhenzoic acid, CioHioO.,, melting at 128° to 129°, is obtained. This absorbs bromine and is colored violet with ferric chloride. If the saponification is conducted under a current of hydrogen an isomer with a melting point of 209° to 210° is obtained. It has no poisonous action. When subjected to potassium hydroxide fusion, tubatoxin Itself or the acid obtained above gave an- other substituted hydroxyhenzoic acid having the melting point 182° and the formula CuHioOs. It sublimes about 160°. It is considered to be a HOCeHoMeoCOaH. . (387) t)BBR ROTBJNON DEN WIRKSAMEN BESTANDTEII. DEB DÏ21RIS WURZEL (DERRIS BLLipncA, BENTH.). Blochem. Ztschr. 157:1-15. 1925. By extraction of derris root with alcohol or ether a substance, (I), Ci„HitOi, melting at 163° C. and identical with tubatoxin, was obtained. It reduced Fehling solution. The phenylhydrazone melts at 243° to 245°. By the action of concen- triited sulphuric acid on rotenone an isomer was obtained as needles melting at 177° to 178°. In contrast to rotenone, this substance was not toxic to rats. Ro- tenone with alcoholic potassium hydroxide gave needles (II), melting at 128° to 129°, of the composition CioHwOa (7), and this compound fused with potassium hydroxide, gave rotenic acid (III), CeHioOa, melting at 182°, a hydroxy-mesitylenic acid. Concentrated nitric acid on rotenic acid gave a nitro compound CoHjOsNG., which melted at 168°. Rotenone with chromic acid and acetic acid or acetic anhydride gave needles CisHuOs, melting at 232° to 233°. This also reduced Fphling solution. Rotenone when heated with chromic acid and acetic add gave rotenonone, CITHUO... melting point 298°. Alcoholic potassium hydroxide on this gave an acid CnIIi«Oo. melting point 250°, showing rotenone to be a lactone. By reducing rotenonone with zinc and acetic acid, there was obtained a substance CITHUOS, melting at 198°. . (388) ÜBER ROTENON, DEN WIRKSAMEN BESTANDTBIIL DER DERRlSWUBZEiL. Bar. DcUt. Chem. Gesell. 61: 1003-1007. 1928. Rotenone is represented by the formula CüsHjsOa. Concentrated sulphuric acid converts it into isorotenone, which melts at 177° C. It is an ethylene (cls-trans) isomer. Rotenone hydrochioride is converted by zinc into isorotenone. Potassium hydroxide fusion of rotenone produces rotenic acid, Ci2Hi204. The thallium snlt CuHuOj COOTl, has the melting point 203°. The acetyl derivative, CizH„0;,.0. COCH3 has the melting point 155°. Treatment with diazomethane produces an ester which upon saponification leaves an ether acid Ci2Hii03(OCH.,) having the melting point 115°. Nltrorotenic acid has the melting point 190°. Methylated nitrorotenic acid, C„HBO(N02)(OCHS)COOCH3 has the melting point 120°. Decarboxylated rotenic acid, CuHijOa, having a boiling point of 271° and the melting point 42° ; and a neutral substance, CKHSOOí, result from heating to 300°. The p-toluenesulfonyl derivative of the phenol is diHuO (OSOSCTIIT). It melts at 105° to 108°. Methyl ether phenol has the boiling point 260°. The oxidation of this yields acetic acid. Oxidation of rotenic acid yields Isobutyrlc acid. Rotenone is C2iHieO,(OCH'a)2. The phenylhydrazone is Csalla-jOs : CoH.Ns. It melts at 243°-244°. The oxime, which has a melting point of 239°, is C^HMOS :N0H. The oxime of isorotenone melts at 230°. Rotenone hydrochioride, melting at 188°, Is CssHzoOeHCi. Rotenic acid is apparently Isopropyl-hydroxy-coumarone carboxylic acid. (389) PROCESS POR PRODUCING A LIQUID INSECTICIDE CONTAINING EFFECTIVE INGBB3>I- BNTs OP DERRIS SPECIES. U. S. Patent 1724626, issued August 13, 1929; applied for August 31, 1925 ; in Japan, September 8, 1924. Similar to British Patents 239483 (^5^) and 285797 (Í55). A process of producing a liquid insecticide containing the effective Ingredient of the Derris species comprises extracting raw material containing the aforesaid Ingre- A DIGEST OF THE LITERATURE OF DEBRIS 67

TAKM, S.—Continued. dient with a volatile organic solvent, mixing the extmnt »iti, „ free fatty material, evaporating the Boivent from thp míltírí'îï^/° .*?''y'^î""s alkali- product with an aqueous soap solution For e"amSl?^-nr'A^=M,S^'°SJ'''?,'^«ä"'"°5 ether and 10 grams of rotenone is added to a mTltnr". „

üOÓ"grams of beesVax'an'à'^50 gíams of plne" reí"" '^Z',tr ^"^^ ^^ítract Is added to A'fflneTaTíh\%^«rari£¿B?"^^^^^^^^^ lTo''a'2L>f o'i-^a'ief "°''''''^°'""- Jr'^alnrrsX^ arÄofv^/d ?n^ ethÄ^oleTm^ e'tle^f *cAV¿%r^"oa'Íbrn'7e°t*/acS?orTd1''^'Th"Í™í,'''' «"^^l "I™"'». °o¡ f Äatii' orsu^cVÄu'ii iiSíSSsFn^ fatty oil may be a material sSch as laid, beef taÍlo7 anîâa'î"h„rd'^n,'i'''"'S ""• Th¿ pinehard resin,oll Waxes,and copal. such as wood wax, and beeswaxueeswax rnnvi^^Li^""^^,""'may be used, also resins,^"î*^ vegetable such as

ÜBER BOTBNON, DEN WIKK8AMEN BESTANDTEIL DEB DBREI8WÜBZEL lli^ml

ín'^.tXf.-and^ltn..'^¿eaích%':%TÍ9k]^'^*"'=^ ^" ^^- '^'^^ «"'• ÄÄ? rAie,<'^*gfcï^tAi?sSb2?ISflaîe"d\??r"/ '""«^ *■!« "'™"I« ?h^e^S?l^on-o^f It-hy-liTcrifSrSIS^^^^^^^^^^ ^?iiir^^?id''^''™'=''^"'"= -^«'- ÄT?rÄ%^aeä'rto7sÄ^oi?eX zVc^ÄÄ and KoiDB, M. '

BA^üBa Bul. Inst. Phys. and Chem. Research [Tokyo] 8- 51^524

a doubfe"b'ífnd'"l*í ?¿e°A ?híiñ''"§a?A""'^;,n%°^<'"°"S e«.« S° °V "^'-^ having

tlvely a ^ = _7e.0' ; „^ -, -82.2« in chloroform. Rotenic add Is not active. On

SÎÎdA'làobu^tJrrâcïï'''TubT if^^%S^]? fr, ""=^'0 add; dlhydmtubalc glvlnl phenols called res¿ectlveív tnhnnnl LH ih'^í"'i''l'' ^"^ "^ ^ '=«'"'^o° dioxide, verslble. TubaLl glVeTrmethja'este? r H nnï^^H™^^^^ This reaction is rel gives an oil which reduces FXllnl««níníiÍV,.9i"''' *'"**,<"' oxidation with ozone p^o1^?^^5e=^f„;f„g'Syra€F^ f "^^^^^^ ¥Äoi'cr,dbbi£ySrl^^ Siven which satisfy experlÄal dítaí *^* *"'""'' *^°"P- structural formulae are -— and KoiDB, M. . m» ¡Ü^T'?.'*' ''«^'^„WIBKSAMBN BESTANDTEIL DBB DEBBISWUBZEL. Ill ÜBER DIE TDBA8AURE. Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesell. 62: 3030^3034. 1929. ' ™™ This U the same as (S91). -— KoiDE, M., and MIYAJIMA, S. /OQO^ ^K^^ZZI ^"««^««=^ BESTANDTEIL DEB DEBBISWUBZEL. IV. ISOMEMli 63?50¿Sll IIM"'' «°™'""' UND isoEOTENON. Bor. Deut. Chem. Gesell.

phiric^adds"* Whln''Tlf?í*°.A'*^?'"íf ,!■' """««î In a mixture of acetic and sul- fBoro't'en1.^„^«gIvAeîîir'/c1d,nÎ? ltSr«'!.^f Ä? a7.r"Kh^Urn^ "d^es ^t 68 MISC. PUBLICATION 120, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

TAKEI, S., KOIDE, M., and MIYAJIMA, S.—Continued. tsomeiize. Tubalc is isomerized to rotenic acid. Tliese facts show that the isomer- ism between rotenone and isorotenone Is an isomerlzation of the tubalc acid part In rotenone to the rotenic acid part in Isorotenone. Toxicity tests on flsh show that sodium salt of rotenic acid Is toxic in a dilution of Ü.0005 per cent, sodium salt of dlhydrotubaic acid in a dilution of 0.001 per cent, sodium salt of tubalc acid in a dilution of 0.0005 per cent, and rotenone emulsion In a dilution of 0.00001 per cent. Isorotenone is not toxic at a dilution of 0.001 per cent. Dlhydrorotenoue is toxic in a dilution of 0.0001 per cent, and potassium cyanide in a dilution of 0.0001 per cent. KoiDE, M., and MIYAJIMA, S. (394) ÜBE» BOTBNON, DES« WIRKSAMEN BKISTANDTïaL DE» DEBBI8WUHZEL. V. ÜBER DIE KONSTITUTION DEE BOTENSÄUBE. Bcr. Deut. Chem. Gesell. 63B : 1369-1373. 1930. Rotenol (the decarboxylated derivative of rotenic acld) on fusion with potassium hydroxide at 270° to 280° gives resorclnol and isobutyrlc acid. By energetic hydro- génation Butenandt and Hildobrandt converted rotenic acid into the olhydro acid which they resolved into optical antipodes, but they had too little material for compar- ison as to melting point or optical activity with dlhydrotubaic acid. The present authors likewise prepared dihydrorotenic acid by energetic catalytic (platinum) hydro- génation of rotenic acid at 60° in acetic acid, resolved it through the brueine salt, and established its identity with dihydrotubaic acid. The results of the potassium hy- droxlde fusion and the following color reactions are perhaps an indication of a close relationship between the free hydroxyl group and the coumarone ring oí rotenic acid. It is possible that the hydroxyl group occupies the other meta position to the bridge oxygen atom and that the carboxyl group is in the ortho or para position to the hydroxyl group. Of rotenic acid, dihydrorotenic acid, and tubalc acid only rotenic acid has the properties of an orthohydroxybenzolc acid. It gives a deep-blue color with ferric chloride, whereas dihydrorotenic acid and tubalc acid give only a red- violet color. Of the corresponding phenols, only rotenol gives a color (red-violet) with ferric chloride. The methyl ester of rotenic acid bolls lower than the methyl ether ester, and both are oils, whereas the methyl esters of dihydrorotenic acid and tubalc acid are crystalline, and the methyl ether esters are oils. The isobutyrlc acid was Identified as the p = IC6HiCOCH2 ester, melting point 81°. Dihydrorotenic acid, melting point 168°, does not depress the melting point of dlhydrotubaic acid. The brueine salt, melting point 214'' (Butenandt and Hildebrandt give 120° to 150°), likewise does not depress the melting point of the brueine salt of dlhydrotubaic acid. KoiDE, M., and MIYAJIMA, S. (395) ÜBE» BOTBNON, DEN WIRKSAMEN BESTANDTEIL DE3t DEKBISWUEZEL. VI. ISOMEBIE}- VEKHALTNIS ZWISCHEN EOTENON UND ISOBOTENON. Bul. InSt. PhyS. and Chem. Research [Tokyo] 9: 1-5. 1930. [In Japanese. Abstract pub- lished with Sei. Papers Inst. Phys. and Chem. Research [Tokyo] 12, no. 220, 1930 (Abstract p. 1, separately paged).] This is the same as Part IV of this serios published in Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesell. 63: 508-511, 1930. im.) KoiDE, M., and MIYAJIMA, S. (396) ÜBEB BOnENON, DHW WIRKSAMEN BESTANDI'EII. DEB DEBBISWUEZEL. VII. ÜBER DIE KONSTITUTION DEB BOTENSÄUBE. Bul. Inst. Phys. and Chem. Research [Tokyo] 9: 455-460. 1930. [In Japanese. Abstract published with Sei. Papers Inst. Phys. and Chem. Research [Tokyo] 13, no. 246-253, 1930 (Abstract p. 43-46, separately paged) ; Chem. Abs. 24: 5756. 1930.] Rotenic acid was hydrogenated at 60° in acetic acid, and its identity with dl- hydrotubaic acid was proved by fusion mixtures with the acids and the brueine salts. Ihe brueine salt of dihydrorotenic acid was separated into 1 and d Isomcrs by ex- traction. The 1 isomer had the same specific rotation as dihydrotubaic acid. These facts Indicate that rotenic acid is 2-isopropyl-5-hydroxy-4-benzofurancarboxylic acid. • and MIYAJIMA, S. (397) tÎBBB ROTENON, DEN WIRKSAMEN BESTANDTEIL DEB DEBRISWURZEL. IV. ÜBER BOTBNsÄintH. Bul. Inst. Phys. and Chem. Research [Tokyo] 8: 510-518. 1929. [In Japanese. Abstract in Abs. from Bul. Inst. Phys. and Chem. Research 2: 64-66. 1929.] A potassium hydroxide fusion of tubalc acid CiaHisO, gives a phenolic acid called rotenic acid, CuHijO. Bótenle acid gives a thallium salt, an acetyl, and a di- methyl derivative. When distilled rotenic acid gives a phenol CnH„OOH called „?.,?}• ^SÍ^^°^ f}^^^ "° o'ly methyl ether which gives rotenol with aluminum cnioriae. The position of the fourth oxygen In rotenic acid is not known. Rotenic acid on oxidation with potassium permanganate gives isobutyrlc acid, but rotenol methyl ether gives acetic acid. Taliel postulates rotenic acid as an isopropyl-oxy- coumarone-carboxylic acid in which the positions of the substltuents are not known, but concludes that the isopropyl group Is attached to the benzene ring. Attempts at synthesis failed, probably because of polymerization. A DIGEST or THE LITERATURE OF DERRIS 69

TAKE!, S., MiYAjiMA, S. and ONO, M. (398) ÜBKR BOTENON, DEN WIRKSAMEN BESTANDTEIL DEB DERBISWUBZEL. VI. MIT- TEILS DIB KONSTITUTION DEB DEBBI8ÄTJBB UND BISSÄUBB. Ber Deut Ohmn Gesell. 64: 248-262. 1931. RlSBlc acid is prepared by permanganate oxidation of derrlslc add and is the next lower homologue of derHc acfd Wlion heated rissic acid loses carbon dioxide form- ing n monobasic acid. This acid and rlsslc acid, when treated with nitric acid sive a dimethoxy nitro benzole acid. On fusing with alkali rlsslc acid gives hydroquinone The authors conclude that derric acid is 2, B dimethoxy phenyl succlnic acid. TAMANTJKI, K. (399) STUDIES ON GALHJBUCEJLLA BUBI, TAMANUKI, sp. N. Dept. AgT and Foreign Govt. Sakhalin Research Bui. 1, p. 1-19. 1928. [In Japanese. Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 16: 604-605, 1928.] In southern Sakhalin Qalerucella ruhi, sp. n. Infests the young leaves of straw- orif mixedÎ7iiï5"^^fl° with derrlsJ"'*1 *?^is recommended'"^''' and adult for stages.control. Spraying with a soap solutlän alone (400) STXroiES ON LUPEEODES PBAEU8TU8 MOTSCH—PEBJUMINABT BBPOBT KarafutO AgT. Bxpt. Sta. Rpt., 24 p., lUus. 1929. [In Japanese. Abstract In Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 17: 706. 1929.] Motsch'''"^ with derrls Is recommended to control the larvae of Luperodes praeuatua

TANAKA, K. (401) ON DRTMONIA MANLEYi, LEEX5H. Insect World 31: 218-225. 1927 [In Japanese. Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 15: 492. 1927.] ti, ^^'l Nptodontid eats the leaves of oak trees, causing serious damage. Spraying the older larvae with derrls and soap solutions Is recommended as a control nieasure. TATTtmSFIELD, F. (402) FISH POISONS AS INSECTICIDES. Nature [London] 116: 243. 1925. piflTerent species of derrls yield extracts having Insecticldal action of a high order. A lactone structure has been suggested for the poisons from Derris elUpiica and Tephrosia vogelii Extracts from black and white halarl from British GiSiana are highly poisonous to aphlds. ' (403) THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION OF OEOANIO COM- POUNDS AND THEiB TOxioiTT TO INSECTS. Jour. AgT. Scl. [Englandl 17: 181-208. 1927. In Derrte elllptioa thfi characteristic poison to Insects is a colorless crystalline sub- stance first Isolated In a pure state by Ishlkawa in 1916, to which was given the name tubatoxin. Tubatoxin is one of the most potent insecticides so far discovered and is more widely distributed than was at first suspected. In addition to its occur- rence as a constituent of derrls, it has been recently shown to be present in consider- able quantities m two species of plants of the genus Lonchocarpus. indigenous to British Guiana. They are known to aborigines as white and black haiarl, and are the M f '^at^'i'"S ^^^ '» a way very similar to the one in which derrls is employed by In derrls, tubatoxin is accompanied by a resin (derrld) present In some samples m considerable quantities and showing insecticldal properties of a high order, whereas In the samples of haiarl so far examined resinous material was present in smaller amounts and was found somewhat less toxic than tubatoxin. There is considerable difllculty in freeing the resinous material from the last traces of tubatoxin, to which some of Its toxic properties may be due. In addition to tuba- toxin, a yellow crystalline derivative has l)een Isolated from derris. It was how- ever, subsequently noted that a series of yellow crystalline and nontoxlc com- pounds could be prepared from tubatoxin by prolonged treatment with alcohol, and It IS therefore highly probable that the yellow crystals were secondary products of the extraction process. Tubatoxin crystallizes either In hexagonal plates or needles It melts at 183.5° C, and the formula CISHISOB has been ascribed to It by Ishlkawa, and by Kariyone and AtsumI, but CioHisOi is considered as more probable by Takel. Takel states that 1.5 methoxy groups and 1 carboxyl group are present In the molecule. Saponiflcation with 3 per cent hot alcoholic potash gives a phenol carboxyllc add having the melting point 128° to 129'' C. It has been suggested by Prless that a lactone structure might explain the toxic properties of such compounds to fish. The lactone coumarln CoH./ \ has been shown by ElUnger to have definite narcotic properties. Some experiments on Its insecticldal value showed that at a concentration of 0.25 per cent it Is almost completely toxic to Aphia rumicia. Too little, however, is known at present of the constitution of tubatoxin to more than suggest that a lactone structure accounts lor Its toxic action. It Is, moreover, many times more toxic to Insects than coumarln (p. 186-187). 70 MISC. PUBLICATION 120, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTUKE

TATTEKSBTELD, F., GiMiNGHAM, C. T., and MORRIS, H. M. (404) STUDIES ON CONTACT INSECTICIDES. PAKT IV. A QUANTITATIVE EXAMINATION Of THE TOXICITT OP CERTAIN PLANTS AND PLANT PRODUCTS TO APHIS EUMICIS L. (THE BEAN APHIS). Ann. Appl. Blol. 13: 424-445. 1926. The most toxic substance obtained from the roots and stems of white halarj and the stems of black halarl (both species of Lonchocarpus from British Gulanai Is Identical with tubatoxln, the crystalline poison found in Derris eUiptica This recording^^L5?.?'^*l,''y**^^ the toxiclty .P^l""? to ApMs P."l'°' rumicii. "'.*?^ crystals (162.5° to 163.5°) and the curves and ROACH, W. A. (405y THE CHEMICAL PROPEBTIES OF DEBRIS ELUPTICA (TUBA BOOT). Ann. ADDI. Blol 10: 1-17. 1923. The toxic principles of Derris ellipUca have been isolated, and some of their more simple properties examined. A chemical method for evaluating the root is outlined, and a suitable extraction apparatus described. The most Important constituents of the root are a white crystalline derivative usually called tubatoxln and a resin or series of resins identical with the derrlde of Sillevoldt and the tubaln of Wray Besides these two, yellow crystalline derivatives and a liquid resin were isolated, lubatoxln, the yellow crystalline derivatives, and the resins contain methoxyl groups and these compounds appear to be Interrelated. By exposure to light, and by pro- longed boiling with organic solvents tubatoxln Is converted into three yellow crystal- line products and a resin. This suggests that the anhydroderride of Sillevoldt (366) may have been formed during the process of extraction and may not exist as such MiJilt i"'*""' from the root are readily extracted by means of organic solvents. Ninety-five per cent alcohol extracts them, together with nontoxlc derivatives Benzene, dry ether, and carbon tetrachlorlde are also good solvents for extraction purposes and have a selective dissolving action on the poisons. Petroleum deriva- tives are not suitable for complete extraction. Prolonged boiling with solvents may cause some loss of toxiclty in the extracts, owing to chemical change In the ;K„ ™„ "!• *,2'',f conomlo purposes benzene and Its congeners or alcohol are probably J^t I?^ suitable extraction reagents, provided the temperature of extraction Is not allowed to rise too high. ^ ¿o ^-J''!..'''"'* rSl"y ^^ evaluated by chemical means by extracting the dry root with nf^h« SiifwSi 8<'°i'°enf>ss of the extracts may be confirmed by the determination S, J¿? w *'"'^'^1 ''°5*?,^* '*y t'"«' 2;^'^^! method. Extracts from different deliveries Í?'^^„'i.'iTi° ^ B.n^P per cent and the content of (CH3O) in the extracts between Is outUned ¿n a"" "^B" qualitative test for tubatoxln devised by Doctor Durham Thî,?^„„'î,™°'i°*^''' t^*' nontoxlc constituents vary widely In different consignments. I hey seem to have some value as emulsifying and wetting agents. As the root. n?r»Mv'."„7i'jrJV™' country in a dry' state In which the coistuSenti have inrt fniV«Tim^fm ■ ml "^^ ?i forclgn emulsifying and wetting reagents is necessary, sis^eSsofdf i?pe'^rradvfs7ble''' "'' "' *"^'"'" '"^^'"'^ ^°' preparing highly dispersed m^L^T^l^J^^n"!"^ ir™ the alcohol extract of the roots: Yellow crystals (I) on hnlfln^ wUhnB-V^""",^ "ñ^^\^ 'ÍP decomposing at 280°; tubatoxln, which crystals??„„* 1 (III)?TTT\'"'.?Í with™ a''°'',5"=- melting pointyleWed of yellow224°, andcrystals resin. (I) and ^(11), '- «and " "«"also !<='yellow "w on invo«H\?»°t.^,?i' „'"''i^i''*' S'^P'^r '""^ ÏS^Ji completed, we were favored with notes ?™ ^^^î'f*"""^ carried out between 1902 and 1907 by Dr. H. E. Durham For commercial reasons his results have not been published. In general Durham's con- Thui"?„'r!«/n?Ylî;? *ï^ tasectlcldal properties of Derris are concordant w^Ui ours, i rlmSrnnrt^PinnS 'à''i;j"''.l'''T'''?^ ^'^^ ^«"^^ susceptible, and aphlds (bean aphis, MosauTto fnrvno 3 n^ ,f P*"!' 1 '««<«'«'■«) ?re qulib resistant to wet application! flou f„™ I?""'' and pupae, fresh water crustaceans and molluscs, also tadpoles and D?Uielnl«1n^?TÄii,*'*" ''S'"'","- °ï'''"^"' *"«'«t^ »° til« existence of the Ictivi ?«lneiPfrr,m th,.'^'^^.?*?"'?^ 'V"'', resiuous form and states that the former Is best ob- aliShol anrt thpn^ri-il"^^ petrol ether extract freed from resin first by cold absolute famlnar Bpiciiïn? n.lZ*!^'^ crystallizations from the same solvent heated, until the Bo^htheap«Ptwîí.u''i^'*"''• *•"> constant melting point 1641^,° C. ar¿ obtained. fJliÜv ^^l^ x'^.I"^,'"'='P'«s give (notice the Impossibility of getting a crvstal-free contact wIttT*flí'Óñ"of\''^ Intense red color reaction wltíí strong lufric ac!d which Tests fornltroepn^^ninh,?""?'" <^?a°g<=s to an evanescent deep peacock blue-green. A. ;l»o„H "'trogen, sulphur, glucósidos and cholestérols (v. Power) prove negative. rne«le lflmeñtÍ?falimentary "canM^i^??"canal rather «»r'^Tthan from "i«* surface tP^'« contact."«"^«"^t^ W*^ "»« to aC^tlon from TBIJSMANN. ,^Q> NATUUEK. TIJDSCHE. NEDEBLAND.-INDIA. 16: 20-21. 1857. In a letter from Mr. Telismann dated September 18, 1857, the use of akar tuba as a fish poison in Java Is mentioned. TBMPANY, H. A. (40^) DEP^VBTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FEDERATED MALAY STATES, ANNUAL REPORT FOB THE Tasa 1928. 17 p. 1929. mt"h^anaD^Z^an,^f^^SÏ ^'^'''S *'"' """í? planted to tuba (Derris ellipUca or tuba Johore is e8tim^?05 Í^híf °\ '"''* ™/^/''* remains at about 700 acres" but that in to the work of Oeorl^ tVJ-. 'P'^^rr'^ i""*!" l-á^O to 2,000 acres. Reference is made uerrisderris root and therh^AJ^tfl variation inof determiningtoxic content the with toxic age value (p. 9,of 17). different varieties of A DIGEST OF THE LITEEATUEE OF DEREIS 71

TBMPANY, H. A.—Continued. (408) DEPABTMENT OF AORICULTUBE, FEDERATED MALAY STATES, ANNUAL EEPOET FOB THE YEIAE 1020. 19 p. 1930. Insect pests of derrls have been investigated (p. 14). THOMPSON, A. ('iOÖ) ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MYcoLOGiST FOR 1923. Malayan Agi'. Jour 12-250 1924. " ...

n1o^?^n**^*^®/i?",!;""?"™ aalmonicolor) is recorded as attacking the stems of this

THOMPSON, H. W. (410) FURTHER TESTS OF POISON BAITS IN SOUTH WALES. A\'elsh Jour. Agr. 4: 342-

Copper sulpliate, derris powder, and sodium fluosllicate were tried in poison baits against leatherjacltets. Derris powder, although it did not give as good results as the Paris green bait, is obviously of definite insecticldal value when us¿l in thU way. On tliis plot numerous eartliworms were found lying dead on the surface and also some s ugs. Derris powder clearly does not render the bait distasteful to the pests named, as appeared to be the case with sodium fluosilicate. The derris bait was composed of 10 pounds of bran and half a pound of derris powder distributed °ood 1^° """^"^ ^ author concludes that derris powder gives moderately

ÏHWAITES, G. H. K., and HOOKER, ,T. D. (4X1) ENUMEBATIO PLANTABUM ZEYLANIAE : AN BNUMEHATION OF CEYLON PLANTS, WITH DESCEIPITONB OF THE NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN GENERA AND SPECIES* OBSERVATIONS ON THEIR HABITATS, USES, NATIVE NAMES, ETC. 483 D Lon- don. 1864. Derris uliginosa occurs In the hotter parts of Ceylon (p. 92). TOWNSEND, O. C. (412) CUBE USED AS AN INSECTICIDE IN PERU. U. S. Dept. Com. Bur. Foreign and Dom. Com. World Trade Notes on Chemicals and Allied Products 3(24) • e-10. 1929. ' fS^^l^ ^^^"^^^JePhroaia piêcatoria or T. cinérea. It Is used in Peru as a wash °'ri !i °^ P"/"!"?^) ^V«^'^ v"» f'^''^ "" "^"tt'e an«! the Insects on cacao leaves. /^,k . P I**"" Smith (E«7) have shown cube to be Lonchocarpus nicou and Clarli (111) has shown it to contain rotciione.] TREHERNE, R. C. (413) BIO-CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF INSECTT CONTROL. Sci. Agr. 3 : 109-113. 1922. r,f^},i^?^l '"' possible as a result of the separation of the essential oils or extracts or plants to propare liquid sprays or medicated powders which would have a negative chemotropical action on our so-called insect pests. It is being done with tobacco, pyrethrum, liellebore, derris, and certain other substances, and there Is no reason why the future should not develop methods of combating insects along physiological lines. TBIMEN, H. (414) A HAND-BOOK TO THE FLORA OF CEYLON. Pt. 2, 392 p. LondOn. 1894. Describes six species of Derris, including uliginosa, found in Ceylon (p. 91-94). TWINN, C. R. (415) MOSQUITO CONTROL AT OTTAWA, ONTARIO. Ontario Ent. Soc. Ann. Rpt 57 63 p., illus. 1927. ^„'í!^?í'.,"''mu"'^F'^,P°'"''''' "Po° mosquito larvae and pupae In the laboratory are described. The derris was dusted on the water surface at the rate of approximately 3 pounds per acre. The larvae died within periods ranging from three-quarters of an hour to more than seven hours. In all cases the larvae, before death,, became very S'^œ '..'y'"? motionless and parallel with the surface of the water, moving with difflculty when rudely disturbed. The pupae died more slowly than the larvae, more than 24 hours sometimes elapsing before death occurred. lests were also made upon a shallow pool about 200 square feet, with a grass- grown bottom. Ihis pool contained large numbers of larvae of Aedea vemans Mgn. » Tv 1 "ï. °' derris and French chalk in the proportion of 1 part of the former to 4 or tne latter was dusted Just before sundown on the surface of the water by means of a small hand dust gun, at the rate of li^ pounds of derris to the acre. The ma- terial settled -well, forming a very satisfactory film of dust over the entire surface. When examined 16 hours later, a considerable proportion of the larvae were dead ana many of the living revealed the effects of the derris in their sluggish movements. {i\P, '""^ "°* examined again until 60 hours after treatment. On this occasion ail tue larvae were dead, many floating on the surface of the water (p. 15-16). 72 MISC. PUBLICATION 12 0, U. S. DEPT, OF AGHICUIiTURE

UNITEIJ STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTüKB. (416) CUBE ROOT IS FATAL TO THE CATTLE OKUBS. U. S. Dept. Agr. Clip Sheet 621, May 25, 1930. Describes tests for the control of cattle grubs made by Federal entomologists. The dPrris and cube-root powders had no unfavorable effect on the skin and hair of the animals. These materials are not particularly poisonous and hence are very safe to use. Applications of these powders at 15-day intervals killed most of the grubs. Two to tour treatments were required. (417) W. W. SKINNER TO HEX,P REHABILITATE .\GBICULTURB IN THE nROIN ISLANDS. U. S. Dept. Agr., Off. Rec. 10: 92. 1931. Refers to the trip of W. W. Skinner to the Virgin Islands to Investigate the possibilities of growing such insectlcldal plants as pjrethrum, derris, and cube, and the extraction from these plants of valuable insectlcldal materials. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMEECH. (418) CUBE (BABBASCO) A BOTANICAL INSECTICIDE. Ü. S. Dept. Com., BUF. Poreigll and Dom. Com., World Trade Notes on Chemicals and Allied Products 4 (20) : 11-12. 1930. The principal collector of cube, located in Lima, Peru, has Informed Commercial Attache C. H. Cunningham that he is able to execute regular orders for dry cube at the price of $550 to $600 per ton f. o. b. Iquitos, according to its dryness. The latter price is for cube entirely dry, which is preferred because It does not lose weight and deteriorates less while en route. It takes four weeks to dry cube prop- erly, after which It can be shipped by the first outgoing vessel. Samples of this drug plant have been forwarded to the United States during the last few months, but no really important commercial shipment has so far taken place. (419) DEBRIS (TUBA ROOT) AVAILABLE IN BOTH SINOAPOEB AND BATAVIA. U. S. Dept. Com., Bur. Foreign and Dom. Com., World Trade Notes on Chemical and Allied Products 4 (44) : 10. 1930. Contrary to the popular belief that the export of derris (tuba) root in Singapore Is controlled by the representative of a British firm who, it is said, ships approxi- mately 200 tons of dried root per month, another Singapore firm exporting native products claims to have made trial shipments to American firms for experimental purposes and to be in a position to furnish derris root to American importers of iTude l)Otanieal drugs and manufacturers of insecticides. furthermore, a contact of the bureau's Batavia office who recently sold an Ameri- can firm more than 1,000 pounds at an average price of $0..S0 per pound states that he expects In a year to have a steady source and to be In a position to supply American Importers. (Trade Commissioners, Singapore and Batavia.) v., P. (420) INSECTICIDES VEGITPAUX D' EXTREME-ORIENT (DERRIS ELLIPTICA ET D. ULIGINOSA). Bul. ftcon. Indochine 27: 25&-257. 1924. Reviews work of Mclndoo, Slevers. and .\bbott, and report of British Empire ^¡xhibltion, London, 1924, Malayan series. Nos. 2, 8, and 19. VAN BLARCOM, H. P. (421) AUSTRALIAN MANUFACTURE OP NICOTINE SULPHATE. U. S. Dept. Com., Bur. Foreign and Dom. Com., World Trade Notes on Chemicals and Allied Products 5 (2) : 3. 1931. Nicotine and derris spraying preparations valued at £13,700 were imported into Australia during 192&-29. VAN BUREN, B. D. (422) QUESTIONS SENT IN BY GROWERS WITH ANSWERS AND DISCUSSIONS. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Proc. Ann. Meeting 73. 1928. In reply to the question, " Is there any substitute for nicotine in the control of aphis ami pear psylla ? " it is stated that Derrisol is quite effective. Ill reply to the question, " Is Derrisol a satisfaetorv substitute for nicotine when used for rosy aphis control," Doctor Parrott replied : " Used at the rate of 1 gallon to 800 United States gallons of water, we got about 8 per cent rosv aphis on our Rome trees as asainst a little less than 1 per cent on plats sprayed with lime-sulphur and nicotine sulphate. For the present, I would rather stick to the nicotine sulphate, whicli Is more dependable, at least in the proportion used. It Is, however, a prom- ising poison. In reply to the question, " Is Derrisol as efficient and as satisfactory a material for aphids and red bugs as Blackleaf 40," Mr. Mundlnger replied, " I have no infor- mation on the èubject. I have never used It" (p. 283-285). A DIGEST OF THE LITERATURE OF DEBRIS 73

'VORDERMANN, A. G. (423) ViSSLAO VAN EEN TOCHT NAAR DE WIJNKOOPEHSBAAI IN JDNI 1885. NatUUrk Tijtlschr. Nederland. Indie 49: 225-298. 1890. Speaks of tuba as a fleb poison (p. 288). 'WAI.LICK, N. (424) PLANTAS ASIATICAB RABIOBES ; OR DESCRIPTIONS AND NOURBS OF A SELECT NUM- BER OF UNPUBIJSHBD EIAST INDIAN PLANTS. V. 3, 300 p., UlUS. LOndon. 1832. Gives a 'botanical description in Latin, and a drawing of the flower, leaf, legume, and seed of Pongamia eUiptica (Derria elUpUca). WALTON, C. L. (425) NOTES ON WABBLE FLIES IN NORTH WALES. Welsll JoUr. Agr. 1: 195-199 1825. Some preliminary eiperiments were tried, with an ointment of powdered derrls root and soft pai-atBn. Derris is a cheaper substance than lodoform and odorless. The results obtained with 91 cattle were most promising. (426) PURTHEK NOTES ON WABBLE FLIES IN NORTH WALES. Welsh JoUr. Agr. 3 : 164^ 169. 1927. The killing properties of derris appear to be excellent. The ointment is odorless, and the cost is low—about 2% pence per ounce, in experimental amounts. On the other hand, the ointment was found to be much more difficult to apply, and olive oil was utilized, the ointment then consisting of 1 part powdered derris, 1 part soft parnflSn, and 1 part olive oil. This Improved the texture and rendered application easier. Another important point found was that the larvae did not leave the hide so readily after death, but remained within the hide, together with some pus, healing being delayed. In numerous cases it was very difficult to tell by external appearances whether warMes treated a month previously were dead or not, but on slight pressure beiiiK applied a dead larva, together with some pus, could be extracted. A few re- mained even six weelts after death. This is a disadvantage. Stewart MacDougall (27S) obtained excellent results with derris as a fluid, 1 ounce to a pint of water effecting a control of 94 per cent (p. 168). WARDI.E, R. A., and BUCKLE, P. (427) THE PRINCIPLES OP INSECT CONTROL. 295 p. Manchester. 1923. Derris is the name applied to Degüella, the tropical genus of Papillonaceae, the roots of which have long been used as a flsh poison, the toxic principle being probably a resin. The raw material Is in the form of roots or bark or a plant termed In Borneo " tuba ralut," " tuba tedong," or " perkakal," ground to powder and extracted with water. It is an effective stomach poison at strength ranging from 1 pound of powder to 16 to 28 imperial gallons of water. As a contact poison, with or without soap, it is effective against aphids, even if diluted as much as 1 pound to 400 Imperial gallons of water. It is the basis of several proprietary com- bination insecticides. \ wash consisting of 1 pound of derris and 4 ounces of soap to 1 United States gallon of water is recommended by Wells, Blshopp, and Laake (WS) for application to the backs of cattle infected with warble fly (Hypoderma). It is claimed to kill all the larvae in the swellings. It has been used successfully also as a powder, mixed with an equal weight of maize starch, against Anoplura, Mallophaga, and fleas on domestic animals, but for this purpose seems somewhat Inferior to sodium fluoride (p. -98). TVATANBDH, T. (428) A CONTROL METTHOD FOB HELLULA UNDALIS FAB. (PYBALIDAB), A PEST OF VEGE- TABLES. Agr. and Hort. 2: 987-992. 1927. [In Japanese. Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 15: 641. 1927.] Spraying the young growth of cruciferous vegetables with derrls, nicotine sul- phate, pyrethrum, or lead arsenate is recommended. "WATSON. .1. R. (429) ANOTHER YELAB OF THE CITRUS APHIS (APHIS 8PIRAEC0LA, PROBABLY IDBNTICAI WITH APHIS POMI). Fla. Ent. 9: 9-13, 26-28. 1925. The two methods of control which have been most uniformly successful under most weather conditions are dipping and dusting under tents or fumigation. Dip- ping is applicaljle only to young trees, up to two or three years, and then only when the new growth is mostly out on the ends of the branches, where it can easily be bent over into a bucket. Effective and perfectly safe dips are a solution of " derrls oil," a tablespoonful to a gallon of water, or the same amount of nico- tine sulphate plus an ounce or less of soap. If too much soap is used burning may iiesult (p. 12). 74 MISC. PUBLICATION 12 0, V. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTUEE

WATSON, J. R.—Continued. (430 > BEFORT OP THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Fla. Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Kpt. 1926: 42R- 50R. 1926. Denlsol was tried out against the new citrus aphid, Aphis apiraecola Patch, l;i comparison with nicotine sulphate. Its action Is much slower, but It seems to have a repellent ettect for n day or two. It may not penetrate the curled leaves quite- so well as nicotine sulphate (p. 43K). (431) BEPOBT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Fla. Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rpt. 1927, 43Rr^9R. 1927. A heavy Infestation of the Florida flower thrips, FrankUntella triticl bispinosd Morgan, on strawberry blossoms afforded an opportunity to try out various Insec- ticides. Derrlsol (1: 800) was an almost complete failure, only about 10 per cent oí the Insects being killed. Nicotine sulphate spray (1: 800) killed nearly 90 per cent. Even better results were obtained by dusting the plants with a mixture of equal parts of sulphur and flnely ground tobacco (snikff No. 2) analyzing 2 per cent nicotine. This not only killed the thrips In the blossoms but acted as a repel- lent and delayed reinfestatlon for several days (p. 4(}-R). WATT, G. (432) A DicTioNAny or THE EOONOMio PEODUOTs OF INDIA. V. 3, 534 p. London and Calcutta. 1890. Describes three species of Derris found dn India, Including Derrls elUptica (p. 80-81). WETJ-S, R. W., BISHOPP, F. C, and LAAKE, E. W. (433) DEEMS AS A PROMISING INSECTICIDE. Jour. Ecou. Ent. 15: 90-96. 1922. The powdered derrls root used In these tests was supplied by the Tobacco By- products & Chemical Corporation and was supposed to be from Derria elHptica. Tests were made upon clilckens Infested with seven species of lice and cattle In- fested with the common biting louse of that host (Trichodeotes aoalaris). Fowls were also dipped In a bath containing one-fourth ounce of powdered derrls to 1 gallon of water and also In a bath containing 1 ounce of derrls to 3 gallons of water. Calves were dusted with a mixture of equal parts derrls and tobacco dust, the latter containing about 0.1 per cent nicotine. This gave satisfactory results, but a mixture of 1 part derrls to 10 parts tobacco dust gave unsatisfactory results. One part derrls to from 3 to 20 parts wheat flour killed nearly all the lice. Tests were also made against two of the common sucking lice of cattle, namely, lAnognathua vituli L. and Solenopotes capillatua End., upon calves moderately Infested with S. capillatua, and on dogs heavily Infested with the sucking louse, Linommthua aetoaua Olfers. An ointment consisting of 1 part derrls to 2 parts vaseline was very effective when applied to the holes of warbles In the backs of cattle. AU grubs were killed bv a wash consisting of 1 pound derrls, 4 ounces soap, and 1 gallon water. Derrls powder was also very effective against dog and cat fleas (Gtenocephalua cania and Ct. felia), and stlcktight flea (Echidnophaga gallinácea). Stlcktlghf fleas on puppies were killed with derrls powder. The authors' conclusions are as follows ; " Derrls powder is satisfactory as a destroyer of Mallophaga on chickens and cattle, but apparently not quite so effective on the latter as Is sodium fluoride. It is very effective against Anoplura on cattle and dogs, one treatment destroying the pest at all stages. The results of Its use against fleas on dogs and cats are probably most striking, very small amounts being sufficient to destroy all fleas present. It appears to be effective for lice and fleas when reduced with from 1 to 10 parts of a carrier to 1 part of derrls." WEST VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF AGEICULTUBE. (434) DIVISION OF PLANT DISEASE AND INSECT CONTROL. W. Va. Dept. Agr. Bien. Rpt. 8: 30-49. 1927-28. Derrlsol showed promising results as a repellent and killing agent for adult Mexi- can bean beetles and as a killing agent for larvae. This was tested in contrast with nicotine sulphate. The nicotine showed no killing powers whatever, but the Derrlsol did seem to kill. WESIEEMAN, W. (435) DE TABAKScuLTTTüR OP SUMATRA'S oosTKUST. 300 p., lUus. Amsterdam. 1901. It tobacco lice are noticed on only one or a few plants, these plants should be pulled and burned. One must, moreover, spray the surrounding tobacco plants with a solution of derrls roots (p. 164). WHITCOMB, W. D. (436) CBSEEVATIONS ON THE OARBOT BUST FLY (PSILA ROSAB FAB.) . JOUR. ECON. ENT. 22: 672-675. 1929. Preliminary experimenta with several insecticides showed promising results with derrls compounds, corrosive sublimate, and sodium fluoslllcate against the first gen- eration of the carrot rust fly. In the laboratory all flies conflned with potted carrots which had been dusted with powdered derris root died In less than 24 hours. The Insecticide was as effec- tive three days after it was applied as when fresh, and when diluted one-fourth and one-half with gypsum killed the flies as readily as the pore dust. A DIGEST OP THE LITEEATURE OF DEEBIS 75

WHITCOMB, W. D.—Continued. In the field the pure powdered derris root gave 87 per cent protection after treatments with a hand duster on June 16, 23, and July 2. The untreated plot suffered 78 per cent injury. Derris-Eypsum dust, Derrisol spray, sodium fluosilicate spray, and corrosive sublimate solution gave 70 per cent or more protection under tue same conditions. Similar treatments on August 21 and 29 were not so effective against the late brood oí maggots when applied under less favorable conditions. WIGHT, R. (437) ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN BOTANY ; PRINCIPALLY OF THE SOUTHERN PARTS OF THE PENINSULA. Botanlcal Miscellany (Hooker), v. 3, 385 p., lUus. London. 1833. A drawing and botanical description of Pongamia religiosa (Derris uliginosa) from India (p. 301-302). (438) ICONES PLANTABUM INDIAB OBiENTALis. V. 2, 735 p., iUus. Madras. 1843. Gives a drawing and botanical description of Pongamia elliptiea (Derris elUptica) from India.

and WALKER-ARNooT, G. A. (439) PBODROMUS FLORAE PENINSULAE INDIAE ORIENTALIS. V. 1, 480 p. London. 1834. A botanical description of five species of Pongamia, including P. uliginosa (Der- ris uliginosa) from India (p. 262-286). WILKINSON, D. C. (440) A REVISION OF THE INDO-AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS APANTELES (HYM. DHAOON). PAKTS i-ii. Bul. Ent. Research, 19 (pts. 1-2) : 79-105, 109- 146, illus. 1928. Apúnteles hasorae, sp. n., has as its host the Hesperild, Hasora mdmta, Mab., on derris (p. 134). WiLLAUME, F. (441) LES DONNEES ACTUELLES SUR LES VEGETAUX INSECTICIDES. Ann. EpiphytleS 9: 431-441. 1923. [Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 13: 153, 1925.] A review of the work of Mclndoo and Sievers, and other.s on the use of various plants (tobacco, pyrethrum, derris, etc.) as Insecticides. Additional tests of the insecticidal action of plants should be made. (442) UTILIZATION DES PROPRIÉTÉS INSECTICIDES DU DERRIS. Rev. HiSt. Nat. Appl. 6 (Pt. 1) : 285-288. 1925. A review of the work of Mclndoo, Sievers, and Abbott, Tattersfleld and Roach, and others. WILLIAMS, C. G. (443) REPORT OF TUB DiBECTOB. Ohio Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rpt. 41, 52 p., illus. 1922. The following tests were made with derris products tor aphid control : A block of badly infested Spirea Van Houttii was sprayed one-half with Derrisine (1-1,200) and one-half with nicotine sulphate, 1 teaspoonful to the gallon of soapsuds. An examination showed that 80 per cent of the aphids were killed by the Derrisine and 95 per cent by the nicotine solution. Dipping tests gave about the same propor- tions of killing effect. So far these experiments have not shown that Derrisine has aphicide properties equal to that of nicotine sulphate, and it is not much cheaper. If any. Similar experiments were made to compare Derrisine products with sodium fluoride for the destruction of hen lice. Both remedies seemed to kill all the lice without perceptible Injury to the hens, but the action of the Derris preparation was con- siderably slower than that of sodium fluoride (p. 31).

THBIPB IN GREENHOUSES. Ohio Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rpt. 46 (Bul. 417) : 50. 1928. Derrisol used at the rate of 1 to 400 gave 97 per cent control of onion thrlp» (Thrips tabaci Llnd.) in greenhouses. WttSON, G. F. (445) CONTRIBUTIONe FROM THE WISLEY LABOBATOBY. LIII. THE RHODODENDRON WHITE FLY. Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc 54 : 214-217. 1929. Nymphs of the white fly, Dialeurodes chittendeni, were found Infesting leaves of Rhododendron jacksoni and Rhododendron poniicum. The most satisfactory method of controlling this pest in plantations and shrubberies and on specimen plants Is to spray the lower surfaces of the foliage, not neglecting the older leaves with a highly refined emulsified oil which has proved thoroughly effective against white fly. It was 76 MISC. PUBLICATION 12 0, TJ. S. DEPT. OP AGRICULTUEE

.WILSON, G. F.—Continued. found that when such an oil was used at 2 per cent strength, complete control was effected. It Is essential that the larvae and pupae should be wet by the wash, which must be applied at a pressure ot at least 90 pounds to the square Inch. This pressure may be readily attained by using a pneumatic knapsack sprayer. Washes containing nicotine and derrls were found to be less toxic to the Insects in the immature stages. WiNDAus, A., and BUTENANDT, A. (446) UNTEmStrOHUNOBN tÍBEB DAS BOTBNON, DEN PHYSIOLOOISCH WIRKSAMEN BES" TANDTBüL DEB DERBI8 ELiJPTiOA. Nachr. Gesell. Wlss. [Göttlugen] Heft 1 : 1-8. 1928. A discussion of the results obtained by Butenandt (6i). WINSTON, J. R. (447) DEBRisoL, A. NEW APHID SPRAY. Cltrus Indus. 7 (3) : 32. 1926. Derrisol, a proprietary preparation of derris, should be diluted 1 to 800 with water. It is eflîective against aphids and thrlps, will not injure delicate foliage, and Is stated to be nonpoisonous to man. In England it Is extensively used against the hop aphia. Should a grower be spraying with lime and sulphur solution for rust mites, oil emul- sion for scale, Bordeaux mixture for fungous diseases, or arsenate of lead for chewing insects, and any aphids are present, an addition of Derrisol 1 to 800 will pay hand- somely, controlling this pest with one spraying. If aphids are present and no other application is to be made. Derrisol mixed with water without soap will be the cheapest efHclent liquid aphlclde that can be applied. WOOD, W. L. (448) TUBA ROOT. Fed. Malay States Dept. Agr. Bui. 1: 164-166. 1912. " During the early part of the year the cabbage on Maxwell's Hill was partly destroyed by small caterpillars of about three species which have not yet been deter- mined. The usual emulsion of kerosene and soft soap did very little good, and when sprayed frequently, brought about scorch. A solution made from tuba root was next tried, and after several applications. It was soen that the new leaves appearing were free from holes and the plant was temporarily free from the pest. Tuba root is made up In bundles weighing about 1% kattles (2 pounds), and is sold in most markets In the Federated Malay States for 40 cents (Malayan currency). The strength of the solution used for the cabbase was as follows : One bundle, tlrst crushed by beating, was added to 2 [Imperial] gallons of boiling water, and a few hours were allowed for soaking. The water then presented a milky appearance. This may be called the stock solution. For spraying, 1 quart of this was added to 2 [Imperiall gallons of water, and the whole well churned. Spraying was done usually after sunset. The heavy rains on Maxwell's Hill necessitated frequent usage, and the spray had to be used again the following morning If rain fell during the night. Unlike the kerosene emulsion no scorch was seen after bright sunshine. By persistent spraying the cabbage can easily be rid of the caterpillar pest with no apparent damage or retarding ot growth. A 40-cent bundle will make 16 [Imperial] gallons of an eCTectlve Insecticide, sufficient to spray a quarter of an acre of cabbage. "A further trial was carried out on a bed of germinating celery. About a week after planting the seed, a colony of ants took up their abode in the bed, working channels and mounds and doing much damage. The tuba root solution was applied In the same proportions as was used for cabbage ; It was poured over by a wntering- can, and the soil was well saturated. A few hours afterwards not an ant could be seen. It was expected that the seedlings which were Just pushing their way through the soil would have suffered from the solution, but no apparent damage or retarding of growth was noticed. Although the proportions used were not sufficiently strong to cause death among the ants, the solution appeared to bring about migration. " Tuba root solution compares very favorably with chemically prepared insecticides, since It can be used for spraying the tenderest of leaves and seedlings, and for saturating the soil under standing crops with no apparent damage to either roots or leaves. Its cheapness and effective properties should make this plant more widely known and used. To export the solution in a concentrated form would possibly be a profitable business. Its use in English orchards against codling moth and goose- berry maggot would be well worth n trial. Another Use to which it may be put Is for bathing dogs, 1 quart of stock solution to 1 gallon of water. It readily kills fleas and ticks and does not Irritate the skin, except when the dog has mange. Then on no account should It be used. " In purchasing tuba roots from the markets It is well to break open the bundle. The interior is often filled with rubbishy fibrous roots and plenty of soil to make weight while the outside is neatly arranged with long and useful looking roots. One more point to observe Is the freshness ; when old. the strength of the solution Is reduced to a great extent. The name proper is unknown to the Chinese in the markets, and often dlflJculty is experienced in making them understand what Is wanted. The Malay name is tuba and invariably reaches home. (The tnba plant Is g-own by Chinese in vegetable gardens and can be bought in the market of Kuala Lumpur where it has been sold recently in large quantity. It is extensively used by Chinese in vegetable gardens, not onlv as an Insectlfuge but also to keep cows and goats from eating the vegetables. The plant provides also the well-known flsh poison. Ed.)" WOODS, A. F. (449) THE RELATION OP SCIENTIFIC RESEIAROH TO AGRICULTURAL PROGRESS. ScleUCe (n. s.) 72: 563-566. 1930. Refers to rotenone as a valuable contact and stonrach Insecticide that Is not poisonous to warm-blooded animals. A DIGEST OF THE LITEBATUEE OF DEBÉIS 77

WOKTHLEY, H. N. (450) Kïa>OBT THIRD ANNUAL CÜNFEBENCE ON EUROPEAN CORN BORER RESEARCH WASH- INGTON, D. 0. 23 p. 1929. Preliminary Insectury tests against eggs of the European corn borer laid on potted corn plants resulted iu discarding the following materials from consideration as possible ovicides : Uerrls powder, pyrethrum, eresyllc acid, nicotine sulphate dipyridyl sulphate, orthotoluidine. White oil gave good results in an emulsion con- taining 1.5 per cent of oil and will be given further trial. The following materials will be given further t;-iai as possible larvicides : Derris powder, pyrethrum (in some forms), eresyllc acid, acid lead arsenate. Kaolin and lime, used as dusts, gave a marked reduction in larval establishment and will be used 08 carriers for other materials (p. 2S). WBAY, L., JR. (451) ON THE MALAYAN FISH POISON CALLED AKEB TUBA, DEBRIS BLLIPTICA. Pharm Jour, and Trans, (ser. 3, v. 23), 52: 61-62. 1892. Denis elUpUca is used largely by the Cliinese marltet gardeners as an insecticide, for which purpose the fresh roots are chopped up line and then pounded and mixed with water, which becomes milky. It is sprayed or brushed over the plants with a bunch of feathers. The toxic principle, tubaln, is a reddish brown resinous sub- stance, insoluble in water, paraffin oil, and benzine, but soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform, by extraction with alcohol the dried roots yield 9.42 per cent tubain One part tubain in 1,000,000 parts water will kill flsh in from one-fourth to one- half hour, according to species. (452) ON THE MALAYAN FISH POISON CALLED AKEB TUBA, DEBBIS ELLIPTIOA. Pcrak Mus. Notes no. 1, p. 19-23. 1893. (On the Experimental Culture of Silkworms in Perak.) Same as (451) except for footnotes. Wray isolated tubain in 1888, and a sample hag been exhibited under that name in the I'erak Museum since March, 1888. WBIGHT, G. M. (453) A PBELIMINABY EXAMINATION OF BOTENOKE AND SOME OF ITS DBGBADATION PRODUCTS. Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc. 50: 3355-3360. 1928. Wright prepared the following derivatives of rotenone : Rotenone-oxime, melting point 252°; rotenone phenylliydrazone, melting point 245°: rotenone hydrochloride, melting point 197° ; oxime of rotenone hydrochloride, melting point 239° (with de- composition) ; rotenone hydrobromide, melting point 190° ; Isorotenone, melting point 184'; isorotenone phen^lhydrazone, melting point 230°; rotenonone, melting point 300° ; rotenic acid, melting point 183° ; methyl ester of rotenic acid, melting point 39° to 40° ; ultrorotenle acid, melting point 187° ; tuhalc acid, melting point 128° to 129°. In addition, a small quantity of yellow crystals, melting point 255°, contain- ing chlorine were obtained from the mother liquor of the rotenone hydrochloride. ZAIDAN HOJIN KIKAOAKU KENKYUJO. (454) A PLIOCKSS FOB PRODUCING A LIQUID INSECTICIDE CONTAINI.NO EFFECTIVE INGRE- DIENT OF DEBBIS SPECIES. Brit. Patent 239483, issued May 6, 1926; ap- plied for April 24, 1925 ; in Japan, September 8, 1924. Á process of preparing a liquid Insecticide containing the effective ingredient of the Derris species comprises the step of preparing a primary reagent in which the effective ingredient is mixed witli one or more oils and/or fats, waxes, resins, higher alcohols, higher hydrocarbons, higher fatty acids (excluding Turkey red oil), wliich are entirely free from watur and alkali, and tlie step of preparing a secondary re- agent, in which the primary reagent Is mixed as a colloidal solution. Example 1. A solution of 10 liters of ether containing 10 grams of rotenone is added to a mixture of 400 grams of flsh oil and 40 grams of hydrogenated oil. After sufficient agitation, the greater part of the ether is recovered by evaporation and condensation and a semisolid mixture is obtained as a primary reagent. Five hundred grams of soap are mixed with 100 kilograms of water to prepare a colloidal aqueous solution as a secondary reagent. In use the primary reagent is mixed with the secondary reagent. It may be suitably diluted with 100 kilograms of water when used as an insecticide. The secondary reagent may be prepared at any time by users. Example 2. Ten liters of ether are added to 1 kilogram of the derris root. After four days the extract Is added to 400 grams of chrysalis oil and 100 grams of lard. After the ether Is evaporated a semisolid substance is obtained as a primary reagent. The secondary reagent may he prepared as described in example 1. Example 3. Twenty liters of petroleum ether are added to 1 klli>gram of derris root. After four days the extract Is added to 200 grams of beeswax and 50 grams of pine resin. The larger portion of the petroleum ether is recovered by evaporation and condensation, and a semicolloldal substance is obtained as the primary reagent. The secondary reagent may be prepared by adding a colloidal solution in which 200 grams of soap are dissolved In 100 kilograms of water. It la to be understood that substances containing rotenone mean any pure or Impure substances obtained from raw root of the Derris species, solutions of the substances in one or more solvents such as methyl alcohol, absolute alcohol, ether, petroleum ether, chloroform, tetrachloride of carbon, and extracts of root of dqrris with such solvents. The solvents are recovered during the process. By oils is meant all kinds of animal oils, such as sardine oil, herring oil, cod-liver oil, shark oil. 78 MISC. PUBLICATION 120, U. S. DEPT. OP AGBIOULTUKE

ZAIDAN HOJIN EIKAOAKU KENKYUJO—Continued. and chrysalis oil, and all kinds of vegetable oils, such as coconut oil, bean oil, rapeseed oil, and castor oil. Turkey red oil Is excluded. By fats Is meant all kinds of animal fats, such as lacd, beef tallow, hydrogenized animal oil, and bydro- genlzed vegetable oil. By waxes is meant wood wax, beeswax and the like, while resins Include pine resin, copal, and the like. By higher hydrocarbons, paraffin and the like is intended. Higher alcohol includes glycerin and the like. These substances are selected as desired. Colloidal aqueous solutions include a solution of soap, glue, egg albumin, bean milk, dextrin, starch, bengal, isinglass, animal albumin, and the like. To the aqueous solutions may be added a small quantity of methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, chloroform, ether, camphor oil, lemon oil, and other solvents. The additional substances after they are dehydrated may be added to the oils or fats used in preparing the rotenone-contalnlng reagent. Ordinary water also can be employed in place of a colloidal aqueous solution. (455) A PBOCESS FOB PEODUCING A LIQUID INSECTICIDE CONTAINING EFFECTIVE INGRE- DIENT OP DEBÉIS SPECIES. Brit. Patent 285797, issued November 29, 1928 ; applied for February 20, 1928 ; in Japan, February 18, 1927. The patentees claim a process for producing a liquid insecticide containing the effective ingredient of Derris species, which comprises forming a primary material in which the effective ingredient is mixed with an anhydrous and alkall-froe vehicle for the active ingredient, this vehicle consisting of one or more oils, fats, waxes, resins, higher alcohols, higher hydrocarbons, higher fatty acids, together with a substantially equal quantity of the anhydrous solvent, benzol, carbon tetrachlorlde or trlchloroethane, which primary material is subsequently to be mixed with an aqueous soap solution to form a colloidal solution. Examples are: (1) To 100 grams of powdered derris root 10 liters of ether is added to extract the eftective Ingredient. The whole or greater part of the ether is evaporated and recovered. To the residual effective ingredient a mixture of 150 grams of anhydrous and alkali-free flsh oil (as a vehicle) and ISO grams of benzol (as the anhydrous solvent) is added, so that a solution of the effective ingredient is thus prepared. This is the improved primary material. The soap solution is easily prepared by, for instance, adding 500 grams of soap to 100 kilograms of water. In use the solution thus obtained is mixed with the improved primary material. (2) To 1 kilogram of powdered derris root 5 kilograms of benzol is added. The effective Ingredient of the derris root is extracted by warming the benzol. The benzol is recovered by evaporation. To the residual effective Ingredient, a mixture of 600 grams of anhydrous and alkali-free flsh oil (as a vehicle) and 600 grams of carbon tetrachlorlde (as an anhydrous solvent) is added so that a solution of the effective ingredient Is formed. This is the Improved primary material. The soap solution employed may be the same as In example 1. Trlchloroethane C2H.,C1¡ as the anhydrous solvent can also be used. Also In the two examples given, the improved primary material can be easily prepared in the form of powder by adding 900 grams of anhydrous gum arable. Speclflcations 239483 and 280256 are referred to. (456) INSECTICIDES. Brit. Patent 300606, applied for July 17, 1928 ; in Japan No- vember 16, 1927; not yet accepted. lUus. Official Jour. No. 2086, 6904 (1929). Keproduced by permission of the Controller of His Britannic Majesty's Stationery Officer.) An insecticide containing the active ingredients of derris root without water, alkali, or other detrimental substance is prepared in powder form by mixing the active ingredient with an earth, such as clay, china clay, earthenware clay, or kleselguhr, adding a substance such as calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate, and pulveriz- ing the mixture. Examples of the Invention are: (1) 150 grams of dry kleselguhr are stirred into a concentrated or unconcentrated ether extract of 25 grams of derris root, and the mixture is dried; (2) to the Juice produced by repeated crushing of 50 grams of derris root 150 grams of " reddisli earth " are added, and the mixture is dried, lo each of the above mixtures 45 grams of magnesium carbonate are added, and ^e mixtures are then pulverized. Sulphur and resin—in the example given, ¿ grams each—may be Incorporated In the mixtures before they are pulverized SUBJECT INDEX

(References are made to the citations by number)

Citation No. .„,„„, ., ^ ^ Citation No. .Acieage— Animals, action of derrls on—Contd plants per acre 7 squirrels _ _ _ 301 , , 47.133 pounds of roots per acre 17 «5P°'** ---"67, Î41, 405 statistics _ 90 toadsll^J 67301 35, 46, fil, 113, 133, 157, 158, 182, Triohopua trichopteruaJlZZ'ZZ 234 _ _ 183, 277, 287, 375, 376, 407. water snails _ 141 Active principle— Apparatus for extracting defrlg destroyed by digestive fluids of Bostrlchlds 130 Arro°w*-p-oTsöiiII- ^84, 405 determining, cliemical method 344 derrld _ 302 extracting— Derria etliptioa _ I 2 apparatus 264, 405 ^ ^ 78, 172, f73,"247, 25ti dry roots, method 50 ptnnata _ 172 , ^ 71. 234. 264, 267, 2T1, 465 tiUffinoaa 17"2,~Í73, 255 fresh roots method 27, tuba root 301 50, 130, 234, 260, 300 Arsenlcals, value, comparison with with Ringer's physiological derrls.. 159, 225, 885 saline solution 67 Assaying derrls, difficulties 72 osmosis g7 Bacteria, action of derrls on 88 percentage of, In Derria efUp- Biological method of determining In- ,tica—- 149, 150, 40.) sectlddal properties of derrls.. 118, 234 (See aUo Derrld, Rotenone, Blood pressure, action of derrls on. 67, 207 Tubatorln, etc., and their re- British Malaya, production of der- spective derivatives.) rls In 277 Adulteration of roots 141 448 Calcium arsenate, value, comparison Alimentary canal, absorption from, ' with derrls 22S toxic effects due to 403 Cattle— ° Analysis of derrls root 365 dips containing derrls 277, 325 Animals, action of derrls on 81 384 spraying with derrls prepara- amoebae gg tion, method 185 Buto melanostictvt III 67 Central nervous center, action of eats 61, 177, 178 ilorris on 173 cattle 40, 60,107, 273, 274, 325 Chara foetíóa, value, comparison crustaceans (fresh-water) 405 with derrls 200 Gyprinua flavipiriKi» 150 Chemistry— Daphnid crustácea 141 Derria— dogs ___ 61,169,170,177, 178. 207. 301 elliptica 152 earthworms 225 410 uHginoaa 108, 320 eels 177 Comparative values of different spe- ûsh ZZTSiZZ. 67. cies of Derrls 15 76, 93, 134, 135, 136, 141, 149, 71, 97, 132, 180, 246, 276, 290, 381. Contact insecticide, derrls as 11, lîî\ l^: IE: "^' '•^' '''*• '*«• 69, 121, 137, 198, 225, 268, 276, flagellata S8 365, 428. fowl 81, 301, 443 Corrosive sublimate. (See Mercuric firogs 1411 177,178, 207 chloride.) Oasterosteus pungitiug 178 Oracoa (Tephroaia) — gudgeon 141 toœicaria, toxlcarol from 75,76 guinea pigs 98,170, 177 vogelH, tephrosln from 75, HaplocMlua javanioua 149, 160 79, 168, 169 Macacua cynomolgua 67 deguelln from 78 nemeatpitwa 67 tephrosal from 168, 169 mice 177,178 Cryolite, value, comparison with der- molluscs 405 rls 336 monkey— Cubé— kra 67' alcoholic extract, effectiveness, pig-tailed 67 comparison with derrls 98 nematodes 68 deguelln from 78 OpMocephalua gaohua 67 Insectlcidal properties 412 pigeons 131 patent on 96 pigs gi price 418 porcupine 141 rotenone In 74, 232 protozoa _ ~ 88 tephrosln In 75 rabbits 131, 169, 170, 177, 207 value, comparison with derrls. 142 rats— 131, 207, 387 Cultivation of derrls root— white 386 dlfllcultles attending 167 rhinoceros 141 method 7, 47,133, 359 Rhndeua amarut 246 soli, action on 68 rotlfera 88 South Africa, attempts to grow sheep 61 derrls In 832 slugs 225, 410 Cuttings of derrls, source of supply. 47 79 80 SUBJECT INDEX

Citation No. Citation No.. Decomposition of "tenone---^-^----^^^ ^f. Fish poisons— Barringtonia speciosa 361 Deguelia correct name for certain Oooculus indicus 18, 324 species of derris 5I Dalbergia heterophylla 43,45- Degüelle acid '° Derris— bantamensis 80- dehydro T8, 7« benthami 380 from cube 10, iv elUpUca 1,. from Craeca (TephroHa) toxi- 2, 3, 60, 67, 73, 80, 85, 100, caría '' 102, 125, 151, 152, 155, 156, from Craeca (Tephrotla) voge- 172, 187, 207, 218, 255, 284, III 7». 7!) 355, 382, 406, 423. from derrls J5'?.? forstenkma 80,108,172 hydroxy ; T'' '•' guianensis 151 relation between rotenone ana koolgibberaih 167 tpphrosln XI maingayatia . 80 to tpphrosln '■' montana 108 Dceuelone, denydro —,, J., multiflora 108 Derrlc acid 1- 77,238,239,240,241,398 negrensis 1.54 Derrid— phiUppinenais 60 anhydro 221, 295, 320, 405 pínnaía 172 from Derris ellipUca 118, pubipetala 108 141, 149, 150, 153, 177, Til, 29u, soandens 30, 380 403, 40,->. uliainosa 80" from Lonchocarpua lo* 100, 102, 108, 151, 156. 160, from Mundulca suierosa 154 167, 172, 217, 255, 279, 350, from Ormoiarpum 1^4 361, 363, 380. in a patented preparation 300 Uilletia taiicana 219' Derrln -J*; NlcoU 1B4 Derrislc acid ¡,>'| PaulHnia pinnata 31 JgQ_ DO Tephrosia—■ macropoda 18 SAi^'Î^i-iii-îâîrîêerïiBrios, ^í toxicaria 18 Dcrrisol — — ^______— "'» Timbo 1.Ï4 105,"iÔ9, ño, 119, 174, 192, 2.')8, Fishing, tuba 125, 332, 333, 336, 356, 357, 430, 431, 171, 191, 212, 286, 302, .381 434, 436. 444, 447. Formalin, disinfecting derris extract chemical analysis 109 with 234 Derrltol 84,165, 237, 239 Freight charges— anhydro 64 to England 157 cleavage of, and rotenol 0Ö8 to the united States 376 derivatives 238 Fresh root, effectiveness, comparison 1 dlhydro 237 vflth alcoholic extract 88 (llhydromethyl , „_ 238 Fruit spray, derris aa 277 iso 165, 237 Fumigant, action of derris as_ 98, 275, 276 Derritollc acid, methyl 238,368 Fungi, action of derris on 88, 120 Description (botanical, microscopi- HypQwycea 383 cal, etc.)— Furniture, upholstered, treating with Dalbergla species 49 rotenone 25 Derris- 104, 328 Galedupa, certain species transferred fliailelpha 289 to derris 42 eWptica 32, Genuineness of extract, determining 99. 141, 152, 173, 184, 189, method 405 228, 229, 234, 235, 242, 297, Germination, action of derris on— 308, 317, 331, 354, 355, 359, cabbage 448 425, 433, 439. celery :1 -^ 44S hepiaphffUa '84 Lima beans- —l 285 lieterophylla 184 tobacco -_ 288 kooWbberah 167 Habitat— malaccetisia 228 Derria— microphyVa 184 elUptiea 172 pinnuta 254, 326 pinnata 172 polyphyUa 184 uliginosa 103,172.411 aoanaetis 24, 20, 184. 289 Halarl 402 species 32, 48, tubatoxln In 12, 351, 403. 404 54. 189. 216, 235, 242, 294, Harvesting derris root-— 306, 315, 33Í, 354, 414, 432, time of IB, 62, 63 439. determining, method 133 uUginosa 32, Histology— 33, 54, 08, 86. 103, 148, 189, Derria— 216. 2.35, 242, 249, 250, 254, elXiptica 278 289. 294, 306, 814, 353, 354, uliginoaa 278 358, 362, 363, 377, 414, 437, Identifying Derris species, difficulties- 129 439. Imports, statistics 114, 421 Qaledupa— Insects, action of derris on— Iruteacens 42 Adelgea 91 maculata (manehado) 42 Aedes 138 putwani 42 oinereoborealiB 1.39 tuba root 4 exerucians .!. 1.39 Deterioration of derris In storage 56 fttcMi 13» Diseases of derris 364, 409 Stimulans 1.39 CorUclum Salmonieolor 409 vexant 189, 415 Disinfecting derris extract with for- Agromyga phaaeoH 285 malin 234 Amathusia phidippua ill Duty, export 46, 47 Anasa tristis 91 Ether extract, determining, method 133 Aniaota senatoria 283, 276 Evaluating root, chemical method 405 Anophellne larvae .382 Exports, statistics 114,188,182 Anoplura 427, 48S SUBJECT INDEX 81

Citation No. Citation No. Insects, action of dents on—Contil. Insects, action of derrls on—Contd. Anthrenua vorax 26 Chermes 225 ants 140 Uliilo aimplex 11 white 190 Ohortophila hraaaicae :_ 55, 56- Anvraphl» roseus 91, 312 Chrysomelldae 303 ApMdidae 71 (Jimea tectulariua 225' aphids 8,11, clothes moth 25, 225 1«. 57, 69, 71, 91, 02, 93, 08, cockroaches 91, 131,140, 276, 317 118, 196, 205. 233, 258, 275, 276, American 140 288, 317, 443, 447. coconut butterfly lit apple 316 codling moth 110, green 124, 225 159, 206, 321, 322, 323 woolly— , 11, 97, 141 coffee-berry borer 117 arrowhead 11 Coleopterous larvae 88 bean 141, 404, 405 corn borer, European 206, 450 cabbage 11 cotton stalner 210 false 89 crotón bug 140 cherry 316, 366, 357 Ctenocephalua— chrysanthemum 11 cania 140, 275, 433 citrus 119, 245, 429, 430 felis 140, 433 black 384 cucumber beetle 89, 91 green 293 Culem pipiena 138,141 cone flower 89 curcullo 110 cotton 9Ö currant worm '. 225 currant 225 cutworms 11, 225 cutleaf birch 22.1 Oydia (Laapeyreaia) nigricana- 251 goldenrod 22.'5 Datana ministra 233, 27S hop 119, 447 DermanyaauH gallinae 90 nasturtium 124 Dlabrotica duodecimpunctata 89, 91 peach, green 98 Diacricia »ubcarnea 11 pear 11,233 Dialcurodea ehittendeni 445 plum 11 Diatraea auriciUa 209 mealy 126 Dipterous larvae 88 potato 225 Dorvphora 10-Uneata 91, 233 rose 11,97 dragon flies 88 rosy 298, 312, 423 Dr]fmonia manleyi 401 spiraea 89 Dyadercua cingulatua ISO tobacco 50, 52 Bohidnophaga galUnaoea 433 woolly 405 Echinocremua bipunctatua 11 Aphiê— ectoparasites 140, 317 cardui _ n Empoaaca fahae 95 ffOêsypii 91 Epilachna corrupta 91 medlcaginis 71 Erionola throw m nerii 9S Erioaoma lanigera 97,141. 405 peraicae-niger 91 Euphydryas chalcedona 97, 98 pwmi 91, 226, 276, 429 Euproctle— rumiciê _ 11 conaperaa l| 91, 92, 93, 141, 225, 276, 403! paeu^conaperaa 370 404, 405. aerlcea 370 apiraecula 80, 293, 429,430 Eupteryx flavoacuta 257 apple datana 276 fall webworms 57,226 276 red bug 813 flens 37.124, 198, 327 aquatic insects 71 on cats 140, 434 Arctornia alta 370 on dogs 37, Argyrotaenta (EuHa) velutinana. 192 140, 275, 276, 433, 448 arrowhead budwtevil II on rabbits 360' Attagenua piceua 26 on rats .. 140' Aulacophora femoralia- 11 stlcktlght 433 Aiitiigrapha hraaaicae 233 270 flies 124, 131, 140, 225, 276' bean beetle, Mexican— 89, 91, 206, 434 flower tbrlns, ïTorlda 431! l)edbuES 88, 225, 270 Frankliniella trltici biapinoaa-- 431 beetles _ 97 Qalerucella rubi 39O' " Bena Kurn " LII.! 371 geometers \. n blackberry leaf miner 87 chain dotted 225' Blatta germánica 140 Glropid lice gg- Blattella germania ill GUricola porcelli 98, 205' Bombyx mori 11 118 Glottula fuara 211 boxwood leaf miner lOc, Ooniocotea gigae 98j 20B' Brevicorne hraaaicae 91,93 budmoths _ _ 22.T gooseberry sawfly 118, 141 bulT-tlp " 11s grape leafhopper 93; 105. butterfly 07 grasshoppers n, ZZ» cabbage— grubs on cattle 40 199, 202, 281, 282, 327, 416 caterpillar 244 448 Gryllotalpa 371 maggot 55, 50, 57 Oyropua ovaliê gg, 205 white butterfly 118 Hadcna olerácea Hg worm 91, 225, 278 Ilellula undalia " 429 < ameria geometer 11 Hctcrocordylua malinua 233, 313 carrot— Hippodamia convergena 97 fly 367 honeybees t4¿ rust fly 106, 143, 225. 436 Hoplocampa n caterpillars 8 11 horn fly—- . 185 69, 91, 98. 118, 130, 141, 264, 330 Hylemia antigua 55, 57, 367 Cavariella 57 Ilyphantria carnea 233 celery, ants on 1 448 cunea 57, 225 Oentrocnemis ,!(30 Hyporterma-- 39, 40, 44, 274, 282, 427 Ceratophpllua fasciatus 140 Illiberia prunt jj OOfiTO—32 6 82 SUBJECT INDEX

Citation No. Citation No. Insects, action of derrls on—Contd. Insects, action of derrls on—Coutd. Illinoin liriodendri 91 Parasa herbifera 13a lackey moth 118 pea moth 291 ladytieetle 275 peach moth, oriental 127. 261 ladybird beetle 225 pear— larch case borer 225 bagworm n sawfly 225 psylla 11 174 422 Lospeyresia molesta 261 sawfly 11 leaf— Periplaneta americana 140 beetles 11 Phaedon— hoppers 91, 257, 258, 327 braaaioae n lice 122, 123 incertum «03 roller, red-banded 192 Phalera— ""'^ leatherjackets 410 bucepHttla ng leatberleaf ferns, leaf hoppers flaveacen» n on 327 Phymalocera aterrtma II_I 118 Lepldoptera 88, 405 Pieria braaaioae ng LepHnotarsa decemlineata 225 pigeon fly " 3g lice . 124 Plant Uce. (Se« Aphlds.) on calves 433 Podopa— on cattle 198, 225, 433 coaretata 371 on dogs 433 lurida 11 on fowl 11,91, Polyplax apinuloaua 140 98,140, 206, 276, 433, 443 Poiitia rapae 91 93 body 91, 140 Popilia Japónica ' 91 head 67,140 Portheaia— on guinea pigs 98, 205 acintillana 370 on horses 225 taiwana 370 on pigs 98 potato— ' on rats 140 beetle- 67, 91, 276, 278 I.lma bean, pest of 285 Colorado 225 IjimacocUdae 130 three lined 225 Jjinognathus— Doryphora of 283 setosus , 433 leafhopper 95 vituU _■ ; __■_ 433 poultry, pests of 175 lApeurua heterographut 57,140 Prodenia Utura 234 livestock, pests of 176 Pryeria sinica ~~ 335 lucIUa flies ^,^— 811 Paila roaae 143, 225, 367, 436 Xuperode« praeuatus - ^^__ 400 Paylla _ 69 JLygidea mendaw 283, 313 pyricola 174 JLymantrUda 370 Paeudococcua citri . 91 Macroeiphonella sonftoml 27B Paeudodura daayohirofdèiZZZZZZ 370 Macrotiphum 27,'i Pterochlorua tropicalis _ 11 rudhecMae 89 Pteronua ribeaii ng 225 »olanifoUi 225 Pyralidae 130, 428 Ualacoaoma 233 radish pest 5« americana 91, 225 red bug- dUitria . 225 bright 313 neuatrla . 118 dark 313 Mallophaga 427, 433 red scale ggg «aealy bugs 19, 91, 276 red spider u Menopon— >i, 1 ., ^ ^^' ^A ^\t 82, 987"2b6, 276 oiaerlatum 98,140, 205 rhododendron white fly '-^ 445 pallidum 91 Rhopaloaiphum— atramineum 91 persicae. (Bee Myzua per- Metellus ruhi 87 sicae.) mites on chickens 90, 276 pseuaobraaaicae 89 mole cricket 371 Rhynchitea heroa n Monarthropalpua tutH 166 roaches. (See Cockroaches.) mosquito larvae 67 rose sawfly n 147 71, 88, 91, 9?, 124, 188, 189,' rubber trees, ants on ' 190 228, 866, m, 416. " rush sawfly ji, 173 moths _., . 365 sawflles 11 118 405 Musca dometUca 225 mushroom fly 383 Schoenobiua bipunctifer 209, •371 Mygus— Sciara proecox ¿gs ceraai 356, 357 Scotinophara ooarotata. -~ ~ 84 screw-worm flies 3l5,'"311, 349 peraioae 91 silkworms ng, 159 275 93, 98, 234, 275, 276, 28^ roaarum 97 Solenopotea capillatua 433 Naraga aeneacena 11 Spilonota ocellana _ 025 Nematua ribeaii ~ 141 squash bug 91 225 Notodontid _ 401 stalk borer, maize _ 10 211, 382, 333, 334, 335, 336 Hotolophua poaticua II I 370 Siegomyia ß'j ■nutmeg trees, pests of— 1, 73, 262. 307 Nymphula depunotalis _. 372 stem borers 209 .371 oak worms 276 Stephanoderea hampel ~ ' 117 Olene mendosa Z~ 870 Stitpnotia cygna 370 •onion— strawberry— flies— 887 beetle n maggot _ 56, 67 c P,'2°*i.' P^^ts of '399, 431 thrips 444 Syrphid flies 228 234 ■Orthezia insignia 276 tea plant, pests of _ 370 ox warbles 39, Y07, 274 tent caterpillars 276 276 oyster-shell scale, crawling forest 225 young of 1 276 Japanese ~Z 11 padi pests 04 ona orchard " 223 palms, beetles on ill termites —'88789,190 Tetranychua telarius—. 89, 91, 98, 205 SUBJECT INDEX 83 T ^ i. -. . . Citation No. Insects, action of derris on—Contd. Theobaldia annularis 141 Mixtures of derris wlth-Contd.^"*""" ^°' Thrips 19, 91, 92, 447 bean milk 454 taiaci 91,444 ticks— beef tallow 889,454 on calves 11 RonTnl^ 880 454 on dogs 88, 448 bentonite '>i^ on pigs 11 benzol ~ "gg Tineola Maelliella 2Ö Tirathaia 130 Bordeaux mlxturelllllll- 105 119, 174, 225, 271, 3'l2, 44f tobacco—■ Dran ^^jy caterpillaiB 247 calcium carbonate 98, 282, 456- lice 116,234,325,435 caselnate - - "17 pests 50, 115, 121, 288 sulphate 262 tomato moth US casein Ï20, 271 Tomostethus iuncivorus I 173 lime 126- Trialeyrodea vaporariorum 91 castor oil. 120, 270, 389, 46* Trichodcctes acalaris . 433 cement powder _ 2''5' tussock moths H cholesterln _ ~ igg Typlilocpba cornea 91~93 105 chrysalis oil ZZ.'389, 454 warbles _ 44'l07 ='ay -r. 55, 456 124, 199, 273, 274, 425,' 426', china 456 427, 433. earthenware 456 wasps 131 coconut oil 389, 454 webworms 1 275 cod-liver oil 389, 454 white fly _ 92 444 copal... 389,454 Insects attacking derris— cornstarch 37- Amaacta lacUnea 128,129, 130 creosote jg^ Aniaodea ohrinaria 129, 130 cryolite ZZZZZZZ 33« ArctUdae 128 129 uextrine 45^ Belippa laleana 129,130 diatomaceous earth I 91 borers- 129,157 egg albumin " *" 4541 shot-hole 248 flsh oil 304, 389. 454, 45ii Bostrlchid 82 180 flour - 3^, 90, 317 Chrysomelld beetle 19', 292 wheat 43» Creatonotus lactineua 130 French chalk 415 Estigmene lactinea 130 Eucoama— glycerini5i'"V.- 272, 454 balanoptj/cha 129, 130 gum arable 304, 455 defenaa 129, 130 gums 214 Eucosmldae jog gypsum 436 Geometrldae 129 herring oil 339, 454 Haaora— honey 127 142 aléala 129 Isinglass 454 mixta 440 kaolin 40, iJH, 349 Heapcriidae 129 440 kerosene- 275, 369, 371 Lamproaema dlemenallaZZ I_ 129', 180 kleselguhr 456 Umacodldae _ 129 lard 389, 454 Mahaaena 130 lead arsenate 244, 271, 379, 447 Marnca— limo --- — 225 amboinalia 129 130 milk of 07 teatulalia ' 130 sulphur 119 120, 245, 312 Neolepta blplaglata 19, 292 magnesium carbonate 45« Parata alexia _ 130 molasses ifiß Pyralldae 2"" I29 nicotine— : "262,433 red spider 22 nicotine sulphate 312 Scolytid ZZZZZZZ 130 oil ^.__ 119 176 323 Sinoxylon anale _ 82 animal sgg, 454 atrigUna acHaria 129 ISO hydrogenated 454 Tenebrionid _ 139 miscible " 316 Tetranychua biooulatua 22 sulphonated J f20 "'71 ThyHdlàae 129 Insects attacking derris, controlling— **i.Zwhite 110 127, ' 322365 method ig 292 vegetable 389,454 Investigating ii";:::::. ' 408 olive oil 426 lodoform, value, comparison with paraffin 44r425,~426, 454 derris _ 425 renetrol ___ gg Kurmange _III~I~ 107 petrolatum I~I 40 Kymac 10, 332, 334, 888, 336 phytosterlnoxide ige Lpnchocarpua, derrid In 1 164 pine oil 11 isß Man, action of derris on_ - _ 2 resin 389. 454 •\ 67, 81, 138, 140, 225,"228, 229,' pyridine 03, 97, 98, 140, 214 247, 301, 330, 365, 447. rape oil ign Medicinal value— rapeseed oil 339, 454 Derrla— resin 456 ellipHoa 172 saponin 214 plnruita 172 sardine oil " " sgg 4154 shark oil ::::::: ii;|§| iif„> . "W""«« 1007172, 298, 350 Mercuric chloride, value, comparison sirup _ _ 127 with derris __ 5« 57 143 soap _" _ g Mercurous chloride, value, compari- ' 11. 27, 39, 50r"69,"90~"lÎ7, lls' son with derris ___ _ 143 119, 1¿1, 122, '123,' 126, 130 im', f'tletia taitcaniana, rotenone In— 23, 219 ilî' i§5' PS- 225, 234, 257 260 Mixtures of derris with— 266, 267, 275, 276, 304 313 336 acetone- 26, 89, 91, 93, 127, 214 370, 389, 399, 401, 427 433 447 imimnl albumin -^J.^J. 454 454, 456. arscnatcs- soda carbonate - _ or 119 sodium oléate "!_ gj 84 SUBJECT INDEX

Citation No. Citation No. Mixtures of derrls with—Contd. Proprietary preparations containing soot 367 derris 10, starch 454 11, 40, 57, 87, 105, 107, 109. 110, maize 427 117, 119, 124, 126, 166, 174, 185, sugar 317 192, 205, 258, 273, 274, 275, 298, sulphur 27, 310, 312, 313, 322, 332, 333, 334, 140, 252, 266, 267, 317, 456 335, 336, 356, 357, 365, 384, 427, tannlc acid 93, 214 429, 430, 431, 434, 436, 443, 444, tartarlc acid 27 447. tobacco 140. 317, 433 manufacturers 11, 107,109, 365 vaseline 57, 199, 433 Pulvex 124, 335, 336 wax, sulphonated 120, 271 Pyrethrum, value, comparison with wood 389. 454 derrls 38, 89, 105, 139, 140, 146, 310 Moth-prooflng agent, rotenone as 25, 26 Qualitative test for determining Mundulea suberosa, derrld In 154 tubatoxln 405 Mushrooms, action of derrls on 383 Quantitatively determining insecti- Native names— cida! properties of derris, biologi- Derriê— cal method 118 iantamensis 80 Respiratory center, action of derris elUpHca 63, on 67, 98, 177, 178 80, 172, 184, 234, 247, .'(7.^ Restrictions on exportation of derris forsteniana 80, 108 seed 53 heptaphylla 184 Rissic acid 398 heterophvlla 184 Rohinia nicou, nlcoullne from 131,154 maingayana 80 Rotenlc acid 66, malaccensis 63, 234, 375 163, 164, 220, 221, 222, 223, 387. microphylJa , 184 388, 391, .393, 394, 398, 39?', 453 montana ■_ 108 acetyl 223 muUiflora 108 attempts to synthesize 397 pinnata 172 constitution 396 polyphylla 184 dihydro 66, 894 puMpetala 108 bruclne salt 396 «candens 30,184 ifiomerlc 391 uliginosa 80, 108, 160, 172 methyl ester 394, 453 Neoton 11 ether 220 Nicotine— nitro 388, 453 Derrls as substitute for 187, methylated 388 325, 384 Rotenol 64, value, comparison with der- 164, 165, 220. 238, 239, 394, 397 rls 52, cleavage of, and derritol 368 89, 91, 92, 112, 118, 140, 166, dihydro 64, 238 312. Iso 237 Nicotine sulphate, value, comparison Rotenolic acid 238 with derrls 126, dihydro 288, 368 166. 174, 234, 257, 332, 430, 431, 434, 443. Rotenolone 239 Nlcoulin from RoUnia nicou 131,164 acetyl 241 Odor of derrls 140,425,426 acetyldlhydro 241 Ormonarpum, derrld in 154 Rotenolontc acid, dihydro 241 Ovicide, action of derrls as 11,105 Rotenone— Pachyrhlzide— alkali fusion 166, 220 comparison with other active aqueous suspensions as Insecti- principles 218 cides 214 from Pachtfrinua angulatua 366 comparison with other active Palate, action of derrls on 2 principles 218 Paris green— constitution 236 Derriscas substitute for 226 decomposition of 93, 213, 214, 323 value, comparison with derrl8__ 410 degi'adation products 453 Patonts on derrls 27 dehydro 64, 66, 213, 239. 240, 241 28 120 186, 259. 260, 261, 262,' derivatives 64, 66, 220 263, 264, 265, 266. 267, 268 269 alkali fusion of 165 270, 271, 272. 300, 304, .TO5, 389. determining, chemical method 344 454, 458, 456. dihydro 64, 221, 237, 893 review 04» Mihydro 162 PaulHnia pinnata I—"__ ""31 3I8 dihydrodesoxy 64 Phenol, value, comparison with der- ' hydrobromide 453 ris tuA hydrochloride 388, 463 hydrochloride, oxlme of 453 Phytophyllne -""""_"_"!""_"" 117 in cube 74, 232, 347 Plants, action of derrls on____Tl 225 447 in Derris chinentis 299 apple trees 313' 879 in Uilletia taiwaniana 23, 219 cabbage 65_ 44g in timbo 232 celery 448 iso 66. citrus tree 429 162, 237, 388, 390, 893, 395, 453 maize- 10, 211, 332, 338, 834, 336, 336 iso, phenylhydrazone 453 rubber trees 190 isodehydro 66 tobacco 247, 288, 325 isodihydrodesoxy 66 Polvo ^r¡ molecular formula 890 Potassium cyanide, value, compâîr- optical rotation 215 son with derrls 134 oxidation products 64 Powder, derrls, preparing, method— 27 oxlme 388, 453 Price of derrls 4 perhydro 64 7. 17, 48. 47, 51, 55, 56. 62, 112! phenylhydrazone 453 133, 157, 277, 287. 325. 332, 333, reduction products 64, 287 335, 376, 419, 42é, 448. relation between deguelln and of cubé 418 tepbrosln 77 SUBJECT IKDEX 85

ajotcnoiip—Coiitd. Citation No. Citation No. between Isorotenone 162 395 South Africa, attempts to grow der- solubility 215 ris In 032 toxieity in solution and suspen" sion, cliange in 93 Sprays containing de"rrîs,"prepâflng; Rotononio acid _"" 192 185 method - 50 130 ^34 448 acctyl- -dlhydrohydroxy I _ '241 Stainless properties of derrlsl- ' 38 ' 147 dehyrlro 241 Atomacb— ' dehydrodihydro ~ 241 detecting presence of derris in, dphydiodlhydroxy 239, 240 method _ 141 i-dlhydrohydroxy 241 Insecticide, derris ag.Z." 'Z 69 dihydroxy Z len «♦„.,„ . . 98, 195, 276. 305,427 hydroxy _ 241 Storing derris root _ 5A isodihydroxy j(jr, Strength of derris extract, dete'rmln- liotcnonone 64, 213, 239, 887, 453 ing, method 112 Rotenononic acid— Su cfde with derris "ZZ"" 58 67 hulphur, value, comparison with der^ dehydrodihydro _ 241 rls _ 140 dehydrodihydi'Oxy ~ _ZZ 241 Rubber plantations, cultivation of Supply of derris, sourceiZZ-ZZZ 47 dems near-hy a menace n.'i „f „, A Í547270, 419 Sandwich method in determinins tox- of cnl)«. sources 41s icity of rotenono 28] Synonomy— ° Jifrjaitiu JethaUs "_ _ 255 Derris— Sheep dips containing derrfe, pre~na"r- ing, method 27 guianenaia ' igi 28 120, 260, 261, 263, 264, 265' Lour :::;:: 255 266, 267. 268, 269, 270, 271, 272 _ ulipmoaa 151 OKX Shipping derris root, lack of satis- Ätn"/,,^*"" 1- 277373697410 factory method _ _ 287 Tephrosal joo IRO Skin, action of derris on 40 221 Tephrosln— *"*• ^^9 diseases— ' composition 79 creeping eruption 230 from Cracca (Tephrosia) 'vo- mange 44g oelii 75 168, 169. 170 sarna or Kraeze of cattle 11 in cube _ 75 70 in derris "" 7»;' 70 scurf- 325 sheep scab 2''6 Imitent on ZZ7.Vr. 27? •Sodium fluoride, value, comparison relation to deguelln 79 with derris 427 4.!i3 44Q Solvents for Inseetlcidal constituents ' Tiu.^'Xt^nln':\r "■"' •"-«"«"""= 2¡Í of derris— acetic acid _ 177 207 318 Tlmboïn-'"' "*'"" "255. 318 comparison with other active alcoholn?,^ni;ür— "''• ^^ö- 207: 215; 246gg principles 2I8 150, 177, 186, 207, 244, 246,' from timbo IR4 010 275, 200, 296, 318, 320, 386 TImbol from timbo '111 387, 405, 451, 454. Tobacco dressing, value, comparison amyl jgo, 207 with derris _ 107 denatured 270 Tongue, action of derris oñ___ZZZIZ 2. 369 Toxloarol— *'*''7j-r 98. 389, 4.54 1 J"í"í^^ 98, 207, 389, 454 from Oracca (Tephroaia) toxi- alcohols, lower aliphatic 1 2n caría 75 fß benzene yin In derris _ 75' 7« IT?, 207, 2"l6, 2197 24"67271, 275' Trachea! poison, derris as ZZZ.~ '98 ^ 304, 317, 318. 406 468. ' Tubalc add _• ¿A benzine 141 204 op- 66. 164, 165, 220, "22Î.""222, 223* benzol. (See Benzene.r ^*^'^''*'^'" , 224, 236, 391, 392, 393, 453. •camphor oil __ 4,5. ehlorodlhydro _ _ 224 •carbon tetrachlorlde Z__ 304 ^ryS^'"^"'^» :—ZZZZZZ 224 j, , .., 38Ô, 4057T54, 455 ,, disulphlde 177 QÏQ chlorobenzene —- .1 < i, dl8 3EÍ; If4', IIV 222:"224-,-241, Sfll'. chloroform- 76, '^«rc-,—VK 163, 164, 165 141, 150, 177, 2077 216 246 2nK' methyl ether 2^4 318, 320; 389 451 464.' ' ^' Ä'.il:i -V:."".""4Ô5,"i61, 452 cresylic acid 070 lubanol 1R4 qni ether- 40. ehlorodlhydro ZZZZZZZZZZ-t 224 T2i.^k98, 132. 133, 150. 177, dih.vdro 904 ont Ifî- ?SI' 246, 290. 295, 3ol Tubatoxin— '*^*' ^"^ 318, 320. 386, 387 389 405 comparison with other active 461, 454, 466, 456. principies 218 acetic »<)r de.stioyed by digestive fluids of petroleum " gg f^^ Bo.strichids ion ^th„, » i'^''' 207, ?46, 32"0,'389', 454 diiicetyl "ZZZ"" 218 •ethyl acetate I77 2'in from Dftrria elHptica _~Z 12 eth.vlene dlehlorlde_._ -_Z""_ '215 118, 207. 208, 218, 219, 861, 386' chlorohydrln Z ilk 387. 403. 404, 40,5. nsh oil. menhaden 21'^! ^.^jaj;' 12, 351, 403, 404 gl.vcerol 207 qualitative test for determln- liydrocarbon white oñl'ZZ lo-^ 'hg 4ft"! lemon oil _ T-'l Tubotoxin. (See Tubatoxin.) «live oil Z ~ 907 \ crnufugp containing derris, prepar- paraffin ill ing. method- 27, petroleum _ ~~Z Z 817 ^T 1 <. 28. 269, 260, 261, 2637 264. 265 Voluntary and involuntary muscles P'h^ oil, steam dlstlUed-rim 21.4 action of derris on ' «7 P.vridine . 98 toluene 141 207 "¿i'î "îia Weight of roots per plantZZZZZ 7 trichloroethane.r: . ' '"'^' 304 M Woolen goods, treating with ro- trirhloroethylene "_ ' 2Ï5 tenone _ Q~ wood spirit ZZIZZ 365 Zeisel method In defermlnlñg gen- uineness of derris extract. ___ _ 405 CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX Citation No, 1747. Citation No. 1^7^.::::::::---::- ^49,355 1793 :;: 254 ilil ::::::::::;:::: ^^^- ^e^. 382 1801 ;: 250* Î2Î? 8^. 107^207, 24í 1807 315 1918 :::::::::: i»^- fo»- 1811 283 1814 363 1919 i-i:ir":>9"ï<'trr57G -m 1819 i.zziiiiiii: 326 1920 58, 111, 161 285 358 37J 1825 _-.» ~ AK ao }«99 *• ^^' 58. áo, 197, 313, 367, 383 1826 :::: *%^^ 56, 140, 198, 210, 331, 3727 413, 433' 1830 ::; ;— g¿^ 443. • ÎIQQ 1922-23 88, 854, 424 1ÛOO onn 1834 IIIIIZIIZIZIZZ 439 1923. ¿05 1837 -._._» 49 4Q ^l„23,^9e, IIST 14ri99,"2Ö9, 218' 219, 247, 864, 378, 886 405 427 1839 :: ^■'úi 441. ' 1843 40Q 1924 . 1845-46 297 "fr|7r"2"8","8Í,"8'í"95r08"'ÍJ7, 121' 1S48 122, 200, 22Í, 233, b.-JO, 273 274' 307 275, 373, 384, 409, 420. " 1849 252 1925. 1853 216 50. 1854 148 57, 123 128, 129 130, 166, 171. 175, 1855 294 il?' Úh Sil- ^22, 223. 256. 280 1857 406 261, 262. 263, 268, 269, 270. 278 1858 ia9!LOfl^^°' 2'^*' 387, 402, '425, 429, 442. ' 1859 loi 1860 ;_ ~- -^15 -. QOQ ÖU1 "2ÍL."707 7T"827"l07,'llflT~Í2(), 157" ÍSRÍ iiiiiiiii:i:_:"86,350 225, 228, 230, 245, 257 271 277 Íie5-T86Y::::;-: ^^^- ^¡í 200, 291, 300, 303, 309 325; 332 1863 IJ 357, 404, 415, 430, 447, 454 1927- 10, íleo ::::::::: "-"-~";::'33,4ii Ih *ivl°2, 105, 180, 184, 192, 202 1887-1873.—:::::::::::::::::: iU 244, 272, 288, 310, 333, 349. 365 1871 loo- oo'^'^"' 376, 401, 403, 426, 428, 431. 1876 300 1S7' 108 \lo'

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