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Title Brahmabandhab Upadhyay Title Brahmabandhab Upadhyay: An Enigmatic Catholic Freedom Fighter 1861-1907 William Alan Firth-Smith MB, BS(Syd), DO(Melb), GradDipTheol, MA(MCD), FRANZCO September 2011 Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Master of Theology ii EPIGRAPHS All things are interwoven with one another; a sacred bond unites them; There is scarcely one thing that is isolated from another. Everything is co- ordinated; Everything works together in giving form to the one universe. The world-order is a unity made up of multiplicity; God is one, pervading all things; All being is one, all law is one and all truth is one —if, as we believe, There can be but one path to perfection for beings that are alike in kind and reason. Marcus Aurelius, Meditations **** Man proceeds in a fog. But when he looks back to judge the people of the past, He sees no fog on their path. From his present, which was their faraway future, Their path looks perfectly clear to him, good visibility all the way. Looking back, he sees the path, he sees the people proceeding, He sees their mistakes but not the fog. Milan Kundera, Les testaments trahis **** To us he is no more a person Now but a whole climate of opinion. Wystan Hugh Auden, In Memory of Sigmund Freud **** iii CONTENTS Epigraphs………………………………………………………………………… (ii) Contents………………………………………………………………………......(iii) Abstract…………………………………………………………………………….(v) A list of abbreviations…………………………………………………………......(vi) Preface…………………………………………………………….....……………(viii) Introductory note………………………………………………..……………...…. (x) Acknowledgements………………………………………………..………...…….(xi) THE THESIS Preamble……………………………………………………………………………..1 PART ONE BIOGRAPHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 1.1 The early years………………………………………………………………….7 1.2 Christian witness…………………...………………………………………….12 1.3 Journalism & philosophy of teaching……………...……………………..…..16 1.4 European travel……………………………………………………….…....…..21 1.5 Caste as it has been used in history………….………………………………..27 1.6 Struggles with authorities, sedition trial and death…………………………. 32 iv PART TWO UPADHYAY’S LEGACY 2.1 The Christian ashram………………………………………...……………….39 2.2 A brief examination of Upadhyay’s theological contributions …….….........48 2.3 Renascent India: liberation and nationalism…………………...…………….59 2.4 A critical appraisal of Upadhyay’s contribution…………………..……..……67 2.5 Conclusion…………………………………………………...………..………...76 APPENDICES Appendix One — Glossary of Hindi, Sanskrit and other terms…………….…….80 Appendix Two — A time-scale of Upadhyay’s life………………………..…...….89 Appendix Three — Maps of locations mentioned in the MSS……………………95 Appendix Four —Upadhyay’s hymns — The Canticle of the Trinity — Vande Saccidananda…………………..97 Bibliography………………………………………………..………………………100 **** v ABSTRACT This thesis outlines the life and thought of Indian theologian, Brahmabandhab Upadhyay (1861-1907), a polymath whose important contributions have been largely overlooked in the western world. The First Part is biographical, consisting of details of Brahmabandhab Upadhyay’s early life; his Christian witness; his philosophy of teaching; his journalistic dynamism; his attitude to caste; a description of his milieu; his struggles with the church hierarchy; and his political activism, sedition trial and death. The Second Part consists of a discussion of topics central to Upadhyay’s thought and contribution, including some of his theological explorations; the ashram considered as a mode of Christian expression; and nationalism and liberation in an Indian context. It concludes with a critical analysis of his contributions, arguing that Upadhyay’s contributions are relevant today and merit greater recognition. vi A LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AJT Asian Journal of Theology ATC Asian Trading Corporation BTF Bangalore Theological Forum CBCI Catholic Bishops’ Conference of India CCA Christian Conference of Asia CDF Congregation for the Doctrine of Faith CEBs Basic Ecclesial Communities (Comunidades Eclesias de Base) CHAI Church History Association of India CIO Churches of Indigenous Origin CISRS Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society Bangalore CLS Christian Literature Society CMS Church Missionary Society CUP Cambridge University Press DLT Darton, Longman and Todd EAPI East Asian Pastoral Institute EATWOT Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians FABC Federation of Asian Bishops’ Conference GSP Gujurat Sahitya Prakash IACM International Association of Catholic Missiologists IAMS International Association of Mission Studies IBMR International Bulletin of Missionary Research ICHR India Church History Review vii IJFM International Journal of Frontier Missions IJT Indian Journal of Theology IMR Indian Missiological Review IPC Indian Pentecostal Church IRM International Review of Missions IVP Intervarsity Press ISPCK Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge LMS London Missionary Society NBCLC National Biblical Catechetical and Liturgical Centre NCCI National Council of Churches India NCMC National Consultation on the Mission of the Church OBMR Occasional Bulletin of Missionary Research OUP Oxford University Press SPCK Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge SUNY State University of New York Press SVD Divine Word Missionaries (Societas Verbi Divini) TPI Theological Publications in India Bangalore TTS Tamilnadu Theological Seminary UTC United Theological College Bangalore WCC World Council of Churches VJTR Vidjajyoti Journal of Theological Reflection (originally The Clergy Monthly) **** viii PREFACE The purpose of this study is to examine the life of Brahmabandhab Upadhyay, a complex person within the context of his era in northern India, and to ascertain his relevance in the twentieth century. Church history, regardless of how it may be defined, may never plausibly be isolated from general history, or its political, social, economic, religious, cultural or ideological context. History, like a vast river, propels logs, vegetation, rafts, and debris; It is full of live and dead things, some destined for resurrection; It mingles many waters and holds in solution invisible substances Stolen from distant soils. Jacques Barzun (1974) Why is it that Upadhyay’s contributions have been largely ignored in the west? Upadhyay was certainly an enigma. I will show that issues Upadhyay struggled with were relevant and continue to have relevance. Upadhyay, regarded in modern India as a pioneer of Indian Christian theology, remains virtually unknown in western countries. To my knowledge, his life and thought has not been specifically researched in Australia. Upadhyay’s insights are important because he was ahead of his time in anticipating many fundamental questions in Asian theology. Upadhyay’s own life history occurred at an historical kairos that reflected socio-political turmoil. Whatever else Upadhyay may have been he was certainly a nationalist patriot. His aim was to create an authentic order of Indian friars professing Jesus Christ as Lord within a Vedantic matrix. 1 These ambitions were not achieved in his lifetime. An inductive and dialectic methodology, insisting upon contextualisation, has been used to examine Upadhyay in his social, economic and political milieu. Upadhyay’s own theological method is acknowledged. 2 Because culture is essentially labile my heuristic methodology attempts to lay bare what were Upadhyay’s insights into God’s work and the nature of the divine and to respectfully theologize within that context. 3 1 Animananda cited by Biren Kumar Nayak, ‘The Christology of Bramabandhab Upadhyay in the Light of the Advaitic Framework,’ AJT 22, no. 1 (2008), 107-125. 2 George Gispért-Sauch, ‘Brahmabandhab Upadhyay's Theological Method,’ in Hindu-Catholic: Brahmabandhab Upadhyay's Significance for Indian Christian Theology, ed. Sebastian Painadath and Jacob Parappally (Bangalore: ATC, 2008), 1-27. 3 Robert J Schreiter, Constructing Local Theologies (Maryknoll NY: Orbis Books, 1986), 104-113. ix The twentieth century has been marked not only by great socio-political strife but also by altering Christian worldviews. 4 In 1964 Vatican II had promulgated equality of spiritual, racial, socio-economic, and sexual differences. 5 Upadhyay and his circle rejected an ethos, alien to Indian people, based upon the empiricism of the Scottish Enlightenment and the rationalism of the French Enlightenment. 6 The imposition of western worldviews upon colonized Asian nations has proved an impediment despite the supposed benefits of industrialization. **** 4 Elizabeth Schüssler Fiorenza, ‘Ecclesia Semper Reformanda: Theology as Ideological Critique,’ Concilium (1999), 71; Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, An Introduction to the Theology of Religions: Biblical, Historical & Contemporary Perspectives (Downers Grove IL: IVP, 2003), 342-352. 5 Lumen Gentium § 32. 6 Frans Jozef Servaas Wijsen, ‘Global Christianity,’ Exchange 38, no. (2009), 147-160. x INTRODUCTORY NOTE Interest in this topic has arisen not only from annual ‘tent-making’ visits to the District of Champaran, Bihar between 1984 and 1991 but also as a result of profound inspiration through encountering Bede Griffiths (Swami Dayananda) (1906-1993) during an Australian visit. Efforts have been made to draw upon primary sources in English. A review of the available literature in English has been attempted. The writings of Rewachand Gyanchand (Animananda) (b.1868), Upadhyay’s close friend and his earliest biographer, have remained elusive despite travel to South Asia in 2010. The Goethals Indian Library of St. Xavier’s College, University of Kolkata, has been
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