DOCSLIB.ORG

China/Chinese

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
China/Chinese Background and Insights into the 5000 yr Culture, Science, Creativity & Innovation of China/Chinese 中国5000 年科技 创新史 By Vincent F. Yip PhD MBA 叶傅升 博士 This presentation will examine the historical and cultural backrgound of China’s past science and technology innovations, many of which are unknown or unsung in modern times. These include creative ideas and revolutionary innovations in math, astronomy, weaponry, earth science, sailing, pharmacology etc. Postulates are examined on why the historical Chinese lead withered away after the Renaissance and the Industrial Revolution in the West and how that relegated China to its backward position in the recent centuries. A Brief Resume 1965-1975: BS (Physics), PhD (Material Science), MBA. 1979-’85: Head R&D, Economic Development Board, Singapore. 1982-’89: Executive Director, Singapore Science Park. 1981-’89: Consultant to World Bank, Asian Development bank, UNDP on China. Advisor to the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In 1989 co-authored “Ethnic Groups of China” with Prof. Du Ruo Fu of the Institute of Human Genetics of the CAS. 1989-’91: Singapore Dy Ambassador to Belgium, EC, the Vatican. 1991-’94: Visiting Business Professor, Northwestern University. 1994-’97: Founder/GM of ECOFEN green-tech startup in China. 1995- : Consultant to the Dunhuang Academy. 2008- : Lecturer, Stanford Continuing Studies, on “Project Management”, “The Silk Road”, “Doing Business in China”. Currently China Specialist/Consultant based in the Bay Area. The "Four Great Inventions" 四大发明: 1. Compass. (11th C). 2. Gun Powder (9th C) 3. Paper Making (2nd C). 4. Printing (9th C) According to English philosopher Francis Bacon, writing in Novum Organum Printing (on paper), gunpowder and the compass: These three have changed the whole face and state of things throughout the world; the first in literature, the second in warfare, the third in navigation; whence have followed innumerable changes, in so much that no empire, no sect, no star seems to have exerted greater power and influence in human affairs than these mechanical discoveries. The Tang Dynasty (618 - 906 AD) in particular was a time of great innovation Among the engineering accomplishments of early China were matches, dry docks, the double-action piston pump, cast iron, the iron plough, the horse collar, the multi-tube seed drill, the wheelbarrow, the suspension bridge, the parachute, natural gas as fuel, the raised-relief map, the propeller, the sluice gate, and the pound lock. A Brief History of China Neolithic & Bronze Age – 5000-1122 BC Xia 夏 & Shang 商 Dynasties 2070 -1046 BC Zhou 周 & Qin 秦 Dynasties 1046-206 BC Han 汉 Dynasty 206 BC-220 AD Disunity & Sui 隋 Dynasty 220-618 AD Tang 唐 Dynasty 618-907 AD Division & Song 宋 Dynasty 907-1279 AD Yuan 元 Dynasty 1279-1368 AD Ming 明 Dynasty 1368-1644 AD Qing 清 Dynasty 1644-1911 AD Nationalist Era 民国 1911-1949 AD Peoples’ Republic 共和国 1949- 1. Kongming Lantern (Chinese: 孔明燈) Sky lanterns, also known as Kongming Lantern (Chinese: 孔明燈 ) or Chinese lanterns are airborne paper lanterns that are traditionally constructed from oiled rice paper on a bamboo frame, and contain a small candle or fuel cell composed of a waxy flammable material. When lit, the flame heats the air inside the lantern, thus lowering its density causing the lantern to rise into the air. It was the first hot air balloon, said to be invented by the Chinese sage and military strategist Zhuge Liang, whose reverent term of address was Kongming. They were first deployed at the turn of the 3rd century as a type of signaling balloon or, as it's said, as a type of spy blimp in warfare 2. The Crossbow The Warring States Period began 2500 years ago at the time of the invention of the crossbow. Needham notes that the invention of the crossbow "far outstripped the progress in defensive armor", which made the wearing of armor useless to the princes and dukes of the states. The Qin Dynasty also developed the crossbow, which later became the mainstream weapon in Europe. Several remains of crossbows have been found among the soldiers of the Terracotta Army in the tomb of Qin Shi Huang. Da Vinci’s drawing of 1500 AD of a crossbow was not more advanced (shown on right) 3. astronomical clocktower Su Song (苏颂) was a renowned Chinese polymath who specialized himself as a statesman, astronomer, cartographer, horologist, pharmacologist, mineralogist, zoologist, botanist, mechanical and architectural engineer, poet, antiquarian, and ambassador of the Song (960–1279). Su Song's greatest project was the 40-foot-tall water- powered astronomical clocktower constructed in Kaifeng, the wholly finished work was completed by 1094 during the reign of Emperor Zhezong of Song Su's clock tower featured the oldest endless power- transmitting chain drive, called the tian ti (天梯), or "celestial ladder", as depicted in his horological treatise. Early European visitors to China mistakenly believed that the Chinese had never advanced beyond the stage of the clepsydra, incense clock, and sundial but actually even after the Song period, contemporary Chinese had a continual history of designs of mechanical clocks in China from the 13th-16th century 4. Medicine and Pharmacology The Shénnóng Běn Cǎo Jīng (simplified Chinese: 神农本草经; traditional Chinese: 神農本草經; Wade– Giles: Shennung Ben Ts'ao King) is a Chinese book on agriculture and medicinal plants. Its origin has been attributed to the mythical Chinese sovereign Shennong, who was said to have lived around 2800 BC. Researchers hypothesize this is a compilation of oral traditions written between about 300 BC and 200 AD. The original text is said to have been composed of three volumes containing 365 entries on medicaments and their description The first treatise included 120 drugs harmless to humans, the "stimulating properties": reishi, ginseng, jujube, the orange, cinnamon from China, cirse fields or the liquorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) . The second volume was devoted to 120 therapeutic substances intended to treat the sick, but more or less toxic. In this category, we find the ginger, peonies and cucumber. The substances of this group are described as "human." In the last volume there are 125 entries corresponding to substances which have a violent action on physiological functions and are usually poisonous. Rhubarb, different pitted fruits and peaches are among those featured. 5. TCM and Acupuncture Acupuncture is an alternative medicine methodology originating in ancient China that treats patients by manipulating thin, solid needles that have been inserted into acupuncture points in the skin. According to Traditional Chinese medicine, stimulating these points can correct imbalances in the flow of qi through channels known as meridians. TCM and Acupuncture's use for certain conditions has been endorsed by the United States National Institutes of Health, the National Health Service of the United Kingdom, the World Health Organization, and the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Some scientists have criticized these endorsements as being unduly credulous and not including objections to or criticisms of the research used to support acupuncture's effectiveness. Acupuncture is often accompanied by moxibustion, the burning of cone- shaped preparations of Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort) on or near the skin, often but not always near or on an acupuncture point. Traditionally acupuncture was used to treat acute conditions while moxibustion was used for chronic diseas 6. Rocket technology The availability of black powder (gunpowder) to propel projectiles was a precursor to the development of the first solid rocket. Ninth century Chinese Taoist alchemists invented black powder & this invention led to weapons such as bombs, cannon, incendiary fire arrows and rocket-propelled fire arrows. The first recorded use of a rocket in battle in1232 against the Mongol hordes. Also, one of the earliest devices was the 'ground-rat,‘ ! firework, used at a 1264 feast held in honor of Empress-Mother Kung Sheng by her son the Emperor Lizong. Rocket technology first became known to Europeans following their use by the Mongols, Genghis Khan and Ögedei Khan, when they conquered parts of Russia, Eastern, and Central Europe. The Mongols had acquired the technology by conquest of the northern part of China and also by the employment of Chinese rocketry experts as mercenaries. Reports of the Battle of Sejo in the year 1241 describe the use of rocket-like weapons by the Mongols against the Magyars 7. The BaGua and the binary number system A set of eight trigrams (Bagua) and a set of 64 hexagrams ("sixty-four" gua), analogous to the three-bit and six-bit binary numerals, were in usage at least as early as the Zhou Dynasty of ancient China through the classic text Yijing. In the 11th century, scholar and philosopher Shao Yong developed a method for arranging the hexagrams which corresponds, albeit unintentionally, to the sequence 1 to 64, as represented in binary, with yin as 0, yang as 1 and the least significant bit on top The modern binary number system was studied by Gottfried Leibniz in 1679. Leibniz's system uses 0 and 1, like the modern binary numeral system. As a Sinophile, Leibniz was aware of the Yijing (or I-Ching) and noted with fascination how its hexagrams correspond to the binary numbers from 0 to 111111, and concluded that this mapping was evidence of major Chinese accomplishments in the sort of philosophical mathematics he admired 8. Block Printing In the 7th century, book-printing was developed in China, Korea and Japan, using delicate hand-carved wooden blocks to print individual pages. The 9th century Diamond Sutra is the earliest known printed document. Movable type was also used in China for a time, but was abandoned because of the number of characters needed; it would not be until German Johannes Gutenberg (1398-1468) that the technique was reinvented in a suitable environment.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Web That Has No Weaver
    THE WEB THAT HAS NO WEAVER Understanding Chinese Medicine “The Web That Has No Weaver opens the great door of understanding to the profoundness of Chinese medicine.” —People’s Daily, Beijing, China “The Web That Has No Weaver with its manifold merits … is a successful introduction to Chinese medicine. We recommend it to our colleagues in China.” —Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China “Ted Kaptchuk’s book [has] something for practically everyone . Kaptchuk, himself an extraordinary combination of elements, is a thinker whose writing is more accessible than that of Joseph Needham or Manfred Porkert with no less scholarship. There is more here to think about, chew over, ponder or reflect upon than you are liable to find elsewhere. This may sound like a rave review: it is.” —Journal of Traditional Acupuncture “The Web That Has No Weaver is an encyclopedia of how to tell from the Eastern perspective ‘what is wrong.’” —Larry Dossey, author of Space, Time, and Medicine “Valuable as a compendium of traditional Chinese medical doctrine.” —Joseph Needham, author of Science and Civilization in China “The only approximation for authenticity is The Barefoot Doctor’s Manual, and this will take readers much further.” —The Kirkus Reviews “Kaptchuk has become a lyricist for the art of healing. And the more he tells us about traditional Chinese medicine, the more clearly we see the link between philosophy, art, and the physician’s craft.” —Houston Chronicle “Ted Kaptchuk’s book was inspirational in the development of my acupuncture practice and gave me a deep understanding of traditional Chinese medicine.
    [Show full text]
  • THE G2000 GROUP Owner & Operator of G2000 & U2 Stores H a R V a R D a S I a P a C I F I C R E V I E W
    THE G2000 GROUP Owner & Operator of G2000 & U2 Stores H A R V A R D A S I A P A C I F I C R E V I E W V O L U M E VI • I S S U E 2 THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION IN ASIA 6 Whither Biotechnology in Japan? Why biotechnology hasn’t yet taken off By Arthur Kornberg 10 Manchurian Plague Medicine and politics, East and West By William Summers 16 The Future of Chinese Education Educational reform and development in China By Chen Zhili 22 Libraries in Asia New life for libraries in the digital age By Hwa-Wei Lee 25 China’s Manned Space Program What is that all about? By Joan Johnson-Freese 34 Research and Development in China Traditions, transformations, and the future of science and technology policy By Zeng Guoping and Li Zhengfeng 37 Science and Technology in China Personal recommendations for the advancement of Chinese technology By Shing-Tung Yau 44 The Chinese Mindset What science and technology have done for modern China By Song Jian 46 Papermaking in China Ancient science and technology transfer By Pan Jixing 2 Fall 2002 – Volume 6, Number 2 CHINA China and the WTO 50 A report from one year after accession By Jin Liqun Globalization and Federalization 56 New challenges for Asia and the world By Wu Jiaxiang China’s Socioeconomically Disadvantaged 62 Breaking the surface of a challenging problem By Wu Junhua NORTHEAST ASIA Elections in Japan 66 How elections affect the economy By Junichiro Wada North Korea 69 Present and future By Robert Scalapino CENTRAL AND SOUTH ASIA Schooling in Iran 76 Education in Central Asia’s Most Enigmatic Country By Yadollah Mehralizadeh Globalizing What? 79 History, economics, equity, and efficiency By Amartya Sen PAN ASIA Cities and Globalization 83 The present and future of urban space By Saskia Sassen East and West 88 The ideogram versus the phonogram By Shigeru Nakayama Harvard Asia Pacific Review 3 H A R V A R D EDITOR IN CHIEF SAMUEL H.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Forensic Medicine in China
    Medical History, 1988, 32: 357-400. A HISTORY OF FORENSIC MEDICINE IN CHINA by LU GWEI-DJEN AND JOSEPH NEEDHAM* INTRODUCTION From the very dawn of civilization, as soon as any ethical conceptions of justice began to be entertained, it must have been incumbent on magistrates and juristic officials everywhere to try to differentiate between accidental death, murder, and suicide. Soon other, similar questions began to arise as well, questions concerned with poisoning, wounding, arson, virginity, miscarriage and the like. Did a man drown by being pushed into the water, or was he already dead when he was thrown in; did he die when his house burned down around him, or was he murdered first? All this comes under the head ofwhat is called forensic medicine, medicaljurisprudence, medico-legal evidence, and the relative participation ofjurists and physicians in developing it is a very interesting story. The advances of anatomy, physiology and pathology evidently bore very markedly on the subject. Broadly speaking, the physicians tended to come into the field, writing learned treatises on all these topics at the time of the Scientific Revolution in Europe, in the days ofGalileo and Vesalius when distinctively modern science was born. Later on we shall look at the history ofthis genre ofwriting in more detail, and yet we shall have to celebrate as our focal point here the greatest work of all the Middle Ages anywhere on forensic medicine, namely the Hsi Yuan Chi Lu [l] (The Washing Away of Unjust Imputations, or Wrongs), written not by a scholar-physician but by a jurist, Sung Tzhu [2], in AD 1247, during the Southern Sung period.
    [Show full text]
  • Cheng, Prefinal2.Indd
    ru in han times anne cheng What Did It Mean to Be a Ru in Han Times? his paper is not meant to break new ground, but essentially to pay T homage| to Michael Loewe. All those who have touched upon Han studies must acknowledge an immense intellectual debt to his work. I have had the great privilege of being his student at Cambridge back in the early 1980s while I was writing my doctoral thesis on He Xiu and the Later Han “jinwen jingxue վ֮ᆖᖂ.” Along with his vast ۶ٖ knowledge about the Han period, he has kept giving me much more over the years: his unfailing support, his human warmth, and wisdom. All this, alas, has not transformed me into what I ought to have be- come: a disciple worthy of the master. The few general considerations I am about to submit about what it meant to be a ru ᕢ in the Han pe- riod call forth an immediate analogy. I would tend to view myself as a “vulgar ru,” as opposed to authentic ones such as the great sinologists who have taught me. Jacques Gernet, who is also one of them, asked me once half teas- ingly whether one could actually talk about an existing Confucianism as early as the Han. His opinion was that what is commonly called Neo-Confucianism from the Song onwards should actually be consid- ered as the earliest form of Confucianism. Conversely, in an article on ᆖ, Michael Nylan and Nathan Sivinخ֜ Yang Xiong’s ཆႂ Taixuan jing described the new syntheses of beliefs prevalent among leading think- ers of the Han as “the first Neo-Confucianism,”1 meaning that “what sinologists call the ‘Confucianism’ of that time decisively rejected cru- cial parts of ‘Confucius’s Way.’ Its revisionism is as great in scope as that of the Song.”2 I here thank the anonymous referees for their critical remarks on my paper and apologize for failing, due to lack of time and availability, to make all the necessary revisions.
    [Show full text]
  • China, the West, and World History in Joseph Needham's "Science and Civilisation in China" Author(S): Robert Finlay Source: Journal of World History, Vol
    China, the West, and World History in Joseph Needham's "Science and Civilisation in China" Author(s): Robert Finlay Source: Journal of World History, Vol. 11, No. 2 (Fall, 2000), pp. 265-303 Published by: University of Hawai'i Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20078851 . Accessed: 03/08/2014 03:47 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. University of Hawai'i Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of World History. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 129.215.17.188 on Sun, 3 Aug 2014 03:47:20 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions China; theWest, andWorld History in Joseph Needham;s Science and Civilisation inChina* ROBERT FINLAY The University of Arkansas before the death of Joseph Needham in 1995 at the age of Longninety-four, his Science and Civilisation in China was acclaimed as one of the monumental achievements of twentieth-century scholar ship. One reviewer greeted the first volume in 1954 by declaring that Needham's project represents "perhaps the greatest single act of his torical synthesis and intercultural communication ever attempted by one man."1 When the twenty-eighth and last text in the series comes out sometime in the next ten years, the volumes will provide an ency clopedic survey of Chinese achievements in almost all areas of science and technology?physics, astronomy, metallurgy, chemistry, botany, agriculture, biology, language, geology, ceramics, and sericulture.2 * was A version of this paper presented at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge University, in April 1999.
    [Show full text]
  • Brave New World Mindless Hedonism ALDOUS HUXLEY and Consumerism Chatto & Windus: 1932
    COMMENT BOOKS & ARTS by eugenics, drugs, Brave New World mindless hedonism ALDOUS HUXLEY and consumerism Chatto & Windus: 1932. seemed to scorn that rosy view. Although it was lauded by some, including the logician and anti-war activist Bertrand Russell, the science boosters felt that Huxley had let the side down. Nature’s reviewer at the time of publication sniffed that “biology is itself too surprising to be really amus- COLLECTION/ALAMY CSU ARCHIVES/EVERETT ing material for fiction”. That reviewer was Charlotte Haldane, whose then husband, the geneticist J. B. S. Haldane, was not averse to predicting the future himself — but in a more optimistic vein. Gradually, as the star of science waned in the nuclear shadow of Hiroshima and the cold war, Brave New World came to be seen as prophetic. But although its status as a clas- sic of twentieth-century literature is rightly secure, what it says about technological development is too often misconstrued. FEARS FOR THE FUTURE Huxley’s brave new world leaned heavily on the technologies that Haldane had forecast in his essay Daedalus, or Science and the Future (1924), particularly the idea of ectogenesis — the gestation of embryos and fetuses in artificial containers. For Haldane, this was a eugenic technique that could improve the human race — as his friend and Aldous’s brother, the evolutionary biologist Julian Huxley, also believed. Aldous here, as else- where, sided with Russell, who had warned, “I am compelled to fear that science will be used to promote the power of dominant groups, rather than to make men happy.” In a 1932 article, biochemist and Sinophile Joseph Needham described Brave New World as a note-perfect realization of Russell’s concerns.
    [Show full text]
  • Badminton Scheduling and Pooling-8.3(?)
    竞赛日程表 Schedule 18+MS:小组赛第1-2轮(18+MS:Round 1-2 of Group) 50+MS:小组赛第1-2轮(50+MS:Round 1-2 of Group) 8月14日 18+MD:小组赛第1轮(18+MD:Round 1 of Group) 14th Aug 18+XD:小组赛第1-2轮(18+XD:Round 1-2 of Group) (Wednesday) 30+MS:小组赛第1-3轮(18+MS:Round 1-3 of Group) 30+MD:小组赛第1-2轮(30+MD:Round 1-2 of Group) 40+XD:小组赛第1轮(40+XD:Round 1 of Group) 18+MS:小组赛第3-4轮(18+MS:Round 3-4 of Group) 30+MD:小组赛第3-4轮(30+MD:Round 3-4 of Group) 40+XD:小组赛第2-3轮(40+XD:Round 2-3 of Group) 8月15日 18+WS:小组赛第1-2轮(18+WS:Round 1-2 of Group) 30+WD:小组赛第1轮(30+WD:Round 1 of Group) 50+MS:小组赛第3-4轮(50+MS:Round 3-4 of Group) 15th Aug 18+MD:小组赛第2-3轮(18+MD:Round 2-3 of Group) 40+MS:小组赛第1-2轮(40+MS:Round 1-2 of Group) 50+MD:小组赛第1轮(50+MD:Round 1 of Group) (Thursday) 18+XD:小组赛第3-4轮(18+XD:Round 3-4 of Group) 40+WS:小组赛第1轮(40+WS:Round 1 of Group) 30+MS:小组赛第4-5轮(30+MS:Round 4-5 of Group) 40+MD:小组赛第1-2轮(40+MD:Round 1-2 of Group) 30+WS:小组赛第1-2轮(30+WS:Round 1-2 of Group) 40+WD:小组赛第1轮(40+WD:Round 1 of Group) 18+MS:小组赛第5轮、淘汰赛第1轮(18+MS:Round 5 of 30+WS:小组赛第3-4轮(30+WS:Round 3-4 of Group) 40+WD:小组赛第2-3轮(40+WD:Round 2-3 of Group) Group、Round 1 of Knockout) 30+MD:小组赛第5轮、淘汰赛第1轮(30+MD:Round 5 of 8月16日 18+WS:小组赛第3-4轮(18+WS:Round 3-4 of Group) 40+XD:小组赛第4-5轮(40+XD:Round 4-5 of Group) Group、Round 1 of Knockout) 50+MS:小组赛第5轮、淘汰赛第1轮(50+MS:Round 5 of 16th Aug 18+MD:小组赛第4-5轮(18+MD:Round 4-5 of Group) 30+WD:小组赛第2-3轮(30+WD:Round 2-3 of Group) Group、Round 1 of Knockout) 40+MS:小组赛第3轮、淘汰赛第1轮(40+MS:Round 3 of (Friday) 18+WD:小组赛第1轮(18+WD:Round 1 of Group) 50+WS:小组赛第1-2轮(50+WS:Round 1-2 of Group) Group、Round 1 of Knockout) 18+XD:小组赛第5轮、淘汰赛第1轮(18+XD:Round
    [Show full text]
  • Author Index
    Author Index npg 163 10.1038/aps.2013.119 CHANG, Xin-feng S1.4, S1.15 CHEN, Wei S5.4, S5.6, S8.60 CUI, Jun-jun S13.32 ABDUL NASIR, Nurul Alimah S13.1 CHANG, Yan S5.2, S8.44, S8.45, S8.51, CHEN, Wei-chuan S8.4 CUI, Liao S2.59, S2.63, S8.61 ABDUL RAHMAN, Thuhairah Hasrah S8.56, S8.74, S8.75, S13.64 CHEN, Wei-wei S6.39, S6.9, S10.22 CUI, Su-ying S8.50, S11.49, S13.26 S13.2 CHAO, Jung S8.2, S8.3 CHEN, Wen-pin S6.8 CUI, Xiang-yu S8.50, S11.49 AGARWAL, Puneet S2.18, S13.2, S13.20, CHAO, Ming-yu S2.7 CHEN, Wen-shuang S8.61 CUI, Xiao-lan S2.39, S2.69, S2.9, S5.27 S13.60, S13.61 CHAO, Xiao-juan S10.54 CHEN, Xi S11.54 CUI, Xiu-ming S2.71 AGARWAL, Renu S2.18, S13.1, S13.2, CHAO, Yung-mei S13.4 CHEN, Xian-zhuo S2.70 CUI, Ya-ru S1.33 S13.20, S13.37, S13.60, S13.61 CHAO, Zhen-hua S1.28 CHEN, Xiao-hong S13.6 CUI, Yi-min S3.18, S3.21, S3.25, S4.19 AHMAD, Zuraini S6.21, S6.70 CHE, Ling S8.78 CHEN, Xiao-ping S11.7, S12.35 DAI, De-zai S8.8 AHMAD FISOL, Nur Farhana S2.18 CHEANG, Wai San S5.3, S11.4 CHEN, Xiao-qiang S13.16 DAI, Hai-bin S6.57 AHN, Kwang Seok S1.45 CHEN, Ai-ying S12.5 CHEN, Xiao-yu S6.11 DAI, Mi-yang S1.37 AI, Hou-xi S10.61, S10.75 CHEN, Bai-nian S8.73 CHEN, Xin S13.25 DAI, Sheng-ming S13.13 ALKHARFY, Khalid S6.15, S6.48, S11.8 CHEN, Bei-fan S2.29 CHEN, Xiu-ping S1.61, S1.62, S2.53, DAI, Xin S2.16 ALYAUTDIN, Renad S13.1, S13.2, CHEN, Ben-kuen S1.3 S2.8, S5.5, S6.113, S11.22 DAI, Yan-wen S8.69 S13.60 CHEN, Bo S11.5, S13.6 CHEN, Xue-mei S6.10 DAI, Yin S8.8 AN, Yu S11.1 CHEN, Chang S2.5, S10.78 CHEN, Xu-meng S8.5 DAI, Yue S2.55, S8.67, S13.45
    [Show full text]
  • Download Article
    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 289 5th International Conference on Education, Language, Art and Inter-cultural Communication (ICELAIC 2018) Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and the Jiao Di Opera Xiaotian Bai School of Liberal Arts Northwest Minzu University Lanzhou, China 730030 Abstract—The Jiao Di Opera originated from the Warring After the Spring and Autumn period, weak states were States and developed rapidly during the period of Emperor destroyed and entered into the warring States period. During Wu of Han. And the rapid development of Jiao Di Opera in the the Warring States period, the etiquette of martial arts was period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was closely related added, used for entertainment, and also for bragging. Qin to the thought of the Emperor. Jiao Di opera can be loved and took its name "Jiao Di", and the etiquette of the previous strongly advocated by Emperor Wu of Han, mainly because he king period was submerged in entertainment. … When the likes the magic of gods and spirits, and some of the content in Han Dynasty was founded, Liu Bang, the founding emperor, the drama is magical, which caters to Emperor’s ideological was wise and brave, generous and merciful, and the hero of demands. Of course, the development of Jiao Di Opera also the world. So he killed Xiang Yu and his rival Qin Dynasty. had something to do with the great success and the pretensions Liu Bang used the ideas of Xiao he and Cao Shen, the tactics of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and also with the national peace and the preferences of the people at that time.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Reflections on Joseph Needham's Intellectual Heritage Jianjun Mei
    Some Reflections on Joseph Needham's Intellectual Heritage Jianjun Mei Technology and Culture, Volume 60, Number 2, April 2019, pp. 594-603 (Article) Published by Johns Hopkins University Press DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/tech.2019.0039 For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/726941 [ Access provided at 29 Sep 2021 10:09 GMT with no institutional affiliation ] 14_Mei 594–603.qxp_03_49.3dobraszczyk 568– 5/10/19 9:42 AM Page 594 FORUM: HISTORY OF SCIENCE, TECHNOL - OGY, AND MEDICINE: A SECOND LOOK AT JOSEPH NEEDHAM Some Reflections on Joseph Needham’s Intellectual Heritage JIANJUN MEI ABSTRACT : In this essay, I reflect on Joseph Needham’s intellectual heritage, its impact on understanding the world history of knowledge circulation, and its broad influence on generations of scholars. I present two case studies of paktong and iron/steel to show what Needham himself achieved and what recent progress has been made, highlighting the change of research para - digm from a patriotic or nationalistic approach to a global history approach. I argue that Needham’s work still sets a marker for ongoing research in many respects and that, especially, his cross-culturally comparative ap- proach to global circulations of knowledge and technology remains of deep relevance to contemporary scholars. Introduction As a founder of the field of East Asian history of science, technology, and medicine, Joseph Needham (1900–1995) left a distinct imprint on the field, and his intellectual influence has been profound. As Leon A. Rocha has written recently, “There is a political vision, a spirit of openness, an ethical imperative embedded in Needham’s idea of ‘oecumenism’ that may Jianjun Mei is professor at the University of Science and Technology Beijing and Director of the Needham Research Institute, Cambridge.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Didn't China Have a Scientific Revolution Considering Its Early Scientific Accomplishments?
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 9-2017 An Examination of the Needham Question: Why Didn't China Have a Scientific Revolution Considering Its Early Scientific Accomplishments? Rebecca L. Olerich The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/2307 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] AN EXAMINATION OF THE NEEDHAM QUESTION: WHY DIDN’T CHINA HAVE A SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION CONSIDERING ITS EARLY SCIENTIFIC ACCOMPLISHMENTS? BY REBECCA OLERICH A master’s thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Liberal Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts, The City University of New York 2017 © 2017 REBECCA OLERICH All Rights Reserved !ii AN EXAMINATION OF THE NEEDHAM QUESTION: WHY DIDN’T CHINA HAVE A SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION CONSIDERING ITS EARLY SCIENTIFIC ACCOMPLISHMENTS? BY REBECCA OLERICH This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Liberal Studies in satisfaction of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts. _______________________ ______________________ Date Joseph W. Dauben Thesis Advisor _______________________ ______________________ Date Elizabeth Macaulay-Lewis Executive Officer THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK !iii ABSTRACT AN EXAMINATION OF THE NEEDHAM QUESTION: WHY DIDN’T CHINA HAVE A SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION CONSIDERING ITS EARLY SCIENTIFIC ACCOMPLISHMENTS? BY REBECCA OLERICH Advisor: Joseph W.
    [Show full text]
  • KUIL, Vol. 26, 2003, 429-474 the HISTORY of CHINESE
    KUIL, vol. 26, 2003, 429-474 THE HISTORY OF CHINESE MATHEMATICS: THE PAST 25 YEARS ANDREA EBERHARD-BRÉARD REHSEIS (CNRS), France • Ph. D. Program in History • The Graduate Center, CUNY JOSEPH W. DAUBEN Ph. D. Program in History • The Graduate Center, CUNY XU YIBAO Ph.D. Program in History • The Graduate Center, CUNY RESUMEN ABSTRACT El presente artículo presenta los más This paper presents the major accom- importantes logros de la investigacián plishments of research over the past quar- sobre historia de las matemáticas chinas en ter century in the field of Chinese mathe- el ŭltimo cuarto del siglo XX. Comienza matics and its history. We begin with a con una breve panordmica sobre el estado brief overview of the progress of our de conocimientos y las principales figuras knowledge of that history, and the major que realizaron las prirneras contribuciones figures who contributed the fundamental fundamentales antes de 1975 para después early works prior to 1975, and then exam- examinar más detenidamente las aporta- ine more carefully the achievements of the ciones Ilevadas a cabo durante el ŭltimo past quarter century, beginning with a cuarto de siglo: autores europeos, publica- general overview of the subject before ciones en inglés y, finalmente, la extraor- surveying in more detail the contributions dinaria produccián en chino, en su mayor made in the past twenty-five years, first parte tras la Revolución Cultural. by Europeans, then by scholars publishing in English, after which this survey turns to examine the extraordinary production of scholarship written in Chinese, most of it since the end of the Cultural Revolution.
    [Show full text]