Bee pollen versus Bee bread – nutritional value and biological properties
Timea DOMOKOS Adriana URCAN, Daniel DEZMIREAN, Liviu MĂRGHITAŞ, Otilia BOBIŞ, Victoriţa BONTA, Introduction
Bee pollen is a mixture of flower pollen, nectar, enzymes, honey and bee secretions. Bee Bread is a fermented mixture of plant pollen, honey and bee saliva that worker bees use as source of protein for larvae, and for young bees. Pollen collected by bees is mixed with a small amount of honey and saliva and packed into the cells of the honeycomb where it undergoes a chemical change and the resulting product it is called Bee Bread. Determination of nutritional value
• Analitical methods: • proteins –Kjeldahl method • lipids –Soxhlet method • carbohydrates – HPLC Determination of the carbohydrates with HPLC-IR Nutritional value: Bee pollen vs bee bread
Moisture Ash Lipid Protein Carbo- Energy Sample ±SD* ±SD* ±SD* ±SD* hydrates value
[%] [%] [%] [%] [%] Kcal/ 100g Bee pollen 22.53±0.09 2.24±0.02 6.31±0.72 23.81±0.42 46.24 362.64 Bee bread 12.77±0.09 2.58±0.01 5.52±0.02 22.27±0.13 54.35 348.83 Determination of bioactive compounds
Total polyphenols by Folin-Ciocâlteu method (Singlenton et al., 1999) Spectrophotometer Total polyphenols multichanel Synergy 2 Sample (mg GAE/g sample)
Bee pollen 8.80±0.19 Bee bread 7.69±0.07 Total flavonoids
with AlCl3 10% in methanol
Spectrophotometer Synergy 2 HT Multi-Detection Microplate Total flavonoids Reader Sample (mg QE/g sample) Bee pollen 4.03±0.26
Bee bread 5.07±0.06 Fatty acids determination by gas- chromatographic method coupled with mass- spectrometry (GS-MS)
• Total lipids(TL) chloroform/methanol: 2/1(v/v), Folch et al., 1951
• GS-MS PerkinElmer Clarus 600 T (PerkinElmer, Inc, Shelton, U.S.A.) Fatty acids contents:
Bee pollen vs bee bread
ac.
ac.
ac.
palmitic
ac. linoleic ac. linoleic
6 ac. linoleic 100 10
100 10
linolenic
-
palmitic α
6
linolenic 11
-
α ac. oleic 11 oleic ac. oleic 8
8 % %
7 7 9 12 13 14 5 5 9 4 4 12 13 14 1 2 3 1 2 3 0 Time 0 Time 9.58 14.58 19.58 24.58 29.58 34.58 39.58 10.08 15.08 20.08 25.08 30.08 Bee pollen Bee bread Fatty acid composition (% of total fatty acids)
of total lipids in bee pollen and bee bread
)
9
)
-
) ) )
9
-
6 3 9
- -
- n-6 / t)(n
Fatty acids 6:0 8:0 10:0 12:0 14:0 16:0 18:0 (n (20:0) (22:0)
9
(n (n (n
1
(
:
3 1
2 n-3
1
: : :
:
18
18 18 20 18
0.03 - 0.03 0.70 1.19 23.28 3.25 15.11 0.99 35.11 19.28 0.63 0.19 0.87 Bee pollen 1.54
Bee bread - - 0.05 0.24 0.69 25.56 3.67 14.28 0.36 37.65 26.26 0.44 0.23 0.49 1.26
PUFAs-polyunsaturated fatty acids caproic acid (6:0); caprylic acid (8:0); capric acid (10:0); lauric acid (12:0); myristic acid(14:0); palmitic acid(16:0); stearic acid (18:0); oleic acid [18:1 (n-9)]; elaidic acid [18:1 (9 t) (n-9)]; linoleic acid [18:2 (n-6)]; α- linolenic acid [18:3 (n-3)]; arachidic acid (20:0); eicosenoic acid [20:1(n-9)]; behenic acid (22:0) Amino acids composition of bee pollen and bee bread
The liquid chromatography technique was used with a mass spectrometer detector (LC-MS);
28 amino acids has been identified, of which 9 are essential amino acids. Amino acids composition of bee pollen and bee bread
Total amino acids mg/100 Total essential amino acids mg/100
1952,43 291,63 2000 300 1429,68 250 1500 200 142,49 1000 150 100 500 50 0 0 BeePăstură pollen naturală Bee breadPăstură 5% BeePăstură pollen naturală Bee Păsturăbread 5% Total essentials amino acids, mg/100g
120
100,88 100
80
60 51,27 41,6 40 35,82 33,95 30,45 28,11 17,92 17,19 20 15,57 15,68 12,41 11,96 9,63 4,69 4,25 2,33 0,42 0 Păstură naturală Păstură 5%
Treonină Metionină Lizină Histidină Valină Triptofan Leucină Fenilalanină Izoleucină
Bee pollen Bee Bread Conclusions
• Bee pollen and bee bread nutritional value is given by its protein content, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins.
• Bee pollen and bee bread are natural sources of biologically active compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, fatty acids and amino acids.
• The differences between pollen and bee bread were predominantly given by different botanical origins of the pant pollen. Thank you for your attention!