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Biology ABSTRACT Seasonal Variation of Ground-Water Analysis

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Biology ABSTRACT Seasonal Variation of Ground-Water Analysis Research Paper Volume : 2 | Issue : 11 | NovemberBiology 2013 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179 Seasonal Variation of Ground-Water KEYWORDS : Seasonal variation, Ground Analysis from Bapatla Mandal, Guntur water, Physico-chemical parameters, District, Andhra Pradesh Permissible limits Sudhakar Gummadi Department of Environmental Sciences, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjunanagar, 522 510, GUNTUR, A.P., INDIA Swarna Latha G Department of Environmental Sciences, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjunanagar, 522 510, GUNTUR, A.P., INDIA ABSTRACT The seasonal variations of ground water parameters were studied in 2010 by collecting the samples from six villages of Bapatla mandal, Guntur district and were analysed for various parameters like pH, Electrical conductivity, Turbidity, Total dissolved solids, Carbonates, Chlorides, Nitrates, Sulphates, Fluorides, Potassium, Sodium, Magnesium, Iron and Total hardness. The methods employed for the analysis were as per standard methods recommended by WHO. The values obtained were compared with the standard limits. The results of this study revealed that the physico-chemical parameters of water in monsoon season were within the maximum permissible limits with some slight variations in few parameters and hence the water is safe and suitable for domestic, irrigation and drinking purposes. INTRODUCTION: Method of analysis: The ground water is important for the existence of human soci- The ground water samples were collected from different villag- ety. It is a liberal part of environment. Hence it cannot be looked in isolation especially where high degree of dependence is upon ground water for drinking purpose in selected area. es of Bapatla in 2010, such as (S-1)-Marripudi, (S-2)-Appikatla, bottles(S-3)-Poondla, from various (S-4)-Kondubotlavaripalem, wells. To avoid any kind (S-5)-Devinuthala, of contamination Ground water is believed to be comparatively much clear than during(S-6)- Pandurangapuram. sampling extra care Samples was taken were collectedand the bottlesin polythene were the surface water. Over usage of ground water for drinking, ir- rinsed several times with the water. Double distilled water was rigation and domestic purpose has resulted in rapid depletion used for the preparation of reagent and solution. Immediately of water. Pollution of ground water aquifers has made many of pH, TDS, EC were measured by universal water analysis kit and manual method. Total hardness was determined by complex metric titrations with EDTA using EBT as an indicator. Turbid- Thethe wells rapid unfit growing for consumption population and(Chutia, improved J. and S.living Sarma, standards, 2009). has put a pressure on the present water resources is increasing 2- AgNOity was3 titrimetric measured bymethod. turbidity SO4 meter was (Elizabethmeasured Kby M gravimetric and Naik L - method.K, 2005]. Other Chlorides parameters content likewas Fdetermined and NO3 were volumetrically estimated by day by day (Narsimhan T.N 2005 and Patel S and Quadri S.H, 2011). Use of polluted water itself takes about 25000 peoples all Sinceover the ground world waterevery daymainly (Kumar contains D.A and no Debacteria, A.K, 2001). the use of Figurespectrophotometric 1: Map of the method study (APHA,area showing 1981). the different sam- ground water for domestic purpose has been based on chemical pling stations. quality of water can be checked by the determination of phys- ico-chemicalcomposition ofparameters dissolved solidssuch as(Joshi colour, A and odour, Seth p G,H, 2008).TDS, Total The - - 2- - 2+ 2+ Hardness, Electrical Conductivity, F , NO3 , SO4 , Cl , Ca , Mg , Groundetc. (Jain water S and isMittal one ofP, 2008].the sources of drinking water for local population of the Bapatla mandal because there is no peren- nial and seasonal stream in the study area. High salt in ground water provide the historical background of existence of sea in this area. In this study an attempt has been made to determine ground water quality . The selected 6 villages lie in Bapatla man- dal, Guntur district which present in the coastal zone of East- ern Andhra Pradesh. The main objective of the present hydro- chemical study is to know the distribution of solute in ground water and the suitability of the ground water for domestic and agriculture purpose. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: MATERIAL AND METHODS: The results of the analysis of water sample were reported in Study area: Table-1 &2. Throughout the world, the quality of ground water is getting de- graded by human activities, over exploitation, over pumping and pH –The low pH values may cause corrosion in containers and pipelines, while the high may produce sediment, deposit and hence it has become very important to assess the groundwater - qualitypercolation of Bapatla of effluents, mandal. residues The study from Agriculturalarea, Bapatla regions mandal and is H were one of the major region in Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh situ- indifficulties the permissible in chlorination limits. Table-1& for disinfection 2 show that of waterthe pH (Kumarrange of ated in the south east and coastal of Andhra Pradesh, lies within aswamy 1991). In the collected samples the values of p the latitude - 150 0 locations of samples were near the residential and agricultural assample per guidelines water is from suggested 7.3 to by7.9 WHO. in pre-monsoon season and 7.0 area. About six sampling.48’North stations and the were longitude- selected 80 for.17’East. collection The of to 7.8 in the post-monsoon season. These values are acceptable ground water for this study during pre-monsoon and post mon- EC –Electrical conductivity is used to indicate the total ionized soon seasons in the year 2010. constituent of water. It is directly related to sum of the cati- IJSR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 231 Research Paper Volume : 2 | Issue : 11 | November 2013 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179 Fluoride- According to BIS and WHO standards the limit of - ons and anions (Maruthi A and Rao S R K, 2004). The sample no.1 shows exceeding levels in both seasons as 3260, 3582 fluoride is 1.0 to 1.5 mg/L. The Table-1 showed that the concen (mmhos/cm) and sample 3 shows slightly exceeding level as tration of F- lies between 0.2 to 1.12 mg/L. and Table -2 showed- Turbidity-3515(mmhos/cm) generally in waterpost monsoon. turbidity is due to colloidal and ex- that the concentration of F-lies between 0.3 to 2.2 mg/L. If the - F concentration is between 0.9 to 1.2 mg/L then dental fluoro sis is started and F - exceeds the level of 3 mg/L then skeletal intremely both the fine seasons. dispersions. Here the turbidity values varied be fluorosis is started in living beings. (Kalwale A M and Savale P tween 1.4 to 2.8 NTU, and the values were in permissible range Iron-A, 2012)The main sources of iron in ground water are naturally as TDS-This is the important parameter for the use of water. The a mineral from sediment and rocks or from mining, industrial water with high TDS value indicates that water is highly miner- concentration of iron causes a bitter astringent taste to water waste, and corroding metal (Arain M.B et al., 2009). The high- alized. Desirable reported limit for that TDS high is 500 levels mg/L of TDS and may maximum aesthetical limit- tures. Table 1&2 showed that in all the study sites the concen- lyis be2000 unsatisfactory mg/L prescribed for bathing for drinking and washing. purpose The . concentrationKumar M and and a brownish colour to laundered clothing and plumbing fix Kumar R, 2012 tration was within the permissible limit of WHO guidelines (1.0 of TDS in present study is observed in the range of 549 mg/L to Potassium-ppm). The main reason for the increase in the potassium 2088 mg/L. It was observed that sample no. 1has slightly high concentration in groundwater is due to agricultural activities. wereTDS in with pre monsoonhigh TDS andin post the rangemonsoon of TDS and was these in betweenvalues were 890 Potassium in the present groundwater samples was found in the and 3000 mg/L in the pre monsoon season. Sample no 1,2,3,6 drinking purpose and also for irrigation. monsoons. The excess amount of potassium present in the wa- above 2000 mg/L, indicating that this water was unsuitable for range between 2.5-6.9 mg/L and 3.5 to 7.0 mg/L in pre and post Alkalinity (Carbonates)-Alkalinity of water is the measure of its capacity to neutralize acids. This is due to the salts of weak ter sample may leads to nervous and digestive disorder (Tiwari acids or strong bases. Carbonates and Bicarbonates represent T.R, 2001). In the present samples minimum concentrations of the measure of alkalinity. Bicarbonates are formed in consid- potassium was 0.1 mg/L and maximum concentration was 1.5 erable amount from the action of carbon dioxide upon basic Sodium-mg/L. Sodium concentration is important in water and sev- eral studies have highlighted agricultural products as a pre- bothmaterials seasons in soil were and in otherthe permissible salts of weak limits acids as mentioned(APHA,1998 in and Ta- Excess of Na in water is unsuitable for patients suffering from bleAnsa-Asare 1&2. O.D and Asante K A, 2000). The values observed in hypertensiondominant source or congenital of this compound heart diseases (Bouchard and also et al.from 1992). kid- Chloride- - health, particularly for infants causing Methaemoglobinemia. As ney problems (Rao G.T et al., 2012]. It is dangerous for human- Chloride Chloride content in the form in fresh of Cl - wateris one isof majorgenerally inorganic influ ble limit. In this study the concentration of Na in pre-monsoon anionsenced by in evaporationwater. High andconcentration precipitation of Cl(Dhuley - produce D.G andhyperten Ubale- per WHO (1993) guidelines 200 mg/L sodium is the permissi sion,M B 2000).
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