Seawater, Solar Energy, & Pozzolan

Seawater, Solar Energy, & Pozzolan MAY 15 Binding Twine Authored by: Rod Bourchier 1 | Page Land Degradation & Desertification Sustainable Solutions The stimulus for my report stems from the 7.30 Report segment on Port Augusta. After closure of Port Augusta power station, residents say clean-up taking too long Posted Mon 16 Apr 2018, 8:04pm http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/after-closure-of- port-augusta-power-station,/9664928 Port Augusta has a problem with FLY ASH! The use of fly ash as a pozzolanic ingredient was recognized as early as 1914, although the earliest noteworthy study of its use was in 1937. Roman structures such as aqueducts or the Pantheon in Rome used volcanic ash or pozzolana (which possesses similar properties to fly ash) as pozzolan in their concrete. 2 | Page “In the middle 20th century, concrete structures were designed to last 50 years, and a lot of them are on borrowed time,” Monteiro says. “Now we design buildings to last 100 to 120 years.” Yet Roman harbor installations have survived 2,000 years of chemical attack and wave action underwater. How the Romans did it The Romans made concrete by mixing lime and volcanic rock. For underwater structures, lime and volcanic ash were mixed to form mortar, and this mortar and volcanic tuff were packed into wooden forms. The seawater instantly triggered a hot chemical reaction. The lime was hydrated – incorporating water molecules into its structure – and reacted with the ash to cement the whole mixture together. http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2013/06/04/roman-concrete/ Port Augusta to Pozzuoli then on to George Washington University. 3 | Page Solar cement — Solar-driven electrolysis for making lime and no CO2 emission Published on April 12th, 2012 | By: Eileen De Guire “Electrolysis of carbonates is endothermic, which means much of the thermal energy required to drive the process can be provided by solar energy. And, if all the heat is provided by solar energy, no fossil fuels are burned, and no CO2 is generated by the process itself.” http://ceramics.org/ceramic-tech-today/solar-cement-solar-driven-electrolysis-for-making-lime-and- no-co2-emmission There already exists Green Concrete in Australia, I can predict that concrete will become even greener. Working with Adelaide Brighton would be logical. 4 | Page Green Concrete Low Environmental footprint, high impact result Hanson Green Concrete: An Overview We all want to do our bit for the environment. Now it’s easier than ever: by choosing a quality green concrete, you’re choosing a product that not only reduces our environmental footprint on this planet but is also increasingly superior as a concrete solution. What is Green Concrete? Green concrete is defined as a concrete that uses waste material as at least one of its components, or its production process does not lead to environmental destruction, or it has high performance and life cycle sustainability (Suhendro, 2014). When produced well to both high environmental and technical standards, green concrete can not only be better for the planet but better for the customer, too – in many cases creating a product that is more valuable, more durable and more high performing over the long term. How is Green Concrete produced? The best green concrete producers take a number of approaches to achieve environmental sustainability. These include: . Innovating Substituting or replacing high CO2-producing Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) with sustainable alternatives like fly ash, blast furnace slag and silica fumes . Recycling Choosing to recycle material, from water and aggregates to all smart materials, to achieve a sustainable full life cycle result . Localising Sourcing the best local materials and using scientific testing to adjust formulas to meet national standards . Rehabilitating Putting back into the land what we take out, rehabilitating quarries and working with communities to find new, sustainable and positive uses for land Hanson's Green Concrete Our green concrete has less cement than regular concrete, but it’s just as strong. That’s because we replace some of the cement with recycled materials, like powdered slag (a by-product of steel manufacture) and fly-ash (a by-product of coal combustion). These materials provide the same bonding strength as cement but, unlike cement, they don’t release greenhouse gases during production. Plus, they’re renewable, and therefore far better for the environment. Green Concrete for multiple uses Hanson’s Green Concrete can be used in almost any kind of building project, including: . Infrastructure projects: Train stations, airport runways, sports arenas, highways, bridges, roads, footpaths & more . Large scale building: Multi-storey office blocks, residential developments, industrial and commercial builds . Small scale building: Foundations, slabs, paving, footings, driveways for residential builds and materials for DIY projects 5 | Page Using Concrete to generate Electricity and Desalinate Seawater. From the above information it will be possible to complete our mission to produce pre-fabricated concrete panels, pipes, etc. with fly ash, sand, reinforcement rods (from Whyalla), and seawater. All we need is ELECTRICITY. By the end of this report I will demonstrate a range of systems that will combine to generate megawatts aplenty. For now, I will move on to Salt Gradient Ponds built from CONCRETE. White Gold! Electricity generation and water desalinisation - powered by heat collected in highly saline lakes How many people in rural Australia realise that the ongoing scourge of salinity has a gold lining. White gold - perhaps? Salt lakes can be used to produce ENERGY - surely one of the most valuable commodities in our community. There are many parts of Australia being used to produce wheat at a margin of $150 /ha/year when they could be producing energy worth $15,000/ha /year! http://members.optusnet.com.au/~cliff.hignett/solar/ My design – ‘Double Dome Solar Desalination/Salt Gradient Pond’ – is far more advanced in its technology. Without details it should be able to generate electricity while capturing rain and solar distilling seawater. 6 | Page The two-leading defence constructors in Australia – DCNS & Lockheed Martin – are involved in Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion. Both Companies work with Ocean Surface Water 25oC and Deep Ocean Water 6oC. In our system the Double Dome Solar Desalination/Salt Gradient Pond is only considered as a pre- heater to enhance the performance in the Solar Distillation Canopies. 100+oC Hot Brine coupled with CryoDesalination providing -15oC Cold Brine converts to electricity and pure water. No batteries required! In the future an arrangement of Salt Gradient Modules could heat the ducted air to a Solar Updraft stack. This would be akin to using a glasshouse solar canopy. 7 | Page Solar Distillation Canopy for Solar Updraft Taking the lead from EnviroMission proposed Solar Chimney, they were planning for a 1000m high stack and solar collector with a 7000m radius. Their solar collector was a plain glasshouse. This simple design can generate 200 MW. A solar updraft tower is based on "The Driving Force for the Stack Effect" and "The Flow induced by the Stack Effect" equations. Using the Solar (chi) tecture components will add other dimensions to the performance of a Solar Updraft system. Replacing the glasshouse roof with a Solar Distillation system will add more heat under the canopy. The Solar Distillation units are plumbed together and hence the hot brine can enter at the perimeter and circulate around the whole canopy and finally exit near the Stack Turbines. This is the next step in integrating the other elements of Binding Twines intellectual property. 8 | Page Solar Distillation Although Solar Distillation is the side issue of this document where the focus is on ‘Fly Ash’ there is a very great upside in attaching a Solar Canopy in that it delivers more electricity and water. The electricity is boosted via more efficient Solar Chimney and from expansion of the Thermal Energy Conversion system. In the overall operation this would lead to lower cost per megawatt and an increase in baseload as the Solar Updraft operates 24/7. Water for Irrigation I have used Loxton as a district that survives on irrigation from the Murray River. Finding 15,400 hectares of flattish land adjacent to existing irrigation areas would not be difficult on which to construct a Circios Solar Updraft system. The water produced could be used to supplement existing irrigation or develop new irrigation areas. The Solar Distillation provides 582.4% more water for 15,400 hectares. Where will the Saline Water come from? At Loxton there is a Salt Interception Scheme… (http://www.mdba.gov.au/sites/default/files/pubs/MDBA-14165-Brochure-WEB-FA.pdf ) That explains ‘How to keep the Salt out of the Murray’ With Loxton having no sizeable electricity generation then the supply of electricity will also help the district to prosper. 9 | Page Eucalyptus Oil The Circios Project aims at utilising water to irrigate biofuel crops. To this end, it would be preferable to grow over 50,000 hectares of Eucalyptus polybractea with the water distilled (equivalent of 450 mm of rainfall) from the Solar Canopy… Over the past five years Peter Abbott, chairman of Felton Grimwade & Bosisto's, and his daughter Tegan, the company's executive director, have helped oversee the planting of three million "super-strain" Eucalyptus polybractea, bred with the help of the University of Melbourne. They now want to plant another six million of this deep-rooted, multi-trunked blue mallee that can be repeatedly harvested – by being cut to the ground every second year – for possibly centuries. Although all eucalypts contain oil in their leaves, E. polybractea has been found to be particularly high in cineole, the oil's key medicinal component. While Felton Grimwade & Bosisto's still blends its local oil with that imported from China (where oil is distilled from the Tasmanian Blue Gum or E.

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