DOCSLIB.ORG

Sap from Various Palms As a Renew- Harifara Able Energy Source for Bioethanol Rabemanolontsoa Production Shiro Saka

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sap from Various Palms As a Renew- Harifara Able Energy Source for Bioethanol Rabemanolontsoa Production Shiro Saka Available on line at Association of the Chemical Engineers of Serbia AChE Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly www.ache.org.rs/CICEQ Chem. Ind. Chem. Eng. Q. 22 (4) 355−373 (2016) CI&CEQ DUNG VAN NGUYEN SAP FROM VARIOUS PALMS AS A RENEW- HARIFARA ABLE ENERGY SOURCE FOR BIOETHANOL RABEMANOLONTSOA PRODUCTION SHIRO SAKA Department of Socio-Environ- Article Highlights mental Energy Science, Graduate • Review with focus on an evaluation of various palm saps for bioethanol production School of Energy Science, Kyoto • Origin of sugar-rich palm saps and their chemical composition are reported University, Yoshida-honmachi, • Non-destructive tapping is the most sustainable method to collect sap from palms • Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan Ethanol production via acetic acid fermentation could improve carbon efficiency • More sustainable bioethanol production from palm sap than from traditional crops REVIEW PAPER Abstract UDC 582.521.11:662.7:60:66 Sap is a watery fluid that transports plant photosynthetic products towards var- ious tissues to support growth. Tapping palms for their sap is reported to have DOI 10.2298/CICEQ160420024N originated from India approximately 4,000 years ago. Palm sap is rich in sugars with some inorganics and nutrients, which are attractive components for bio- ethanol production. Based on advances and current knowledge on the avail- ability, collection, yield, and exploitation of various palm saps, this article evalu- ates their potential and sustainability as feedstocks for bioethanol production. Keywords: palm sap, tapping, sugar, fermentation, bioethanol, sustain- able. Rapid depletions in and increasing prices of Arable land areas for crops such as corn and fossil fuels to meet continuously rising demands are sugarcane are limited. Agricultural expansion can of global concern [1]. Petroleum-based fuels lead to result in deforestation, which is one of the main fac- environmental pollution, which results in global warm- tors causing climate change [2]. Planting, maintain- ing, health hazards, and ecological imbalances [2]. ing, replanting, and growing such crops for ethanol The shift towards sustainable and environmentally- production require various fossil energy inputs such friendly energy sources has generated significant int- as fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides, machinery, irri- erest in developing biofuel production from plant bio- gation, and electricity, which can cause social and mass [3]. environmental impacts [5,6]. The use of available Bioethanol is one of the main commercial bio- plants that do not require extensive maintenance and fuels and is used as an attractive petrol substitute. It much fertilizer will be more appropriate for future can be obtained from the conversion of natural bio- bioethanol production. One such industrial plant is mass that contains sugars or starch via biological pro- palm. It can grow abundantly with little care and can cesses [1]. A recent report indicates that the total provide sugary sap as a feedstock for bioethanol pro- global bioethanol production in 2014 reached 93 duction [7]. billion liters with main contributions from corn ethanol Palms are monocotyledonous angiosperms that in the USA (58%) and sugarcane ethanol in Brazil belong to the Arecaceae family (also known as (25%) [4]. Palmae). They include six subfamilies, approximately 200 genera, and around 2,500–2,700 recognized spe- cies [8,9]. Geographically, most are native to tropical and subtropical regions from 44° north to 44° south Correspondence: S. Saka, Department of Socio-Environmental [8]. Dowe (cited in [8]) indicated that palms prefer Energy Science, Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto Uni- versity, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. tropical regions (between 23.5° north and south) E-mail: [email protected] whereas only ∼130 species grow naturally beyond Paper received: 20 April, 2016 this zone. Asia and the Pacific Islands show the Paper accepted: 20 April, 2016 355 D. VAN NGUYEN et al.: SAP FROM VARIOUS PALMS… Chem. Ind. Chem. Eng. Q. 22 (4) 355−373 (2016) highest palm biodiversity with approximately 1,385 ORIGIN AND TRANSPORTATION OF SAP INSIDE species, followed by North and South America with PALM ∼1,147 species (Moore, 1973 cited in [9]), Madagas- car with ∼167 species, and mainland Africa with ∼50 Origin of sugary sap in palm species (Dransfield and Beentje, 1995 cited in [8]). Many palm species (e.g., Arenga spp., Caryota Even though palms have a low biodiversity in main- spp., Corypha spp., and Metroxylon spp.) preserve land Africa, they are spread widely throughout the their photosynthetic products from leaves as starch continent [8]. inside their stems [16]. During flowering and fruiting, Palm is an agro-industrial crop; oil is extracted starch is converted into sugars and enters the nutrient from its seeds, mature leaves are used as thatching flow to be transported toward the growing parts of the and building materials, young leaves are used as plants [13]. The liquid that contains the nutrients and cigarette wrappers, young fruits are used as food, sugars constitutes the sap. Photosynthesis, starch hyd- buds are used as an aromatic tea, leaflet midribs are rolysis, and sap flow require water that may be taken used as broom material, stems are used for firewood, up from the environment through the roots of standing and roots are used medicinally [7,10-12]. However, palms or from the tissues of felled palms [17]. little attention has been given to the sap that can be In contrast, palm species such as C. nucifera extracted from palms. and N. fruticans contain little starch in their stems Palm sap is a sugar-rich exudate that can be [15,18]. To explain the sugar source in this case, Van obtained from wounding growing parts of a palm [13]. Die and Tammes [13] proposed that soluble sugars As reviewed by Francisco-Ortega and Zona [14], ∼40 from photosynthesis in the leaves are transported as global palm species are used commonly to produce the mobile phase of the sieve tube system throughout sap by local people. Coconut palm (Cocos nucifera), vegetative parts of the palms before they are used palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer), sugar palm directly to form fruits or sap without starch accumul- (Arenga pinnata), nipa palm (Nypa fruticans), kitul ation. Ranasinghe et al. [19] found that soluble sugars palm (Caryota urens), oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), are available in leaf and trunk tissues in sap- and nut- date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), wild date palm producing coconut palms (C. nucifera). Sugary sap (Phoenix sylvestris), and raffia palms (Raphia spp.) appears to be the major reserve in this palm rather were reported as major sugar-yielding palms in Asia than starch. and Africa [15]. Limited harvesting of these palms Sap transportation in palm occurs for domestic utilization as a fresh beverage; in animal feed; and/or for the production of brown sugar, Figures 1a and 1b compare the anatomy of a alcoholic beverages, and vinegar [5,14]. typical tree trunk and an oil palm trunk. Palms are These saps contain a high amount of free monocotyledonous angiosperms and their anatomy sugars such as sucrose, glucose, and fructose that differs from softwood and hardwood [21]. As shown in can be fermented to bioethanol much more easily Figure 1a, a typical tree has concentric vascular tis- than starchy or lignocellulosic materials [3]. There- sues: xylem includes sapwood and heartwood parts, fore, this review aims to evaluate the potential for use whereas phloem is only a narrow layer separated of sap from various palms for bioethanol production. from xylem by a vascular cambium. In contrast, as Figure 1. Structure of a) cross section of a typical tree trunk compared with b) cross section of an oil palm trunk and c) its vascular bundle [20]. 356 D. VAN NGUYEN et al.: SAP FROM VARIOUS PALMS… Chem. Ind. Chem. Eng. Q. 22 (4) 355−373 (2016) shown in Figures 1b and 1c, xylem and phloem in sap in maple trees can be exuded by drilling holes palms are not concentric but are dispersed inside into the trunk. Because of differences in structure and numerous vascular bundles. These vascular bundles sap transportation, palm sap tapping is very different. are embedded in ground parenchyma, which is a sto- rage tissue where starch, a sap source, can be det- METHODS FOR TAPPING PALM SAP ected [20]. According to Berg [21], water and dissolved Tapping is a technique that is used to collect minerals flow in xylem, whereas phloem is used to sap from palms. According to Johnson [9], tapping transport aqueous solutions of sugars and other nut- has a long history and is a pantropical activity. This rients either from the leaves to the consumption and practice is believed to have originated roughly 4,000 storage sites or from the storage to the growing sites. years ago in India (Ferguson, cited in [15]). Now- Consequently, sap flow, which originates from leaves adays, sap extraction is very common and is technic- and/or storage sites, may be transported in the ally advanced in Asia and the Pacific Islands. In phloem to growing sites during flowering and fruiting. Africa, simpler tapping practices are used on E. guin- An early study by Molisch (cited in [17]) found eensis, Hyphaene spp., Phoenix reclinata and Raphia many plugged xylem vessels in the inflorescence stalk. spp. to produce alcoholic beverages [14,15]. In con- This indicates that xylem vessels are unable to trans- trast, it is an uncommon activity in Latin America [45]. port bleeding sap. Later reports proved that sap is rel- Table 1 shows tapping methods for various eased from phloem only in a sieve tube system [13]. palms. Palm species are tapped distinctively in differ- The sap of deciduous trees such as the maple ent countries. In general, tapping methods are class- tree (Acer spp.) can be tapped in early spring and has ified as destructive or non-destructive [14].
Load more

Recommended publications
  • IEEE Paper Word Template in A4 Page Size (V3)
    Effect of Sugar Concentrations on Bacterial Cellulose Production as Cellulose Membrane in Mixture Liquid Medium and Material Properties Analysis Faridah1, Selvie Diana2, Helmi3, M. Sami4, Mudliana5 1,2,3,4,5Faculty of Chemical Engineering, State of Polytechnic Lhokseumawe Lhokseumawe, 24301, Aceh, Indonesia Email: [email protected] Abstract— Cellulose membrane is bacterial cellulose which and can be used to separate the two components by restraining produced from the fermentation process by Acetobacter xylinum. certain components pass through the pores. Moreover, Cellulose membrane was performed in mixture liquid medium by membrane cellulose also has some advantages in the using coconut water and sugar palm juice as the base medium. separation process; the separation can be operated in In this study, different present sugar concentrations including continuous way and does not need too much energy [13]. The 0%, 7,5% and 10% were added into fermentation medium to enhance bacterial cellulose production. By adding three different first study shows that membrane cellulose from bacterial sugar concentrations, the bacterial cellulose from different sugar cellulose has high mechanical strength and highly hydrophilic concentration was made into cellulose membrane. Cellulose holding water [14]. Therefore bacterial cellulose can be membrane were tested for physical properties of cellulose performed separation membrane. membrane, such as the degree of crystallinity by x-ray diffraction In this study, membrane cellulose was produced by (XRD), water content and thermal decomposition behaviour by Acetobacter xylinum in mixture liquid medium by using TGA, scanning electron microscopy analysis (SEM), tensile coconut water and sugar palm juice as the base medium. The strength, FTIR spectra of cellulose membrane.
    [Show full text]
  • Download (2MB)
    UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THERMOPLASTIC SUGAR PALM STARCH/AGAR POLYMER BLEND, REINFORCED SEAWEED WASTE AND SUGAR PALM FIBER HYBRID COMPOSITE RIDHWAN BIN JUMAIDIN FK 2017 62 DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THERMOPLASTIC SUGAR PALM STARCH/AGAR POLYMER BLEND, REINFORCED SEAWEED WASTE AND SUGAR PALM FIBER HYBRID COMPOSITE UPM By RIDHWAN BIN JUMAIDIN COPYRIGHT Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy © May 2017 All material contained within the thesis, including without limitation text, logos, icons, photographs and all other artwork, is copyright material of Universiti Putra Malaysia unless otherwise stated. Use may be made of any material contained within the thesis for non-commercial purposes from the copyright holder. Commercial use of material may only be made with the express, prior, written permission of Universiti Putra Malaysia. Copyright © Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM COPYRIGHT © DEDICATION To Al-Quran, the greatest source of knowledge Bring me sheets of iron" - until, when he had leveled [them] between the two mountain walls, he said, "Blow [with bellows]," until when he had made it [like] fire, he said, "Bring me, that I may pour over it molten copper." (Al-Kahf:Verse 96) & To my beloved father and mother & To my beloved wife UPM & To my beloved daughter and son COPYRIGHT © Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THERMOPLASTIC SUGAR PALM STARCH/AGAR POLYMER BLEND, REINFORCED SEAWEED WASTE AND SUGAR PALM FIBER HYBRID COMPOSITE By RIDHWAN BIN JUMAIDIN May 2017 Chairman : Mohd Sapuan Bin Salit, PhD Faculty : Engineering UPM In recent, the needs to develop more environmental friendly product is increasing due to the accumulating of non-biodegradable waste, particularly the disposable product.
    [Show full text]
  • WRA Species Report
    Family: Arecaceae Taxon: Arenga tremula Synonym: Arenga mindorensis Becc. Common Name: Philippines dwarf sugar palm Caryota tremula Blanco (basionym) Saguerus mindorensis (Becc.) O. F. Cook Wallichia tremula (Blanco) Mart. Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: EVALUATE Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 1 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 403 Parasitic y=1,
    [Show full text]
  • Palm Sap Sources, Characteristics, and Utilization in Indonesia
    Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 2018, Vol. 6, No. 9, 590-596 Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/jfnr/6/9/8 © Science and Education Publishing DOI:10.12691/jfnr-6-9-8 Palm Sap Sources, Characteristics, and Utilization in Indonesia Teguh Kurniawan1,*, Jayanudin1,*, Indar Kustiningsih1, Mochamad Adha Firdaus2 1Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Cilegon, Indonesia 2Chemical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia *Corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected] Received August 15, 2018; Revised September 19, 2018; Accepted September 28, 2018 Abstract Sap from various species palm trees in which known as neera generally produced by traditional technology in Indonesia. There are 5 well known palm species that produce Neera in Indonesia such as arenga palm, coconut tree, doub palm, nipa palm and palm oil. Neera can be utilized as raw material for various derivatives such as palm sugar, sweet palm toddy, and alcoholic toddy. Tapping of neera is a crucial step because neera prone to immediately degrade and causing poor quality of palm sugar. Traditional sugar processing has some drawbacks for example: low energy efficiency processing and off-specification products. On the other side, sugar palm neera has important antioxidant component which benefits for human that unavailable in normal white sugar from sugarcane. In this current review, characterization of neera from various palms in Indonesia and available technology on sugar palm processing such as spray dryer and membrane ultrafiltration will be discussed. Keywords: neera, palm sugar, antioxidant, spray dryer, membrane Cite This Article: Teguh Kurniawan, Jayanudin, Indar Kustiningsih, and Mochamad Adha Firdaus, ―Palm Sap Sources, Characteristics, and Utilization in Indonesia.‖ Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Giant Palm Weevils of the Genus Rhynchophorus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Their Threat to Florida Palms
    DACS-P-01719 Pest Alert created 18-February-2010 Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry Adam H. Putnam, Commissioner of Agriculture Giant Palm Weevils of the Genus Rhynchophorus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Their Threat to Florida Palms Michael C. Thomas, Taxonomic Entomologist, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry INTRODUCTION: The giant palm weevils of the genus Rhynchophorus Herbst are among the worst palm pests in the world. One species, Rhynchophorus cruentatus (Fabricius), is native to Florida and the southeastern US. Two other species, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) and Rhynchophorus palmarum (L.), are found in the New World and are considered to be threats to palms in Florida. Of particular concern is R. ferrugineus, known as the red palm weevil. It is a pest of coconut and other palms in its native range. Over the past three decades, its range has expanded into the Middle East, North Africa and Mediterranean Europe. It attacks many palm species, but is especially devastating on date palms. It recently became established in Curaçao in the Caribbean, placing it ever closer to Florida. In each case, it is suspected that the weevils travelled with imported palms. In January 2010, the federal government prohibited the importation into the United States of live palms belonging to 17 genera. IDENTIFICATION: Identification of adult palm weevils is straightforward as they are the largest weevils in NorthAmerica, ranging from about 1 to 1.8 inches (25mm to 45mm) in length. The individual species are rather similar, but the three species under consideration can be distinguished by the following key: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Seed Geometry in the Arecaceae
    horticulturae Review Seed Geometry in the Arecaceae Diego Gutiérrez del Pozo 1, José Javier Martín-Gómez 2 , Ángel Tocino 3 and Emilio Cervantes 2,* 1 Departamento de Conservación y Manejo de Vida Silvestre (CYMVIS), Universidad Estatal Amazónica (UEA), Carretera Tena a Puyo Km. 44, Napo EC-150950, Ecuador; [email protected] 2 IRNASA-CSIC, Cordel de Merinas 40, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain; [email protected] 3 Departamento de Matemáticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de la Merced 1–4, 37008 Salamanca, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-923219606 Received: 31 August 2020; Accepted: 2 October 2020; Published: 7 October 2020 Abstract: Fruit and seed shape are important characteristics in taxonomy providing information on ecological, nutritional, and developmental aspects, but their application requires quantification. We propose a method for seed shape quantification based on the comparison of the bi-dimensional images of the seeds with geometric figures. J index is the percent of similarity of a seed image with a figure taken as a model. Models in shape quantification include geometrical figures (circle, ellipse, oval ::: ) and their derivatives, as well as other figures obtained as geometric representations of algebraic equations. The analysis is based on three sources: Published work, images available on the Internet, and seeds collected or stored in our collections. Some of the models here described are applied for the first time in seed morphology, like the superellipses, a group of bidimensional figures that represent well seed shape in species of the Calamoideae and Phoenix canariensis Hort. ex Chabaud.
    [Show full text]
  • Arenga Pinnata Family
    Family: Arecaceae Taxon: Arenga pinnata Synonym: Arenga gamuto (Houtt.) Merr. Common Name sugar palm Arenga griffithii Seem. ex H. Wendl. Arenga saccharifera Labill. ex DC. Borassus gomutus Lour. Caryota onusta Blanco Gomutus rumphii Corrêa Gomutus saccharifer (Labill. ex DC.) Spreng. Gomutus vulgaris Oken Saguerus gamuto Houtt. Saguerus pinnatus Wurmb (basionym) Saguerus rumphii (Corrêa) Roxb. Saguerus saccharifer (Labill. ex DC.) Blume Sagus gomutus (Lour.) Perr. Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: H(HPWRA) Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 7 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y
    [Show full text]
  • (Arenga Pinnata (Wurmb) Merr) Farmer Through Their Interaction with the Environment
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 7, ISSUE 7, JULY 2018 ISSN 2277-8616 Empowerment Model Of Aren (Arenga Pinnata (Wurmb) Merr) Farmer Through Their Interaction With The Environment Weka Widayati, Usman Rianse, Hilaluddin Hanafi, Weka Gusmiarty Abdullah Abstract: This study analyzed the factor supporting formulate the empowerment model and find out empowerment model through interaction between aren farmer and environment. The results showed that social economic conditions of aren (Arenga Pinnata (Wurmb) Merr) farmers, among others: all of aren farmers were in the productive age (42 year old in average), their experience in farming practice between 5-35 years, their formal education were elementary school, most of them (68.75%) have dependents more than three people, and average aren farmers have 10-15 aren trees (Arenga Pinnata (Wurmb) Merr) . The existing programs about farmer empowerment only partial emphasis on the economic aspect that focused on cultivated plants without pay attention to various benefit (social, economic, and environmental benefit) of aren trees (Arenga Pinnata (Wurmb) Merr). Aren farmer empowerment model based on their interaction with the environment could increase the farmer’s income, ensuring the social value and sustainability of the area function. Key word: aren farmer, empowerment model, environment, interaction, sustainable ——————————————————— 1 Introduction This has an impact on the poorly protected environment of Aren trees (Arenga Pinnata (Wurmb) Merr) are pioneer soil structure, fertility, and water content. The environmental plant. It could grow in places where other plants cannot conservation function is owned by aren trees (Arenga grow. Aren trees (Arenga Pinnata (Wurmb) Merr) are quite Pinnata (Wurmb) Merr) is not owned by plantations or crops extensive, from the coast to the top of mountain and wet cultivated by farmers as a substitute for aren trees (Arenga tropical forests.
    [Show full text]
  • Globular Embryo Induction of Sugar Palm (Arenga Pinnata (Wurmb) Merr.)
    International Journal of Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, Vol. 4, No. 1, January 2014 Globular Embryo Induction of Sugar Palm (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr.) Micha Gracianna Devi, Agus Purwito, and Ali Husni Abstract—The objective of this study was to get the best seed formation, low germination ability, as well as non- media to produce somatic embryos from zygotic embryos of uniform seedling growth [2] . sugar palm. This research was conducted at Tissue Culture Non-conventional breeding programs through Laboratory, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, biotechnology is an alternative solution that can help Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University from provide high yield varieties. In order to establish these October 2012 to April 2013. This research consisted of three phases which were callus induction, globular embryo induction, protocols, studies using tissue culture through somatic and globular embryo maturation. Sterilization using NaOCl embryogenesis which is a technique that can be used to 1.575 % and alcohol 96 % was able to provide the most sterile grow relatively uniform somatic embryos in a large amount explants for treatment A1 (MS + 3 mg l-1 2,4-D + 2 mg l-1 NAA) of scale should be initiated. Based on totipotency theory of 89 % (16/18). During callus induction phase, embryogenic -1 where plant cells can regenerate into a new plantlet, it can callus were mostly formed at treatment A5 (MS + 3 mg l 2,4- open up new opportunities to create varieties with specific D + 0.2 mg l-1 NAA + 100 mg l-1 biotin) which is 73.4 % after 8 weeks. All explants were able to form globular embryos on characteristics.
    [Show full text]
  • Arenga Pinnata Merr. ) Seed
    UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA DEVELOPMENTAL AND GERMINATION STUDIES OF THE SUGAR PALM (ARENGA PINNATA MERR. ) SEED T. CHAIRUN NISA HARIS FP 1994 6 DEVELOPMENTAL AND GERMINATION STUDIES OF THE SUGAR PALM (Arengapinnata Merr.) SEED T. CHAIRUN NISA HARIS DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITI PERTANIAN MALAYSIA 1994 DEVELOPMENTAL AND GERMINATION STUDIES OF THE SUGAR PALM (Arengapinnata Me rr.) SEED By T. CHAIRUN NISA HARIS DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOROF PHILOSOPHY IN THE FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE, UNIVERSITI PERTANIAN MALAYSIA MAY 1994 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to acknowledge my gratitude to the chairman of my supervisory committee, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hor Yue Luan for his dedicated efforts, guidance and constructive critisisms throughoutthe execution of the research and throughout the writing-up process of this dissertation. My sincere thanks are due to my committee members, Dr. Hasanah Mohd. Ghazali, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zaliha Christine Alang, and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohammad Md. Ali for their active participation and advice throughout the study. Special thanks are also due to Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan, Indonesia for granting me study leave to undertake this study. Also, to the Overseas Training Office, Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (OTO-BAPPENAS) Jakarta, Indonesia, I convey my sincere thanks for the financial support to enable me to complete my doctorate degree successfully. Deep appreciation is extended to the Dean and staff of the Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, especially those from the Seed Technology Unit, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture (Mr. Ong Choon Ho, Puan Nor Rafidah Yusoffand Encik Daud Mustam) who have helped me in various ways throughout this project.
    [Show full text]
  • Variability of Sap Yield in Kaong (Arenga Pinnata (Wurmb) Merr.)
    Ecosystems & Development Journal 5(1): 23‐30 October 2014 ISSN 2012‐3612 ABSTRACT The study aimed to find the extent to which sap yield in kaong (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr.), a potential source of bioethanol and sugar with low glycemic index, varies from one tree to another within the same locality and from one locality to another. The study was carried out using randomly selected Variability of Sap Yield trees from six natural stands located in different parts of the Philippines: Makiling Forest, College, Laguna; Cavinti, in Kaong (Arenga pinnata Laguna; Santor, Tanauan, Batangas; Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite; Sigma, Capiz; and Binaton, Digos, Davao del (Wurmb) Merr.) Sur. One inflorescence was tapped from each of the trees used in the study. The results showed that within the same locality, in the Philippines significant tree to tree variations exist in terms of tapping duration (total number of days a tree exudes sap) and in terms of average daily sap yield. Significant differences were also observed between morning (AM) and afternoon (PM) sap yields. Celso B. Lanticana and b PM yields were consistently higher, presumably because Anders Haagen photosynthesis occurs at daytime. Trees differed widely in terms of tapping duration (range: 24 to 604 days; mean: 150 days). Average daily sap yield varied from one location to another. The highest yields were found for Mt. INTRODUCTION Makiling and Binaton. In all localities studied, tree to tree variation in sap yield was high. Yields of eight liters or more per day were recorded for some trees in Binaton, Indang, Sigma and The increasing demand for two types of products may have been Makiling.
    [Show full text]
  • Title Nipa (Nypa Fruticans) Sap As a Potential Feedstock For
    Nipa (Nypa fruticans) sap as a potential feedstock for ethanol Title production Tamunaidu, Pramila; Matsui, Naohiro; Okimori, Yasuyuki; Author(s) Saka, Shiro Citation Biomass and Bioenergy (2013), 52: 96-102 Issue Date 2013-05 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/174338 © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.; This is not the published version. Please cite only the published version. この論文は出版社版であり Right ません。引用の際には出版社版をご確認ご利用ください 。 Type Journal Article Textversion author Kyoto University Nipa (Nypa fruticans) sap as a potential feedstock for ethanol production Pramila Tamunaidu1, Naohiro Matsui2, Yasuyuki Okimori 2 and Shiro Saka1* *Corresponding author: Shiro Saka 1 Department of Socio-Environmental Energy Science, Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan Tel/Fax: +81(0)75 753 4738 Email address: [email protected] 2 The General Environmental Technos Co., Ltd., 1-3-5 Azuchimachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0052, Japan 1 Abstract The current study was initiated to evaluate the potential of sugar saps from nipa (Nypa fruticans) palm as sustainable feedstock for ethanol production. Nipa palms managed as plantations on four sites was chosen for this study with palms within 8 to 100 years of age. All palms studied were found to have the potential to produce sugar saps from 0.4 to 1.2 L d- 1 per palm. Further chemical characterization of its saps gave a total composition of 159 to 214 g kg-1 mainly composed of sucrose, glucose and fructose. In addition, the elemental analysis gave 5 g kg-1 of inorganics with Na, K and Cl being its main inorganic elements.
    [Show full text]