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Routed End-To-End Ethernet Network – Proof of Concept

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Routed End-To-End Ethernet Network – Proof of Concept Helsinki University of Technology Department of Communications and Networking Networking Laboratory Jussi Ryynänen Routed End-to-End Ethernet Network – Proof of Concept Master’s Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Technology. May 14th, 2008 Jussi Ryynänen Supervisor: Professor Raimo Kantola Instructor: D.Sc.(Tech.) Mika Ilvesmäki, Mamentor Oy HELSINKI UNIVERSITY ABSTRACT OF THE OF TECHNOLOGY MASTER’S THESIS Author: Jussi Matias Ryynänen Name of the Thesis: Routed End-to-End Ethernet – Proof of Concept Date: May 14th, 2008 Number of Pages: xi + 85 Department: Department of Professorship: S-38 Communications and Networking Supervisor: Professor Raimo Kantola Instructor: D.Sc.(Tech.) Mika Ilvesmäki, Mamentor Oy The main goal of this thesis is to investigate and analyse the Ethernet and IEEE 802.1 standards, and IPv4 and IPv6 protocols. From those combine a new idea of Routed End-to-End Ethernet in theory and to build a Proof of Concept network that shows it in a small scale. This concept would solve the address exhaustion problem by using MAC and NSAP addresses for host identification and for routing Ethernet packets in the network. From Ethernet and IEEE 802.1 standards we found that the main problem of the Ethernet is that it does not have hierarchical addresses. Hierarchical addresses would allow efficient routing enabling the network to scale globally. IEEE 802.1 has many standards with features for scaling Ethernet networks better, but they are still not enough. The only routing protocols used in the Ethernet networks are still the Spanning Tree Protocols. Internet Protocol version 4 that is the dominant network protocol in the Internet, has a hierarchical address space enabling efficient routing. A big problem with IPv4 is that the address space is small and is running out of addresses. IPv6 has larger address space, but for some reason the deployment is really slow. RE2EE would use Ethernet added with hierarchical addresses for the Internet. This would make the address space large enough and also efficient routing would be possible. In the Proof of Concept a small scale network was built, which showed that it is possible to create the basic functionalities of RE2EE using only Ethernet packets. Keywords: IP, IPv4, IPv6, Ethernet, NSAP, RE2EE, Networking, Internet TEKNILLINEN DIPLOMITYÖN KORKEAKOULU TIIVISTELMÄ Tekijä: Jussi Matias Ryynänen Työn nimi: Päästä-päähän reitittävä Ethernet – Tekninen kokeilu Päivämäärä: 14.05.2008 Sivuja: xi + 85 Osasto: Sähkö- ja Professuuri: S-38 tietoliikennetekniikan osasto Työn valvoja: Professori Raimo Kantola Työn ohjaaja: TkT Mika Ilvesmäki, Mamentor Oy Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena on tutkia ja analysoida Ethernet- ja IEEE 802.1 - standardeja, sekä IPv4- ja IPv6-protokollia. Näiden parhaita puolia yhdistämällä kehitettiin uusi päästä-päähän reitittävä Ethernet –konsepti, jonka mukaan rakennettiin Proof of Concept –verkko. Tämä idea pyrkii ratkaisemaan Internetin suurimman ongelman, jossa osoiteavaruudesta loppuvat osoitteet, käyttämällä laitteiden identifioimiseen ja Ethernet-pakettien reitittämiseen sekä MAC- että NSAP-osoitteita. Hierarkkisuuden puute osoitteissa estää tehokkaan reitityksen ja sen takia Ethernet- verkot eivät skaalaudu maailmanlaajuiseksi verkoksi. IEEE 802.1 -standardeissa on parannettu Ethernet-verkkojen skaalautuvuutta, mutta osoitteistusta ei ole muutettu ja reititykseen käytetään edelleen Spanning Tree -protokollaa. Internet-protokollan versio 4:stä tuli Internetin hallitseva verkkoprotokolla, koska siinä osoitteisto on hierarkkinen, mikä mahdollistaa tehokkaan reitityksen. Ongelmaksi on kuitenkin muodostunut pieni osoiteavaruus, josta osoitteet alkavat loppua. IPv6:ssa on suurempi osoiteavaruus, mutta siltikään se ei ole syrjäyttänyt IPv4-osoitteita. RE2EE:n ideana on lisätä Ethernet-verkkoon hierarkkiset osoitteet, jotka yhdessä mahdollistaisivat riittävän ison osoiteavaruuden ja tehokkaan reitityksen. Proof of Conceptissa luotiin RE2EE-verkko pienessä mittakaavassa ja todistettiin sen avulla RE2EE:n perusominaisuuksin toteuttaminen käyttämällä ainoastaan Ethernet- paketteja. Avainsanat: IP, IPv4, IPv6, Ethernet, NSAP, RE2EE, verkottaminen, Internet Acknowledgment Acknowledgment This Master’s thesis completes my studies for the Master of Science degree. The work for this thesis was carried out at the Networking Laboratory of Helsinki University of Technology between May 2007 and May 2008. The idea of this Routed End-to-End Ethernet has been developed in the Networking Laboratory. The main people behind it have been Lic.Sc.(Tech.) Marko Luoma, professor Raimo Kantola and D.Sc.(Tech.) Mika Ilvesmäki. I would like to thank my instructor Mika Ilvesmäki for helping me with the main structure of the thesis and for the development comments for my thesis. Also I would like to thank my supervisor Raimo Kantola who gave this topic for me to research. Espoo, May 12th, 2008 Jussi Ryynänen I Table of Contents Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENT.......................................................................................................................I TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................II LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................VI LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................VII LIST OF ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................. VIII 1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................1 2 ETHERNET AND IEEE 802.1 ....................................................................................................4 2.1 LAYERED APPROACH TO NETWORKING ..................................................................................4 2.2 HISTORY OF THE ETHERNET.....................................................................................................5 2.3 ETHERNET FRAME FORMAT .....................................................................................................6 2.3.1 EtherType .........................................................................................................................6 2.3.2 Ethernet Packet................................................................................................................6 2.4 MAC ADDRESS ........................................................................................................................7 2.4.1 Extended Unique Identifier – EUI ..................................................................................8 2.5 MAC ADDRESS SCALABILITY ISSUES .....................................................................................8 2.6 ADDRESS TRANSLATION ..........................................................................................................9 2.7 IEEE 802.1 STANDARDS AND DRAFTS..................................................................................10 2.7.1 IEEE 802.1 – LAN/MAN Architecture..........................................................................10 2.7.2 IEEE 802.1Q – Virtual LANs........................................................................................11 2.7.3 IEEE 802.1ad – Provider Bridges ................................................................................12 2.7.4 IEEE 802.1ah – Provider Backbone Bridges...............................................................12 2.7.5 IEEE 802.1Qay – Provider Backbone Bridge Traffic Engineering ...........................14 2.8 OTHER TECHNOLOGIES ..........................................................................................................14 2.8.1 Ethernet WAN ................................................................................................................14 2.8.2 Carrier Ethernet.............................................................................................................15 II Table of Contents 2.9 SPANNING TREE PROTOCOL...................................................................................................15 2.9.1 IEEE 802.1w – Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP)..............................................16 2.9.2 IEEE 802.1s – Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP)..........................................17 3 ROUTING IN THE INTERNET...............................................................................................18 3.1 INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 4 NETWORKS ......................................................................18 3.1.1 Internet Protocol Version 4 Addresses.........................................................................18 3.1.2 Classless Inter-Domain Routing – CIDR .....................................................................19 3.1.3 Private Networking........................................................................................................20 3.1.4 Network Address Translation – NAT............................................................................20 3.1.5 Application Level Gateway ...........................................................................................23 3.1.6 Allocating an IPv4 Network Address............................................................................24 3.2 INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION
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