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Le Madri Della Patria Le madri della Patria Bürgerliche Frauenbewegung, Nationalismus und Krieg in Italien (1900-1922) Katja Gerhartz I n a u g u r a l - D i s s e r t a t i o n z u r E r l a n g u n g d e s D o k t o r g r a d e s d e r P h i l o s o p h i e (D r. p h i l . ) d u r c h d i e P h i l o s o p h i s c h e F a k u l tä t d e r H e i n r i c h -H e i n e -U n i v e r s i tä t D ü s s e l d o r f Le madri della Patria Bürgerliche Frauenbewegung, Nationalismus und Krieg in Italien (1900-1922) Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) durch die Philosophische Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf vorgelegt von Katja Gerhartz aus Hornbach Betreuer: Prof. Dr. Gerd Krumeich Düsseldorf 2003 “Le madri della Patria” — Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1. EINLEITUNG..............................................................................................................................4 1.1. FRAGESTELLUNG, EINGRENZUNG .....................................................................................................4 1.2. VORGEHENSWEISE ............................................................................................................................6 1.3. FORSCHUNGSSTAND..........................................................................................................................7 1.4. QUELLEN ........................................................................................................................................13 1.5. AUFBAU DER ARBEIT ......................................................................................................................15 2. AUSGANGSBEDINGUNGEN .................................................................................................18 2.1. DER NATIONALISMUS .....................................................................................................................18 2.1.1. Vero nazionalismo versus vario nazionalismo ........................................................................19 2.1.2. Das Integrationsversprechen des Nationalismus ....................................................................31 2.1.3. Der nationalistische Antifeminismus und das Frauenideal der Nationalisten ........................33 2.2. DIE BÜRGERLICHE FRAUENBEWEGUNG...........................................................................................41 2.2.1. Ursprünge ...............................................................................................................................41 2.2.2. Organisation der bürgerlichen Frauen...................................................................................46 2.2.3. „Differenz statt Gleichheit” ....................................................................................................60 3. POLITISIERUNG DER BÜRGERLICHEN FRAUENBEWEGUNG VOR DEM ERSTEN WELTKRIEG...........................................................................................................................69 3.1. DIE „FEUERPROBE VON MESSINA”..................................................................................................69 3.1.1. Bürgerliche Frauen in der Waisenfürsorge.............................................................................71 3.1.2. Bürgerliche Frauen als Krankenschwestern ...........................................................................72 3.2. ENGAGEMENT BÜRGERLICHER FRAUEN IN DER DANTE...................................................................74 3.2.1. Männliches Interesse an einer weiblichen Militanz ................................................................75 3.2.2. Formen des Engagements nationalgesinnter Frauen..............................................................76 3.2.3. Die Rolle der nationalistischen weiblichen Elite ....................................................................80 3.3. DIE BÜRGERLICHE FRAUENBEWEGUNG UND DER LIBYENKRIEG .....................................................85 3.3.1. Die offizielle Haltung des CNDI zum Libyenkrieg ..................................................................89 3.3.2. Exkurs: Imperialismus innerhalb der bürgerlichen Frauenbewegung im Deutschen Reich...94 3.3.3. Die CNDI-Tagung zu „Familie und Erziehung” von Turin....................................................95 3.3.4. Die Rotkreuzschwester: Nationales Heldentum von Frauen.................................................100 3.3.5. Die der Patria huldigende Muse ...........................................................................................105 3.3.6. Motivation des weiblichen Aktionismus ................................................................................109 3.3.7. Fazit: Erstes Scheitern der nationalfeministischen Strategie................................................114 4. „TUTTE AL SERVIZIO PER LA PATRIA!”: DER AUSBRUCH DES „GROßEN KRIEGES”118 4.1. DIE HALTUNG DER BÜRGERLICHEN FRAUENBEWEGUNG ZWISCHEN NEUTRALITÄT UND INTERVENTION ...............................................................................................................................119 4.1.1. Vorbemerkung: Neutralismus und Interventismus ................................................................119 “Le madri della Patria” — Inhaltsverzeichnis 2 4.1.2. Reaktionen auf den Ausbruch des Krieges ............................................................................123 4.1.3. Die Verheißungen eines „Großen Krieges”..........................................................................125 4.1.4. Weibliche Mobilmachung......................................................................................................137 4.1.5. Definitiver Abschied von Pazifismus und Internationalismus: Den Haag 1915 ...................145 4.1.6. „Alba latina”: Die bürgerliche Frauenbewegung nach dem Kriegseintritt Italiens.............146 4.2. DER ORGANISIERTE WEIBLICHE INTERVENTISMUS IN ROM ...........................................................152 4.2.1. Das Comitato Nazionale Femminile per l’intervento italiano ..............................................154 4.2.2. Spaltung des weiblichen Interventismus nach Kriegseintritt.................................................158 4.2.3. Nationalistisches Potenzial innerhalb des weiblichen Interventismus in Rom......................163 4.3. TERESA LABRIOLA. FRAUENRECHTLERIN – INTERVENTISTIN – NATIONALISTIN ..........................167 4.3.1. Die Frauenrechtlerin.............................................................................................................168 4.3.2. Die Interventistin...................................................................................................................170 4.3.3. Die Nationalistin ...................................................................................................................173 5. WOHLTÄTIGKEIT UND PROPAGANDA: MOBILISIERUNG DER BÜRGERLICHEN FRAUENBEWEGUNG IM KRIEG ........................................................................................178 5.1. SELBST GEWÄHLTE AUFGABENBEREICHE IM DIENST AN DER NATION..........................................180 5.1.1. Formen der Wohlfahrt...........................................................................................................182 5.1.2. Formen der Propaganda.......................................................................................................187 5.1.3. Kooperationen und Friktionen an der mobilisierten Heimatfront.........................................202 5.2. AUSWIRKUNGEN DER MOBILISIERUNG AUF DIE BÜRGERLICHE FRAUENBEWEGUNG .....................210 5.2.1. Instrumentalisierung des kriegsunterstützenden Engagements.............................................210 5.2.2. Politische Positionierung vor Caporetto...............................................................................218 5.2.3. Festhalten an der Sinnhaftigkeit von Krieg und Expansion ..................................................220 5.3. „LA DONNA E LA GUERRA”: NORMATIVER ENTWURF EINES IDEALS .............................................223 5.3.1. Heldinnen und Vorbilder.......................................................................................................224 5.3.2. Fremd- und Feindbilder........................................................................................................226 5.4. REGIONALSTUDIE: WEIBLICHER IRREDENTISMUS IM TRENTINO...................................................230 5.4.1. Ausgangssituation: Irredentismus als Lebensgefühl und als politische Doktrin...................231 5.4.2. Hintergrund und Organisationsformen politisierter Trentinerinnen ....................................233 6. RECHTSRUCK DER BÜRGERLICHEN FRAUENBEWEGUNG NACH CAPORETTO ......244 6.1. „RESISTERE FINO ALLA VITTORIA”: PROPAGANDISTISCHER AKTIONISMUS INNERHALB DER BÜRGERLICHEN FRAUENBEWEGUNG ..............................................................................................246 6.1.1. Der Fascio Nazionale Femminile..........................................................................................247 6.1.2. Die Armate Femminili...........................................................................................................252 6.1.3. Die Lega Patriottica Femminile............................................................................................256 6.1.4. Reaktionen der Mailänder Frauenbewegung auf Caporetto.................................................262 6.2. WEIBLICHE MITGESTALTUNG DER „GESCHLECHTERPOLITISCHEN DOLCHSTOßLEGENDE”............266
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