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June 2021 Indices Des Prix De Détail Relatif Aux Dépenses De La Vie Courante Des Fonctionnaires De L'onu New York = 100, Date D'indice = Juin 2021
Price indices Indices des prix Retail price indices relating to living expenditures of United Nations Officials New York City = 100, Index date = June 2021 Indices des prix de détail relatif aux dépenses de la vie courante des fonctionnaires de l'ONU New York = 100, Date d'indice = Juin 2021 National currency per US $ Index - Indice Monnaie nationale du $ E.U. Excluding Country or Area Duty Station housing 2 Pays ou Zone Villes-postes Per US$ 1 Currency Total Non compris 1 Cours du $E-U Monnaie l'habitation 2 Afghanistan Kabul 78.070 Afghani 86 93 Albania - Albanie Tirana 98.480 Lek 78 82 Algeria - Algérie Algiers 132.977 Algerian dinar 80 85 Angola Luanda 643.121 Kwanza 84 93 Argentina - Argentine Buenos Aires 94.517 Argentine peso 81 84 Armenia - Arménie Yerevan 518.300 Dram 75 80 Australia - Australie Sydney 1.291 Australian dollar 82 88 Austria - Autriche Vienna 0.820 Euro 91 100 Azerbaijan - Azerbaïdjan Baku 1.695 Azerbaijan manat 81 87 Bahamas Nassau 1.000 Bahamian dollar 100 96 Bahrain - Bahreïn Manama 0.377 Bahraini dinar 83 86 Bangladesh Dhaka 84.735 Taka 81 89 Barbados - Barbade Bridgetown 2.000 Barbados dollar 90 95 Belarus - Bélarus Minsk 2.524 New Belarusian ruble 85 91 Belgium - Belgique Brussels 0.820 Euro 84 92 Belize Belmopan 2.000 Belize dollar 76 80 Benin - Bénin Cotonou 537.714 CFA franc 83 92 Bhutan - Bhoutan Thimpu 72.580 Ngultrum 77 83 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) - Bolivie (État plurinational de) La Paz 6.848 Boliviano 73 80 Bosnia and Herzegovina - Bosnie-Herzégovine Sarajevo 1.603 Convertible mark 73 79 Botswana Gaborone 10.582 Pula 75 83 Brazil - Brésil Brasilia 5.295 Real 71 82 British Virgin Islands - Îles Vierges britanniques Road Town 1.000 US dollar 87 93 Bulgaria - Bulgarie Sofia 1.603 Lev 70 85 Burkina Faso Ouagadougou 537.714 CFA franc 80 87 Burundi Bujumbura 1,953.863 Burundi franc 82 90 Cabo Verde - Cap-Vert Praia 90.389 CV escudo 79 87 Cambodia - Cambodge Phnom Penh 4,098.000 Riel 82 88 Cameroon - Cameroun Yaounde 537.714 CFA franc 83 91 Canada Montreal 1.208 Canadian dollar 91 96 Central African Rep. -
Treasury Reporting Rates of Exchange As of December 31, 2018
TREASURY REPORTING RATES OF EXCHANGE AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2018 COUNTRY-CURRENCY F.C. TO $1.00 AFGHANISTAN - AFGHANI 74.5760 ALBANIA - LEK 107.0500 ALGERIA - DINAR 117.8980 ANGOLA - KWANZA 310.0000 ANTIGUA - BARBUDA - E. CARIBBEAN DOLLAR 2.7000 ARGENTINA-PESO 37.6420 ARMENIA - DRAM 485.0000 AUSTRALIA - DOLLAR 1.4160 AUSTRIA - EURO 0.8720 AZERBAIJAN - NEW MANAT 1.7000 BAHAMAS - DOLLAR 1.0000 BAHRAIN - DINAR 0.3770 BANGLADESH - TAKA 84.0000 BARBADOS - DOLLAR 2.0200 BELARUS - NEW RUBLE 2.1600 BELGIUM-EURO 0.8720 BELIZE - DOLLAR 2.0000 BENIN - CFA FRANC 568.6500 BERMUDA - DOLLAR 1.0000 BOLIVIA - BOLIVIANO 6.8500 BOSNIA- MARKA 1.7060 BOTSWANA - PULA 10.6610 BRAZIL - REAL 3.8800 BRUNEI - DOLLAR 1.3610 BULGARIA - LEV 1.7070 BURKINA FASO - CFA FRANC 568.6500 BURUNDI - FRANC 1790.0000 CAMBODIA (KHMER) - RIEL 4103.0000 CAMEROON - CFA FRANC 603.8700 CANADA - DOLLAR 1.3620 CAPE VERDE - ESCUDO 94.8800 CAYMAN ISLANDS - DOLLAR 0.8200 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC - CFA FRANC 603.8700 CHAD - CFA FRANC 603.8700 CHILE - PESO 693.0800 CHINA - RENMINBI 6.8760 COLOMBIA - PESO 3245.0000 COMOROS - FRANC 428.1400 COSTA RICA - COLON 603.5000 COTE D'IVOIRE - CFA FRANC 568.6500 CROATIA - KUNA 6.3100 CUBA-PESO 1.0000 CYPRUS-EURO 0.8720 CZECH REPUBLIC - KORUNA 21.9410 DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO- FRANC 1630.0000 DENMARK - KRONE 6.5170 DJIBOUTI - FRANC 177.0000 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC - PESO 49.9400 ECUADOR-DOLARES 1.0000 EGYPT - POUND 17.8900 EL SALVADOR-DOLARES 1.0000 EQUATORIAL GUINEA - CFA FRANC 603.8700 ERITREA - NAKFA 15.0000 ESTONIA-EURO 0.8720 ETHIOPIA - BIRR 28.0400 -
The Costs of Dollarization; a Central Banker’S View
The costs of dollarization; a central banker’s view Speech by Jeanette R. Semeleer, President of the Centrale Bank van Aruba (CBA), at the Symposium on “The advantages and disadvantages of Dollarization”, organized by the Council of Advice of St. Maarten, March 26, 2015. Members of Parliament, Ministers, Members of the Council of Advice and other distinguished guests, good evening. 1. Introduction First of all, allow me to express words of gratitude to the Council of Advice for the invitation to address you on the topic “The advantages and disadvantages of Dollarization”. I am truly honored and privileged to be here on this beautiful island (I should come here more often) and to contribute to the ongoing debate of dollarization in St. Maarten. Page 1 of 21 We all probably agree that dollarization is not an easy topic to debate on, but I hope when we leave the room tonight that some practical tools have been provided to facilitate the discussions. If this debate moves some time in the future towards a political decision that involves a change in the current exchange rate regime, extensive knowledge and practical experience are needed to choose the best policy for managing the exchange rate, which is a key instrument towards achieving macro- economic goals and maintaining financial stability. Tonight my speech will primarily focus on the costs of dollarization within the context of full dollarization. By full dollarization, I refer to a situation in which a country formally adopts a currency of another country—most commonly the U.S. dollar—as its legal tender.1 2. -
What Was He Doing at the Eurogroup?
Published on Eurointelligence, 10 July 2007. The original version of the article appeared in French in Le Monde. What was he doing at the Eurogroup? Jean Pisani-Ferry By attending the meeting of ministers of the euro area on Monday 9 July Nicolas Sarkozy was above all making a political statement. This was a 'first', after a decade in which heads of state and government of the euro area have been conspicuous by their absence. They have never met in a euro context, not even at the birth of their common currency. Having taken a momentous decision, they promptly left implementation of the euro to financial technicians. By going to the Eurogroup, Nicolas Sarkozy clearly intended to mark the end of this long absence. Beyond the symbolism, however, Europe was curious as to his motives and many are worried. Criticised for a fiscal policy which has departed from the agreed objective, was the President of France seeking the consent of partner countries to this departure? Was he launching an offensive designed to dilute the independence of the European Central Bank? And what is this 'economic government' which all the French leaders are calling for but none has pinned down exactly? Few Frenchmen realise the extent to which the ideas they share may appear odd to their partners. The reason for this is that the euro means different things to different peoples. For some, for example the Netherlands and Austria, it allowed a belated ceding of a sovereignty perceived as existing in name only. They see monetary union as a necessary framework for national economic policy – a little like the gold standard underpinned disciplines in the 19th century without implying political affiliation. -
Democratic Republic of Congo Constitution
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, 2005 [1] Table of Contents PREAMBLE TITLE I GENERAL PROVISIONS Chapter 1 The State and Sovereignty Chapter 2 Nationality TITLE II HUMAN RIGHTS, FUNDAMENTAL LIBERTIES AND THE DUTIES OF THE CITIZEN AND THE STATE Chapter 1 Civil and Political Rights Chapter 2 Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Chapter 3 Collective Rights Chapter 4 The Duties of the Citizen TITLE III THE ORGANIZATION AND THE EXERCISE OF POWER Chapter 1 The Institutions of the Republic TITLE IV THE PROVINCES Chapter 1 The Provincial Institutions Chapter 2 The Distribution of Competences Between the Central Authority and the Provinces Chapter 3 Customary Authority TITLE V THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL TITLE VI DEMOCRACY-SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONS Chapter 1 The Independent National Electoral Commission Chapter 2 The High Council for Audiovisual Media and Communication TITLE VII INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS TITLE VIII THE REVISION OF THE CONSTITUTION TITLE IX TRANSITORY AND FINAL PROVISIONS PREAMBLE We, the Congolese People, United by destiny and history around the noble ideas of liberty, fraternity, solidarity, justice, peace and work; Driven by our common will to build in the heart of Africa a State under the rule of law and a powerful and prosperous Nation based on a real political, economic, social and cultural democracy; Considering that injustice and its corollaries, impunity, nepotism, regionalism, tribalism, clan rule and patronage are, due to their manifold vices, at the origin of the general decline -
Your Currency Guide
Your Currency Guide Code Currency Wire Online Global ACH FX Wallet Forwards Options AED United Arab Emirates Dirham Yes Yes No Yes Yes No AMD Armenia Dram Yes No No No No No ANG Netherlands Antillean Guilder Yes No No No No No AOA Angola Kwanza Yes No No No No No ARS Argentina Peso Yes No No No NDF Yes AUD Australian Dollar Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes AWG Aruba Florin Yes No No No No No AZN Azerbaijan Manat Yes No No No No No BAM Bosnia and Herzegovina Yes No No No No No BBD Barbados Dollar Yes No No Yes No No BDT Bangladesh Taka Yes No No No No No BGN Bulgaria Lev Yes Yes Yes Yes No No BHD Bahrain Dinar Yes Yes No Yes Yes No BIF Burundi Franc Yes No No No No No BMD Bermuda Dollar Yes No No No No No BOB Bolivia Boliviano Yes No No No No No BRL Brazil Real Yes No No No NDF Yes BSD Bahamas Dollar Yes No No No US Dollar only US Dollar only BWP Botswana Pula Yes No No Yes No No BZD Belize Dollar Yes No No No No No CAD Canada Dollar Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes CDF Congo Franc Yes No No No No No CHF Switzerland Franc Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes CLP Chile Peso Yes No No No NDF Yes *Some ciurrencies may require a copy of beneficiaries ID. This list is subject to change, and currencies are subject to availability. The ability you have to purchase currencies through moneycorp is subject to the completion and approval of a moneycorp account application and any other documentation deemed to be required by moneycorp. -
Central America Weather Hazards and Benefits Assessment
The MFEWS Central America Weather Hazards and Benefits Assessment For May 22 – May 28, 2008 1) Many localized areas of the Limon and Heredia provinces of Costa Rica, as well as the San Juan and Atlantic departments of Nicaragua are experiencing a 3-4 dekad late start to the Primera rains. In addition to a below-normal Apante season, the current lack of rainfall has affected April bean harvests, as well as emerging rice and maize crops. Hazards Assessment Text Explanation: Large scale ridging and dry air transport have resulted in the suppression of significant rainfall for much of Central America in the last seven days. The heaviest rainfall totals during the last observation period remained along the Pacific side of Central America, with totals ranging from 30 – 50 mm in the southern highlands of Guatemala and coastal areas near the Gulf of Nicoya in Costa Rica. In El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua, little to no rainfall accumulation in the last week has resulted in a continued delayed start of the Primera season in many areas, as precipitation totals have continued to drop further below normal. The Limon and Heredia provinces of Costa Rica, as well as, the Atlantic departments of Nicaragua near the San Juan River, have experienced the worst of the dryness as decreased soil water along the Costa Rica / Nicaragua border may impede the development of bean, rice, and sorghum crops over the next several weeks. Soil moisture deficits have also been felt in localized areas of the Chiriqui province in Panama due to the weak Primera rains. -
Should Poland Join the Euro? an Economic and Political Analysis
Should Poland Join the Euro? An Economic and Political Analysis Should Poland Join the Euro? An Economic and Political Analysis Graduate Policy Workshop February 2016 Michael Carlson Conor Carroll Iris Chan Geoff Cooper Vanessa Lehner Kelsey Montgomery Duc Tran Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ i About the WWS Graduate Policy Workshop ........................................................................................ ii Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................. 1 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 2 2 The Evolution of Polish Thought on Euro Adoption ................................................................. 5 2.1 Pre-EU membership reforms ...................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 After EU Accession ....................................................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Crisis years ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 2.4 Post-crisis assessment .................................................................................................................................. -
March 31, 2013 Foreign Currency Country-Currency to $1.00
04/29/15 Page: 1 TREASURY REPORTING RATES OF EXCHANGE As of March 31, 2013 Foreign Currency Country-Currency To $1.00 Afghanistan-Afghani 53.1800 Albania-Lek 109.0700 Algeria-Dinar 78.9000 Angola-Kwanza 95.0000 Antigua & Barbuda-E. Caribbean Dollar 2.7000 Argentina-Peso 5.1200 Armenia-RUBLE 415.0000 Australia-Dollar .9600 Austria-Euro .7800 Austria-Schilling .0000 Azerbaidjan-Ruble .8000 Azerbaijan-New Manat .0000 Bahamas-Dollar 1.0000 Bahrain-Dinar .3800 Bangladesh-Conv. Taka .0000 Bangladesh-Non-Conv. Taka 80.0000 Barbados-Dollar 2.0200 Belarus-Ruble 8,680.0000 Belgium-Euro .7800 Belgium-Franc .0000 Belize-Dollar 2.0000 Benin-CFA Franc 511.6700 Bermuda-Dollar 1.0000 Bolivia-Boliviano 6.9600 Bosnia-Dinar 1.5300 Botswana-Pula 8.2400 Brazil-Cruzados .0000 Brazil-Cruzeiro 2.0200 Brunei-Dollar 1.2400 Bulgaria-Lev 1.5300 Burkina Faso-CFA Franc 511.6700 Burma-Kyat 878.0000 Burundi-Franc 1,650.0000 Cambodia (Khmer)-Riel 4,103.0000 Cameroon-CFA Franc 511.6700 Canada-Dollar 1.0200 Cape Verde-Escudo 84.1800 Cayman Island-Dollar .8200 Central African Rep.-CFA Franc 511.6700 Chad-CFA Franc 511.6700 Chile-Peso 471.5000 China-Renminbi 6.2100 China-Yuan .0000 Colombia-Peso 1,824.0000 Comoros-CFA Franc 361.3500 Congo-CFA Franc 511.6700 Costa Rica-Colon 498.6000 Croatia-KUNA 5.8300 Cuba-Peso 1.0000 Cyprus-Euro .7800 Cyprus-Pound .7890 Czech. Republic-Koruna 19.7000 Czechoslovakia-Tuzex Koruna .0000 CFA Franc-CFA Franc .0000 Dem. Rep. of Congo-Congolese Franc 920.0000 Denmark-Kroner 5.8200 Djibouti-Franc 177.0000 Dominican Republic-Peso 40.8600 East Germany-GDR Mark .0000 Ecuador-Dollar 1.0000 Ecuador-Sucre .0000 Egypt-Pound 6.8000 El Salvador-Colon 1.0000 Equatorial Guinea-CFA Franc 511.6700 Eritrea-Birr 15.0000 Estonia-EURO .7800 Estonia-Kroon 11.6970 04/29/15 Page: 2 TREASURY REPORTING RATES OF EXCHANGE As of March 31, 2013 Foreign Currency Country-Currency To $1.00 Ethiopia-Birr 18.4000 Euro-Euro .7800 European Community-European Comm. -
View Currency List
Currency List business.westernunion.com.au CURRENCY TT OUTGOING DRAFT OUTGOING FOREIGN CHEQUE INCOMING TT INCOMING CURRENCY TT OUTGOING DRAFT OUTGOING FOREIGN CHEQUE INCOMING TT INCOMING CURRENCY TT OUTGOING DRAFT OUTGOING FOREIGN CHEQUE INCOMING TT INCOMING Africa Asia continued Middle East Algerian Dinar – DZD Laos Kip – LAK Bahrain Dinar – BHD Angola Kwanza – AOA Macau Pataca – MOP Israeli Shekel – ILS Botswana Pula – BWP Malaysian Ringgit – MYR Jordanian Dinar – JOD Burundi Franc – BIF Maldives Rufiyaa – MVR Kuwaiti Dinar – KWD Cape Verde Escudo – CVE Nepal Rupee – NPR Lebanese Pound – LBP Central African States – XOF Pakistan Rupee – PKR Omani Rial – OMR Central African States – XAF Philippine Peso – PHP Qatari Rial – QAR Comoros Franc – KMF Singapore Dollar – SGD Saudi Arabian Riyal – SAR Djibouti Franc – DJF Sri Lanka Rupee – LKR Turkish Lira – TRY Egyptian Pound – EGP Taiwanese Dollar – TWD UAE Dirham – AED Eritrea Nakfa – ERN Thai Baht – THB Yemeni Rial – YER Ethiopia Birr – ETB Uzbekistan Sum – UZS North America Gambian Dalasi – GMD Vietnamese Dong – VND Canadian Dollar – CAD Ghanian Cedi – GHS Oceania Mexican Peso – MXN Guinea Republic Franc – GNF Australian Dollar – AUD United States Dollar – USD Kenyan Shilling – KES Fiji Dollar – FJD South and Central America, The Caribbean Lesotho Malati – LSL New Zealand Dollar – NZD Argentine Peso – ARS Madagascar Ariary – MGA Papua New Guinea Kina – PGK Bahamian Dollar – BSD Malawi Kwacha – MWK Samoan Tala – WST Barbados Dollar – BBD Mauritanian Ouguiya – MRO Solomon Islands Dollar – -
Towards a More United & Prosperous Union of Comoros
TOWARDS A MORE UNITED & PROSPEROUS Public Disclosure Authorized UNION OF COMOROS Systematic Country Diagnostic Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS i CPIA Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CSOs Civil Society Organizations DeMPA Debt Management Performance Assessment DPO Development Policy Operation ECP Economic Citizenship Program EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EU European Union FDI Foreign Direct Investment GDP Gross Domestic Product GNI Gross National Income HCI Human Capital Index HDI Human Development Index ICT Information and Communication Technologies IDA International Development Association IFC International Finance Corporation IMF International Monetary Fund INRAPE National Institute for Research on Agriculture, Fisheries, and the Environment LICs Low-income Countries MDGs Millennium Development Goals MIDA Migration for Development in Africa MSME Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises NGOs Non-profit Organizations PEFA Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability PPP Public/Private Partnerships R&D Research and Development SADC Southern African Development Community SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SOEs State-Owned Enterprises SSA Sub-Saharan Africa TFP Total Factor Productivity WDI World Development Indicators WTTC World Travel & Tourism Council ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank members of the Comoros Country Team from all Global Practices of the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation, as well as the many stakeholders in Comoros (government authorities, think tanks, academia, and civil society organizations, other development partners), who have contributed to the preparation of this document in a strong collaborative process (see Annex 1). We are grateful for their inputs, knowledge and advice. This report has been prepared by a team led by Carolin Geginat (Program Leader EFI, AFSC2) and Jose Luis Diaz Sanchez (Country Economist, GMTA4). -
Reconstructing the Population History of Nicaragua by Means of Mtdna, Y-Chromosome Strs, and Autosomal STR Markers
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 143:591–600 (2010) Reconstructing the Population History of Nicaragua by Means of mtDNA, Y-Chromosome STRs, and Autosomal STR Markers Carolina Nun˜ ez,1* Miriam Baeta,1 Cecilia Sosa,1 Yolanda Casalod,1 Jianye Ge,2,3 Bruce Budowle,2,3 and Begon˜ a Martı´nez-Jarreta1 1Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain 2Institute of Investigative Genetics, Health Science Center, University of North Texas, Ft Worth, TX 76107 3Department of Forensic and Investigative Genetics, Health Science Center, University of North Texas, Ft Worth, TX 76107 KEY WORDS Central America; genetic admixture; Mestizos; Native Americans ABSTRACT Before the arrival of the Spaniards in the maternal lineages, whereas the majority of Nicara- Nicaragua, diverse Native American groups inhabited guan Y chromosome haplogroups can be traced back to a the territory. In colonial times, Native Nicaraguan popu- West Eurasian origin. Pairwise Fst distances based on Y- lations interacted with Europeans and slaves from STRs between Nicaragua and European, African and Africa. To ascertain the extent of this genetic admixture Native American populations show that Nicaragua is and provide genetic evidence about the origin of the Nic- much closer to Europeans than the other populations. araguan ancestors, we analyzed the mitochondrial con- Additionally, admixture proportions based on autosomal trol region (HVSI and HVSII), 17 Y chromosome STRs, STRs indicate a predominantly Spanish contribution. and 15 autosomal STRs in 165 Mestizo individuals from Our study reveals that the Nicaraguan Mestizo popula- Nicaragua. To carry out interpopulation comparisons, tion harbors a high proportion of European male and HVSI sequences from 29 American populations were Native American female substrate.