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Environmental Enrichment for Nonhuman Primates Resource Guide [Electronic Resource] AWIC Resource Series No United States Department of Agriculture Environmental Enrichment Agricultural Research Service for Nonhuman Primates National Agricultural Library Resource Guide Animal Welfare Information Center 2006 (Updated October 2009) Photo courtesy Photos8.com AWIC Resource Series No. 32 United States Department of Environmental Agriculture Enrichment for Agricultural Research Service Nonhuman Primates National Agricultural Resource Guide Library AWIC Resource Series No. 32 Animal Welfare Information Center 2006 (Updated October 2009) Compiled by: Kristina M. Adams, M.S. Animal Welfare Information Center National Agricultural Library U.S. Department of Agriculture Beltsville, Maryland 20705 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://awic.nal.usda.gov Available online: http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/Primates2009/primates.shtml National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record Adams, Kristina M. Environmental Enrichment for Nonhuman Primates Resource Guide [electronic resource] AWIC Resource Series No. 32, Updated 1. Environmental enrichment (Animal culture) -- Bibliography. 2. Primates -- Environmental Enrichment -- Bibliography. I. Animal Welfare Information Center (U.S.) II. Title. aHV4701 .A94 no. 32, Updated Disclaimers The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or a part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication (or page) is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the United States Department of Agriculture or the Agricultural Research Service of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. Materials appearing in this publication do not necessarily represent positions or policies of the U.S. Department of Agriculture or any agencies thereof. Table of Contents About this Document iii Introduction v U.S. Government Agency Information vii U.S. Laws, Regulations and Guidelines for Environmental Enhancement of Nonhuman Primates ix Animal Behavior Research Findings Facilitate Comprehensive Captive Animal Care: The Birth of Behavioral Management by J.L. Weed and P.L. O’Neill-Wagner, National Institutes of Health xiv Bibliography General Environmental Enrichment 1 General Primate Enrichment 13 Abnormal Behavior 27 Great Apes and Gibbons 47 Macaques 65 Old World Monkeys 81 Marmosets and Tamarins 87 New World Monkeys 97 Lemurs, Lorises and Tarsiers 103 Training 109 Books and Conference Proceedings 119 Web Site Information Online Resources 123 Organizations and Professional Societies 127 U.S. National Primate Centers 131 Additional Primate Centers and Animal Colonies 133 Products and Suppliers 135 Discussion Groups 139 USDA Final Report and Draft Policy Final Report on Environmental Enhancement to Promote the Psychological Well-being of Nonhuman Primates 141 USDA Draft Policy on Environmental Enhancement for Nonhuman Primates 243 Environmental Enrichment for Nonhuman Primates, 2006 (updated 2009) •i ii• About this Document This publication updates the “Environmental Enrichment for Nonhuman Primates Resource Guide,” AWIC Resource Series No. 32 - June 2006. This document includes • the draft policy published in the Federal Register on July 15, 1999 by the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Animal Care and • the Final Report on Environment Enhancement to Promote the Psychological Well-being of Nonhuman Primates that was drafted by a committee of experts from areas of research, teaching, regulation, and exhibition and led to the draft policy. Relevant sections of United States Animal Welfare Act and regulations are also included as well as parts of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NRC, 1996; http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5140). The bibliographic chapters are divided into subject areas that cover • the concept of environmental enrichment, • enrichment for nonhuman primates overall, • abnormal behavior exhibited by nonhuman primates, • great apes and gibbons, • macaques, • old world monkeys other than macaques, • marmosets and tamarins, • other new world monkeys, • lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers, • animal training as an enrichment strategy, and • books and proceedings from conferences focused on environmental enrichment or nonhuman primate management. Citations included in these chapters were published between 1999 and October 2009 and selected from searches conducted using a variety of agricultural, medical and life science databases. In each chapter, the citations are arranged alphabetically according to the last name of the primary author. Each citation in the bibliography contains descriptor terms, an abstract when available, and the NAL call number if the particular source is available at the National Agricultural Library (NAL). Information on how to request materials that are included in the collection of the National Agricultural Library (NAL) may be found on the Request Library Materials page (http://www.nal.usda.gov/services/request.shtml). Please read carefully as there are certain restrictions on media and document types. All patrons are encouraged to explore local library resources first before contacting the National Agricultural Library. The Web site resources are divided into 6 sections: • resources on environmental enrichment, for all species and nonhuman primates,organizations and professional societies whose members may be involved in nonhuman primate management or research, • United States National Primate Centers, funded by grants through the National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), Division of Comparative Medicine (DCM), • additional university primate centers and animal colonies located in the United States and associated territories, • environmental enrichment products and supplier information, and Environmental Enrichment for Nonhuman Primates, 2006 (updated 2009) •iii • discussion groups on nonhuman primates and enrichment. Readers are cautioned as to the dynamic nature of the internet and the fact that web addresses and content are subject to change. All sites are current as of October 2009. Acknowledgements The editor would like to thank Dr. Jodie Kulpa-Eddy of USDA, APHIS, Animal Care for her comments and editing of the introductory material for this document. Thank you to Jean Larson of the USDA Animal Welfare Information Center for her guidance on document lay-out and thorough editing of the entire document. Finally, special thanks to Sandra Ball of the Animal Welfare Information Center for the Web publishing of this document. iv• About this Document Introduction In 1985, the Animal Welfare Act (AWA) was amended to include, among other things, providing for the psychological well-being of nonhuman primates. In time this concept became synonymous with the terms “environmental enrichment” or “environmental enhancement.” The Congressional delegates responsible for the new amendments intended to allow for more exercise, play, and compatible social interactions for captive nonhuman primates. In 1989, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) responded to the new AWA amendments by drafting regulations based on the advice received from a group of 10 primate experts. These proposed regulations contained requirements for social housing, inanimate enrichment items, and exercise for nonhuman primates. APHIS eventually amended the regulations with more general language after receiving public comments on the proposed standards. The regulations became a final rule in 1991 and still exist today (9 CFR Sec. 3.81). (For more information on the history and intent of the 1985 amendments, see Kulpa-Eddy et al., 2005.) After five years of enforcing the regulations on environmental enrichment for nonhuman primates, APHIS surveyed their Animal Care (AC) inspectors about the implementation of enrichment plans at research facilities, exhibitors, and dealers. The consensus among AC inspectors was that most facilities did not understand how to develop an adequate environmental enrichment plan that would promote the well-being of nonhuman primates. In response to this concern, additional clarification was set forth in the Final Report on Environment Enhancement to Promote the Psychological Well-being of Nonhuman Primates which was included in a draft policy and issued for public comment on July 15, 1999. Ultimately, the policy was not implemented. However, the draft policy and Final Report did provide a great deal of science-based information for facilities housing nonhuman primates and many began implementing aspects identified under five general elements (social
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