[ W.T. Stead, ed. (Oct. 01, 1890). In Darkest England and the Way Out by William Booth, Book of the Month, Vol. II, No. 10, Sec. IX (09), pp. 382-397, 492-507. The Review of Reviews. Reproduced for educational purposes only. Fair Use relied upon. Source: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt? id=mdp.39015056039723&view=thumb&seq=1&skin=2021 and https://digital.library.cornell.edu/catalog/ss:3293831 [ This POSTER accompanied this set of articles: William Booth (b. 1829, d.1912). (Nov. 01, 1890). In Darkest England and the Way Out, supplement to The Review of Reviews, Nov. 1890, W.T. Stead publisher and co-author with Booth. Review of Vol. II. OCTOBER, 1890. No. 10. Reviews. Source: https:// digital.library.corne ll.edu/catalog/ CONTENTS. ss:3293831 NOTE: -Autograph Portrait. Frontispiece. H.R.H. the PAGE Leading Articles In the Reviews, continued. page. "THE COLONY Prince of Wales. ... 312 What Influenced my Life. Dr. Hale 349 ACROSS THE Should Wives be Penniless? 349 SEA" is South I. Progress of the World ... 313 The Jews in Russia 350 Africa. ] Portraits of Sir Frederick Abel ...... 313 Spanish Women 300 Years Ago 350 Evangelical in Russia 351 „ Miss M. M. Dowie ...... 314 Religion How to Make Feather Books 352 „ Mr. Fen wick, M.P...... 315 The Youth of Rembrandt 352 „ Mr. Rhodes ... 316 A French View of Fielding 353 „ Mr. John Dillon, M.P. ... 317 from Point 354 „ Canon Liddon ... 318 France a Foreign of View The Responsible ty of Philosophers 354 „ Mr. Birtwhistle ... 319 „ Mr. Dion Boucicault ... 320 IV. The New Laws of 1890 355 II. Character Sketch : Boulanger General V. The Reviews Reviewed:— (Illust_„ted) 323 Paternoster The Inside of Boulangism. Cartoon by Moloch... 323 The Review 356 The Contemporary Review 357 General Bonlanger. Autograph Portrait ... 324 The National Review 358 The Duchess D'Uzes „ „ ... 325 The Nineteenth Century 359 Portraits of Prince Napoleon, M. Rochefort, and The Fortnightly Review 360 M. Mermeix 326 The New Review 360 Autograph Card from M. Mermeix 328 The Forum 361 „ Contradiction by Louise Michel ... 33! The North American Review 362 Shorter Notices of Magazines 363 III. Leading Articles from the Reviews. Canon Liddon. By Canon Scott Holland VI. The Foreign Reviews :— and Others 334 French 366 Cardinal Newman. By Father Lockhart, French Books 367 Mr. B. H. Hutton and Others 335 Italian ...... •■■368 The King and Queen of Houmania (Illustrated) 336 Russian 369 How to Reform Our Hospitals. By SlH M. German 370, 371 and 372, 373 Mackenzie 337 Belgian Scandinavian Foreign Military Periodicals 374, 375 Moses in Massachusetts 337 Mr. Meredith's New Novel 338 VII. Diary of the Month 376 The Ideals of the Masses. By the Hon. R. B. Bbett 338 VIII. The Photographs of the Month ... 377-378 How Science supports Scripture. By Mr. Portrait of Queen of Roumania 379 Gladstone 339 Amateur Photography at Ober-ammergau ... 380 English Gifts to Indian Children 339 The Kodak at the Passion Play 381 Poetry in the Periodicals — Mb. Swinburne, Hon. Roden Noel, Aubrey de VEBB.etc.... 340 IX. The Book of the Month :— Mr. Rudyard Kipling, from Several Points of IN DARKEST ENGLAND AND THE WAY OUT ... 382 View 341 The Booth Family (Portraits) 383 The Bad Manners of Some Women 341 Booths by Marriage (Portraits) 385 The Christian Law of Marriage. By Count Commissioners of the Salvation Army (Portraits) 387 Tolstoi ... 342 Salvation Army Centres 389, 391 Map of Ticino 342 The War Cry and its Branches . ... 393 Christianity and Women. By Col. Inoersoll 343 398 Down with the Bill-Stickers 1 344 X. The Musical Magazines ... How to Strikes Suppress 344 XI. New Books and Blue Books Exit Mr. Goldwin Smith 345 Is Canada going to Pieces 1—Yes. 345 XII. Indices ... 403 A Chinese Verdict on Christianity 346 Contents of Leading Reviews . ... 403 'Gymnastics as a Branch of Christianity ... 347 Art and American Magazines ... 404 How Long should a Man Work ? Dr. Richardson 348 Notable Articles ... 405 •Count Mattel, pro. and con. 348 General Index ... 407 Reviews. 382 The Review of [ This review of General Booth's book of the month, "In Darkest England, and the Way Out," was written in 1890 by W.T. Stead (b. 1849 - d. 1912), proprietor & editor, The Review of Reviews. Stead also ghost wrote the book with Booth. Therefore, one must read carefully to determine when Stead is actually reviewing Booth's thoughts and when he is otherwise, in fact, promoting his own socialist, Imperial corporatist, spiritualist necromancy disguised as Booth's thoughts about Christianity. Did Stead hijack The Salvation Army for Cecil J. Rhodes' "Society of the Elect" through this book? This writer believes he did. The Society became the Pilgrims Society in 1902. ] THE BOOK OF THE MONTH.

IN DARKEST ENGLAND, AND THE WAY OUT.

BY GENERAL BOOTH.

accentuated in the "Latter Day Pamphlets." All the* O-DAY, to me, the horizon is radiant with a new distinctive Carlylean doctrines are given practical em Never since my life began, now more hope. bodiment in General Booth's startling manifesto. ago, have I seen as much cause than forty years a now Carlyle's voice has sounded such confidence. For half century I to confront the future with of n and in our ears, proclaiming in accents passionate which, under the influence of Mr. Carlyle That earnestness what must be done if modern civiliza Elliott, the Corn-Law rhymer, 1 have dreamed Ebenezer tion in this democratic age is to escape perdition. and worked for since my youth, of since I was a boy, all listened, but we have sighed as we asked, nearer, and I rejoice with the ex We have now seems appreciably "Who is there who dares even to propose to do these of one who, having passionately longed " ceeding great joy things ? And, lo ! now, after all these years, at last unattainable good, suddenly finds it for an apparently a clear, strong voice rings out above the Babel of party within his reach. brought jargon, saying, "Here am I, send me!" That is for this new hope, the grounds of this new The cause Genera] Booth's Book. Ami the more I think over all stated. I have read the MS. of the confidence, are soon it contains and all it implies, the more convinced am which General Booth sets forth the determination book in I that it will be the most epoch-making book that the Salvation Army to grapple with the social question of the world has seen for many a long day. Our children lines on which, 1 believe, there is any chance on the only and our children's children will not see the end of the No such book, so comprehensive in its of its solution. chain of transforming influences that will be set in motion in its audacity, and yet so simple and scope, so daring this month. its proposals, lias appeared in my time. Even practical in 1 am aware that to the most, probably to nine-tenths whatever were to follow immediately on the if no action readers, this prelude of mine will seem exaggerated ; Booth, it cannot fail to have of my lines laid down by General of them be simply inconceivable that, For General Booth it will to many the most momentous consequences. — anything General Booth could do or propose to do could little work— it will not fill more than 300 ]>ages in this either deserve the attention or possess the importance for the Condition-of-the-People question the does secure which I ascribe to his new book. To all of these my on the orders of the day, with urgency voted. first place readers I have only to say that they, too, if they will modified and amended before they His proposals may be facts, soon discover what reason there or other they will but look at the may are finally accepted, but in some shape over this new de will is to thank God and to take courage and with their success a new and brighter era pass, parture of the Salvation Army. begin to dawn for mankind. — Year, "The Salvation Army that is in itself enough to dis of the Month, nay, the Book of the is " The Book credit the whole scheme, whatever it may be ! is an Booth's forthcoming w.irk, "In Darkest Eng General exclamation that will burst from many an impatient Out."' Bu* as it is not to be published land, and the Way reader. What is the Salvation Ann}' that it should be 20th inst.. must postpone till the November till the I deemed capable of doing such work ? That is the ques full analysis of a work in which is sounded number the tion I am about to answer in this article, which may be a note that will reverberate round the clear and loud regarded as the prefatory preliminary notice of the me to say something by way world. But it is permitted the Month, a full analysis of which is reserved enable my readers Book of of preface and introduction which will sig for the November number. the better to understand and to appreciate the full OF TO-DAY. nificance of its content*. A MIRACLE is Salvation Army ? It is a miracle of our A NEW AMU MOKE PRACTICAL CARLYLE. What the time. It is the latest revelation of the potency of the have read Professor Tyndall's account of Those who the visible, the concrete manifestation of his character, will remember invisible over the influences winch shaped this there are of Carlyle's the power of the spirit over matter. Of how prominent a place he gave to the reading many illustrations, but for the present I will content my Present." "Past and Present,'' which was "Past and Twenty-five years ago, the Salvation before even the Corn Laws self with one. published fifty years ago, and his wife, without of which "In Army consisted of one man were repealed, reads to-day like a prophecy, a the money, without influential friends, without even Darkest England, and the Way Out," seems to be place of worship they could call their own. To-day of its realization. General Booth is not a diligent gospel Revolution," the Salvation Army, built up out of the poorest student of Carlyle. Except his "French who upon the members of the community, has 9,000 officers, which exercises an almost uncanny fascination carry on operations at 2,8(54 centres of population of the great Englishman, General Booth has read mind scattered all over the world, and who raise every year for But plunging and struggling along nothing of Carlyle. Salvation War no less a sum than experience, he has carrying on the the rough and rugged road of practical annum is as those £750,000. Three-quarters of a million sterling per arrived at almost identically the same conclusions Present," and 4 per cent, upon a capital sum of £18,750,000. Supposing which were outlined in "Past and Way In Darkest England, and the Out. 383

FcftTHERINEB001H-CUBBORN \%) EMMA BOOTH-TUCKER..! MARECHAU IN I ND I *\ FRANCE.

'ev/ A C. BOOTH. LUCY M. BOOfH. ! HEAOOr WOKENOfFiCEWTMlMilC.

J-yvm Ptiotmjr'ip'istry'] [SttTfcrcoptcCompany. THE CENKRAL AM) MRS. BOOTH AND FAMILY. 384 The Review oe Reviews. the revenue does not fall off—and hitherto it has steadily THE SECRET OF POWER — millions be as the cash increased eighteen may regarded Whatever truth there may be in this judgment as tc value of the endowment created by the Salvation Army out the cause of the Salvation Army's success, it is a notable substantial of nothing in twenty-five years. A tolerably tribute from the agnostic camp as to the reality and which that of the loaves and miracle this, compared with value of its work. Nor is it only from the agnostic miracle also that is abso fishes was but a small affair. A camp that this is recognized. The Church Times (May born lutely unique. No religious organization in these :J.'5rd, I8!t0), a High Church organ, referring to the com late years can show anything approaching to such material parative achievements of the various religious lwdies, results within so short a space of time. I say nothing declared that the growth of the Salvation Army threw into here as to the merits or demerits of the spiritual thauma- the shade all that had occurred in our time either in the turgy which has developed so extraordinary a power of Catholic or the Protestant world. Said the writer : — evoking this pactolean stream from the barren rock of a When we the so-called "Catholic advance" of materialistic and unbelieving generation. I simply note compare the Pope in England with the Salvationist advance of the the fact and on, remarking that, if General Booth pass other international commander, the General, in England and be mistaken in his of the universe, the altogether theory all the world, the Pope has to be content with a very much work is even much more miraculous than if he is right. lower place. What a very poor story is the glowing chronicle For if we grant to the uttermost all that materialist of the Tablet in comparison with the glowing chronicle of and agnostic ever claimed, grant that man dies the War Cry. In the vulgar and imposing category of mere as the beast dies, that Christ and His apostles quantity the Pope lags far behind the General. In the were but personifications of the Sun and the twelve spiritual category of quality, if the Kingdom of Jesus Christ signs of the Zodiac, that prayer is a futility and the be especially tlie Commonwealth of the Poor, the victories idea of invisible spiritual influence is as much an ex of the General are more stupendously brilliant in every way " ploded delusion as the " science by which the augurs than the triumphs attributed by the Tablet to the last two more do foretold the issue of a campaign from the entrails Popes. Xoue are ready to honour than we are to the devotion of so many Itoman clergy and sisters to the of a chicken, the marvel and the mystery of the service of the poor. They have done, as Calvinists and work which Mrs. Booth and her husband set on foot ilethodUts have also done, much for the poor. But the are more marvellous and .more mysterious than if Pope cannot boast in his Tablet's triumph-song, as the these, our hypotheses, be correct. How came it that General can boast in his War Cry, that he has done almost two unknown, insignificant units in the East-end of everything for the poor by the poor. London, in no way distinguishable from any ordinary commonplace Methodists, such as may be found any LORD WOLSELEY's TESTIMONY. day by the score in Whitechapel or in Westminster, It is only those who do not know and who never inquire should to-day be able to show over nine thousand who can doubt the reality of the effect produced upon the picked men and women in the flower of their youth, lives of multitudes of men and women by the work of and in the ardour of an enthusiastic zeal, who are the Army. Lord Wolseley told me that he had lieen devoting their lives, on mere subsistence wages, to immensely impressed by an incident which occurred in preaching and teaching in all pin ts of the world the faith his own experience some years ago at Grantham. He that was taught them by the Booths >.And wherever they said :— labour they raise up others, fashioned in their own like " I was down on a visit to Mr. Roundell, and we put ness, whoso nature undergoes a sudden and an almost up at the hotel ill the market-place. In the evening, T inexplicable change. noticed a crowd, and, inquiring what it meant, I wss. " told it was the Salvation Army. I went out and stood i n DRIVELLING SUPERSTITION ?" theoutskirts of the crowd and watched what went on. I was. I remember, as if it were but yesterday, a remark made immensely struck by the earnestness, the fervour, and, to me by a leading freethinker and eminent politician when above all. by the success of the young women who con we were discussing the work of the Salvation Army before ducted the meeting. I heard them many times, and its immense over sea had more than with the same were much talked " development begun. always impression. They We have all been on the wrong tack." he said, emphati about, and everyone whom I met assured me that the change cally, "and the result is that the whole of us have less to they had produced was quite marvellous. Mayor, magis " show for our work than that one man Booth." Whom do trates, the clergy, all assured me that all the time I you call 'we'?" I asked. "Oh, we children of light," was there the public-houses did next to no trade, and lie said, laughing; "Herbert Spencer, Matthew Arnold, they might as well have shut up. Now, as I was there Frederic Harrison, and the rest of us who have spent our for a fortnight — even if we were to suppose that the old lives in endeavouring to dispel superstition, and to bring state of tilings was re-established immediately after, in a new era based upon reason and education and en which, of course, was not the case — this struck me as lightened self-interest. Hut this man Bootli lias produced very remarkable. If a couple of girls can conic into a more direct effect upon this generation than all of us put place like Grantham, and, for the space of a whole fort together." I suppose I must have seemed night, practically suspend the sale of drink in the town, " pleased, for he went on hastily, Don't imagine for a moment they are not people to be despised. It is very wonderful. that it is his religion that has helped him. Not in the Such work cannot fail, in the long run, to command least. That is a mere drivelling superstition. What universal recognition, even from those who now, from has enabled him to do this work, is his appeal ignorance and prejudice, arc among those who sneer at to the social nature in man. He has evoked the potent the Salvationists." sentiment of brotherhood. He has grouped together Lord Wolseley but expressed what almost everyone human beings in associations, which make them feel they else has felt, when confronted by one of the many moral are no longer alone in the world, but that they have miracles of the Army: " No one could have been more many brethren. That is the secret of what he has done prejudiced against the Army than I;" a rising novelist, of — that, and not his superstition, which is only a minus agnostic tendencies, said the other day: "But when I f| uantity." went in and out among the people in the East-' nd I ' ail In Darkrst England, and the Way Out. 385

trom Photograph*f>y] [StereoMCp$r Company* BOOTHS BY UAUKIAGE. 386 The Review of Reviews.

to give up. H»ere was no getting over the evidence of converts was a notorious fellow, reputed to l>e the the work they did, which no one else even seemed to try strongest man in Darlington. A burly, broad-shouldered to do. I have been filled ever since with such immense Hercules was Knacker Jack ; violent, given to drink, and admiration for General Booth, that I almost believe he very brutal. Great was the amazement when Knacker can do anything he decides to take in hand." Jack went up to the penitent form, and immense the sensation when he stood up to give his MY OWN EXPERIENCE. testimony. The event was duly announced to me by Dick. " Knacker " It is now nearly twelve years since I first made the Jack's a convarter now. 'E's a rum 'ut ! said he. " Are of the and as there is like " acquaintance Army, nothing 0 you not going to turn converter, too, Dick ! I asked. personal testimony as to one's own experience, I may as The lad, who was an odd " character in his way, replied, well set down here how it was I came to believe in the 'Tain't no use, sir, for me to be a convarter, 'coz, Salvationists. when I cut the grass for the pony in the plauten, them "The Hallelujah Lasses are coming July 6," was the midges bite so hard, I can't help sweerin'. And it's no " announcement which was placarded about the streets of use beiu' a convarter if you keep on sweerin' '. thrifty, tidy Darlington, about Midsummer, 1879. Re WHAT I SAW spectable Darlington felt shocked, but a great crowd AT DAKLI.VUTOS. gathered in the market-place "to see the lasses," and, At last I went to see the girls who had turned Dar after a brief service in the open air, in which the lington upside down. I was amazed. I found two young women sang hymns, prayed, and delivered brief, delicate girls— one hardly able to write a letter; the vigorous addresses, followed them, as they marched back other not yet nineteen ministering to a crowded ward in a long, straggling procession down Northgate to congregation which they had themselves collected out the Livingstone Hall. Tt was .Sunday afternoon, and the of the street, and building up an aggressive church spacious, draughty, ugly hall was crowded to the doors. At militant out of the human refuse which other churches night there was another service, indoors and out, and the regarded with blank despair. They had come to the same thing happened. And more wonderful still, the town without a friend, without an introduction, with hall was crowded every night all that week, and for hardly a penny in their purses. They had to provide for several weeks after. It held from 2,000 to 2,500 people. maintaining services regularly every week-night, and At first respectable Darlington held aloof. Then the nearly all day Sunday, in the largest hall in the town ; they emissaries of Respectability ventured down, in sheer had to raise the funds to pay the rent, meet the gas-bill, curiosity, to see what was going on. They returned clean the hall, repair broken windows and broken forma, puzzled. Nothing was going on. No dancing, no ex and provide themselves with food and lodging. And they travagance, no tomfoolery, no sensationalism. The two did it. The town was suffering severely from the depres — girls, Captain Rose and Lieutenant Annie one two-and- sion in the iron trade, and the regular churches could with — twenty, the other eighteen conducted a religious service, difficulty meet their liabilities. But these girls raised a new not unlike an early Methodist meeting, with hearty cause out of the ground, in the poorest part of the town, and responses, lively singing, and simple Gospel addresses, made it self-supporting by the coppers of their collections.* brief and to The the point. penitents' form and the after Judged by the most material standard, this was a great prayer-meeting, in which the lasses, going from seat to result. In the first six months l.OOOpersons had beendown seat, personally addressed everyone who remained as to to the penitent form, many of whom had joined various their spiritual welfare, were the only features in which it religious organizations in the town, and acorpsor a church differed outwardly from an ordinary mission revival service. was formed of nearly 200 members, each of whom was But the odd, miraculous tiling that bothered Darlington pledged to speak, pray, sing, visit, march in procession, was the effect which it had. All the riffraff of the town and take a collection, or do anything that wanted doing. went to the Livingstone Hall, and many of them never THE LASSES AND THEIK WORK. returned the same men. " It will not last," said many, and dismissed the " " miracle BLACKGUARDS TCRNED CON V A RTERS. is if it were less miraculous because it was not capable of endless My farm-lad Dick — for in those days I had my three repetition. I sat next a young mechanic one night in the meeting, and asked acres and a cow — used to attend regularly. "It's as him what he thought about the business. "Dunno'," he " good as a theayter," he told me. "You can go in when said, they're a queer lot." "Do any " you like, and, if you want a drop or a smoke in the good?" Mebbe. There's Knacker Jack —I knowhiin. "Well, has it been middle, why out you come, just as you please. But not good for his wife and bairns?" there's some of the biggest blackguards turned con "Dunno'. But I work in the same place as " " and it has been verters now." By convarters he meant converts, but him. good for his bosses. He used to strike and his word was true, for all the Salvation Army converts 'em knock 'em about dreadful. But since the lasses got hold are converters, and that is the secret of it. The drunk of him, he's never laid his hand on 'em." Suppose that it did not last, and ards and wifebeaters, betting men and rowdies, great that the converts only stood so and then fell ; rough puddlers, and men who used to spend their long away then, for so long as they stand, a great and beneficent Sundays regularly in the police-cells, were no sooner change has been offectod, in which all surroundings — brought down to the penitent form and "saved," than share from the police to the horses. they were set about saving others. It was my first personal experience of the Salvation Army and its methods. Born At the Livingstone Hall a man, who had given his wife a and bred among the quieter Congregationalists, had some black eye the month before, would give out a hymn : an ex- I prejudice against noisy services, but here drunkard would tell his experience, a converted convict was a stubborn fact which I could not would deliver an exhortation, and half-a-dozen comer get over. There was (he palpable, unmis takable result, material and mora/, which men would take the collection. Drunkenness began to dry before July, 187!*. would have been declared — up. You could hear a dozen cabmen waiting for fares utterly impossible a miracle not to be at the station, singing Army songs, and the police had wrought by man, no, not if all the on * many cells empty Saturday nights. One of these The total expenditure, including everything, was about £400a-year. ix Darkest England, and the Way Out. 387

COLONEL CADMAIV from r/utxograp/uoyj [ Urease>fjicCompany, THE COMMISSIONERS OF THE SALVATION ARMY. 388 The Review of Reviews.

churches and chapels in Darlington had combined to open laid her aside for weeks together. Mrs. Booth-Clibborn, mission services in Livingstone Hall. And the only the Marshal of the French Salvation Army, suffers from visible means by which this result was brought about was weakness of the spine. Mr. Bramwell Booth for yearn these two girls, neither of them well educated, both was such a sufferer from heart disease, left by rheumatic delicate, and without any friends or material resources fever, that ho could not lie down even to sleep. Mr. whatever. Herbert Booth suffers similarly. THE OENIUS OF THE GENERAL. Mr. Bramwell Booth, the eldest, is now thirty-four year* The first letter I ever wrote to headquarters was a of age. There is no more striking characteristic of the brief note to the General complaining of the cruelty of Army than the youth of all its officers. Mr. Ballington he went to conduct the sending two such frail young women— one of whom seemed Booth, when campaign in threatened with consumption — to undertake such ex Australia, was only twenty-six. Miss Katherine Booth her forlorn to hausting work. I added, what I fully believed, that if started on hope indoctrinate atheistic they broke down and died he would deserve to bo Belleville with the gospel of the Salvation Army when indicted for The General's reply was only twenty-one. Miss Emma Booth took charge of the manslaughter. " characteristic : "Von would never do for a general, he Training Home when little more than a child. The " of the 9,000 officers are under said. A general must not lie afraid to spend his majority twenty-five. It soldiers in order to carry a position." The girls, how- is an Army possessing all the fervour, the enthusiasm, of over, did not break down. Captain Rose, the more and the confidence youth. are, have an delicate one, on whose behalf 1 had written to head Weak and ailing though they they infinite and Trained almost quarters, is now the mother of a bouncing family. She reserve of energy "go." from child hood to handle all the details of has been to the Cape delivering the message of the Army practical administration to Boers and Zulus, and is now busy helping Mrs. and finance, accustomed every day to deal with men and and Bramwell in the rescue work. women as individuals in masses, there is not a Since that time I have been more or less intimately member of the family now in the field who would not, if occasion arise, be acquainted with the Salvation Army in Loudon and in the should unfortunately much better the provinces. 1 have been in the dock with Mr. prepared to take over the duties of commander-in-chief Bramwell Booth, and have been more or less intimate than General Booth twelve years ago seemed prepared for with all the family. I have often been tempted very the direction of a great world-wide religious organization. — maintain, strongly of the evil one, 1always much to the MARRYING AND GIVING IN MARRIAOE. scandal of these good people —to leave my appointed Around the family are grouped an work and join the Army. I have never been more than an exceedingly compe tent staff. The most novel and instructive feature of this outside supporter. But I have been brought close enough not of celibates but of married folk, is into contact with them all to be able to form a fairly religious army, the extent to which the institution of matrimony mini accurate idea of the measure of their capacity, the sters to the success of the organization. Hildobrand, by range of their ideas, and the force of their mental dooming the priesthood to celibacy, created an effective energy. A journalistic career of twenty years has brought force of ecclesiastical Mamelukes ; but General Booth hati me into close quarters with an immense number of the made marriage one of the corner-stones of the Salvation ablest men and women of our time, and I have no hesi Army. He has not only got sons and daughters of his own tation whatever in saying that in the whole sweep of my to succeed him, but he has made marriage alliances which acquaintance I have not met more than half-a-dozen double the fighting force of the family. The wife of the men — British, European, or American— crowned or un Chief of the Star!', but the other day a doctor's daughter crowned, prelates, statesmen, soldiers, or workers, whom from South Wales, is now at the head of the largest sys I would rank as the superiors in force, capacity, and tem of rescue homes for fallen women in the world. initiative with General Booth, Mrs. Booth, and their eldest The wife of Mr. Ballington Booth, the daughter of an son. Whether or not General Booth be, as Lord English is now with her husband all the Wolseley declared, the greatest organizing genius of our clergyman, directing operations of the army in the United States of time, he and his family constitute the most remarkable America. The third son has just married a capable and gifted Dutch group of men and women that I, know. lady, notable as their first marriage outside the English- AND OK THE FAMILY. speaking pale. Of the daughters only two are as yet There have been great men and famous men who have married. The elder, usually known as the Marechale, founded great and world-wide organizations, but General married a Quaker from the North of Ireland, upon Booth is the first one who has at the same time reared a whom has devolved the task of directing the Army family for the express purpose of carrying on and per Corps stationed in France and Switzerland. The younger fecting the work which he has begun. Perhaps the married Mr. Commissioner Tucker, of the well-known secret is to be found in the fact that the Salvation Army Anglo-Indian family, and upon the two has devolved the is quite as much the work of his wife as it is of himself. organization of the marvellous missionary operations of The Salvation Army believes in heredity ; it believes in the Army in Hindostan. From these marriages have training : and both beliefs find strongest confirmation in sprung a numerous progeny, all of whom have been con the extraordinary capacity of the whole family. Con secrated and dedicated to the Holy War before they secrated from the cradle to the service of the Army, they left the cradle. I do not know any other family as have without a single exception and there are eight of numerous which has succeeded in infusing into every one — differ, them devoted their lives to the cause. All but of its members, their wives and their husbands, the all possess some measure of the extraordinary gifts of enthusiasm of its founder. their extraordinary parents. Physically they arc far from THE POSITION OF WOMEN IN THE robust. There never was such a set of cripples who did ARMY. such heavy work as the Booth family. Mrs. Booth, who Mr. (ieorge Meredith remarked to me one day that one is now dying with cancer, all her life through suffered from of the most brilliant proofs of St. Paul's genius was the an affection of the heart, which often prostrated her for discovery that women could be employed with effect in hours after addressing a great meeting, and has repeatedly the service of the Church. If this were his discovery. from Photographs!hj) SALVATION ARMY CENTRKS. [StereoscopicCompany. 39° The Review of Reviews

the Apostle must have been much troubled in these later passing St. Paul's, I remember a somewhat amusing nci- times to note how his injunctions to the Corinthian dent. Canon Liddon had no sooner seated himself in the Church have been used to the female ministry hansom than he to take off the white collar cripple began " which ever since. The Salvation Army, as befits an organiza is the distinguishing badge of the cleric. I hope you tion largely founded by a woman, is in no bondage to will not think," said lie, pleasantly, "that this savours of Corinthian standards. It follows the Apostle's example, a lack of moral courage," but, he added, as he carefully " and in one of its earliest rules and regulations we read :— adjusted his black necktie, people are so troublesome, such a burden » As the Army refuses to make any difference between men and correspondence is to me. If I cre and women as to rank, authority and duties, but opens the nottochange my collar I would be sure to lie recognized, anil highest positions to women as well as to men, the words all next week I should be lxithered by good but mistaken " " " woman," she," her," are scarcely ever used in orders — people, whose letters I could not ignore, either protesting " " man," " he," his," being always understood to mean a against my attending a service of the Salvation Army, or person of either sex unless when it is obviously impossible inquiring if it was true, and, if so, why. It is, therefore, The extent to which the Salvation Army has employed only for the avoidance of useless friction that I make this women in every department of its administration has change." At last wo readied the spacious and well- been one of the great secrets of its strength. No lighted hall, and in order to minimize the possibility of religious body, with the exception of the Society of being recognized we took up our seats, in a remote corner Friends, has ever accorded to both halves of the human beneath the gallery. What was our consternation before we been race equal riglit-s in the affairs of religion. The Army had seated five minutes to see a clergyman of the did this from the first, but it was not till 187o that the Church of England clambering over the forms towards us ! When he reached us he said, "'Oh. Canon Liddon, I am absolute equality of the sexes in all the departments of " the administration of the Army was solemnly and delighted to see you here ! The disguise had not been formally affirmed. It may only be a coincidence, but, if effectual, but I never heard whether the recognition had so, it is a curious one, that that year marks the beginning occasioned him any subsequent inconvenience. of what be the of the may called phenomenal expansion HOW IT AFFECTED CANON LIDDON. Salvation Army. If Salvationists had rendered no other services to humanity and civilization than that which is The meeting was of the ordinary type ; there were testimonies, involved in revealing to the world the latent prayers, and lively singing. Among others capacities and enormous possibilities of usefulness who testified was a girl in a Salvation Army bonnet and that lie in womankind, they would have deserved the regulation dress, and a stoker, fresh from some well of their generation. This, however which steamer in the London Docks, whose grimy face did not seems to be one of the crowning glories of the Army- prevent him taking part in the service, much to the Canon, has been a stone of stumbling and a rock of offence delight of the good who sighed as he said, "We to many. Among others who wore much scandalized could not get such men to St. Paul's." When we left, we by the female ministry was the late Canon Liddon. walked back through the City. Canon Liddon was deeply silent, He was on all questions relating to the employ impressed. He was at first somewhat but after a. ment and enfranchisement of women a hopeless re time he said, "It tills me with shame ! I feel guilty when actionary. I do not remember any man in the whole I think of myself." He continued musingly, "To think circle of my acquaintance who was so resolutely opposed, of these poor people with their imperfect grasp of the on principle, to women appearing in any public function truth! And yet, what a contrast between what they do ami whatever. To do him justice. Canon Liddon was logical; what we are doing '. When I compare all the advantages he had no tolerance for the monstrous absurdity of those we enjoy, we who possess the whole b uly of truth, and see Tvho declare that it is perfectly right for a woman to sing how little use we make of it, how little effect we produce — in a concert or act on the stage, but that she is demeaning compared with that w hich was palpable at that meeting, I take shame to myself when I think of it. Of course," herself if she speaks on the platform or in the pulpit. " Canon Liddon confounded in one comprehensive anathema said he, 1 did not like the women speaking, although I all attempts to bring woman before the public. He was was prepared for it. I have the misfortune." he added, still in what may be called the zenana stage, and held with the sly humour which ever characterized him, resolutely to that perversion of a sound doctrine, which, "I have the misfortune, you know, to agree with instead of asserting that woman's sphere is her home, the Apostle Paul on that question." This was, of maintains that woman's only sphere is her home. course, sufficient to bring on an animated polemic. Canon Liddon objected strongly to the theory that the Apostle's CANON LIDDON AT A HOLINESS MEETING. prohibition of women teaching in church was a tempo I remember well the only time when, so far as I rary mandate of local application only in force in Corinth Tinow, Canon Liddon ever attended a Salvation Army and the Greek cities, where for a woman to he heard in service. It happened rather unfortunately. The Sunday public was almost equivalent to her enrolment among the before he had been preaching one of his great sermons class of courtesans, and utterly inconsistent with his own under St. Paul's dome, the theme of which was the duty recognition of the women who prophesied and taught of woman to remain strictly within the domestic sphere. among the Jews. Such a doctrine, he said, would He deduced this somehow or other from the example of carry us very far. Almost the last conversation I had the mother of our Lord, and was, therefore, more than with him this year was on the same lines, his objec ordinarily charged with prejudice against the assumption tion this time being called forth by what he considered by woman of the functions of teacher or preacher. We the dangerous tendencies of "Lux Mundi." The chief had often talked about the Salvation Army, and ho had point, however, round which that discussion raged nine expressed his curiosity and interest in the new years ago was his stout assertion that the Salvation Army organization. I offered to take him to a Holiness had only a small part of the truth. I agreed, forall human meeting, which was then being held at Whitechapel, one beings only know in part; but I said, "Surely you Friday night. It was late in the year, I think, of 1881, must admit that they have got the essential truth ?" and it was quite dark when I got him into a hansom at He replied, "I no more recognize essential truth Amen Court, and drove off eastwards. When we were than I do an essential horse. All truth is essential. You Way In Darkest England, and the Out. 391

Frm Photograph by] SALVATION ARMY CENTRES. {SUreotmpicCompany. 392 The Review of Reviews. can no more divide it than you can divide a horse. A horse spirit which has gone forth conquering and to conquer1 has head and legs and tail. It would Ik; just as absurd to since the rough-and-ready Roman executioners sought to speak of an essential horse with one leg as of essential snuff it out by the summary process of nailing up one truth which is not all truth." "But surely," I said, Jesus of Nazareth, alive and writhing, to the cross of the "you don't mean to say that you have grasped the whole malefactor, much as gamekeepers nail up vermin to the out " body of truth ? And thus it went on until we came to side of their lodges. The lift of the same impulse which Amen Court, where we stood in the cold night air arguing enabled the proscribed of the Catacombs to establish tiieir whether the limited truth of the Anglicans was not just position on the ruin of the thrones of the Ciesars brought

-as far short from the corpus of the whole body of the these men here ; the same joy that was not of this world truth as the creed of the Salvation Army. I remember cleared the Coliseum of the gladiators, and reared St. that conversation as if it were only yesterday. When we Peter's in the gardens of Nero. at last parted Canon Liddon had caught such a cold that The distinguishing note of the Salvationist is joyousness. next day he could not use Ii is voice. No one can attend any of the great meetings of the Army ; no one can know intimately of its members without PILGRIMS FKOM THE EAST. any being impressed by that fact. The Booths have at least One this had A day spring I strange company. young brought much happiness into the world. It is because who had arrived in with a Buddhist London, is priest, just the Army joyous that it thrives. The happiness of its turban, escorted a handsome yellow by singularly Cingha- members is their talisman to the hearts of men. lese, with long black hair floating over his shoulders from beneath the brilliant vermilion of his head-dress, called ORGANIZATION AND ITS PERILS upon me with two other companions. One was an ex- The work of the Salvation Army is often very imper Buddhist from Ceylon : the other a much taller and more fectly understood even by those who see a good deal of it, native of Southern India, who had been a Moham powerful and are heartily in accord with its spirit. The organiza medan, but was now in training for a command in the tion is much talked about, but very little examined. Yet, Salvation Army. They were seated in a semicircle without that organization Salvationism would be a mere round my fire, while an Englishman, fair-haired and rope of sand. General Booth is not unmindful of the perils uniform, sat blue-eyed, in the regulation by my side. which have led to the death of so many religious organiza- The contrast of physique was as great as the difference .ions. The soul has died out of them. The machinery of and the of dress made a language, variety very striking stands there, burnished or rusty, as the case may be, but picture. But in all the diversity there was unity. They is there no fire in the furnace, no water in the boiler, or if, were all happy, notwithstanding the climate, and they mayhap, there be some steam still generated, it is only were all " saved." Buddhist, Mohammedan, Nothing enough to make the wheels of the engine revolve, without arian, and had been. Now were all Christian they they creating any haulage power to move the masses of dead in did one the strange brotherhood. "How you come," weight behind. The Salvation Army has been constructed I asked the ci-deeant Moslem, "to forsake the creed " from the first on the principle that when the soul of the ( had tried all the sects of our Prophet "I goes out the thing must die. "I do not want anothei and in religion, none could I find what I wanted. ecclesiastical corpse cumbering the earth,'' said General was an " There always aching void here. I was a clerk Booth to me many years ago. When the Salvation in Government the Service some twenty miles in Army ceases to be a militant body of red-hot men and land from Madras. I heard of the Salvation Army. I women whose supreme business is the saving of souls, 1 went to their meetings. I got Mrs. Booth's book, ' Life hope it will vanish utterly." and Death,' and I saw that here was that for which was I This was said in reply to a remark that as the Quakers Here was the of seeking. secret the power over sin and — the Salvationists of the Commonwealth — had become self that I That is how became a wanted. I Salvationist." extinct volcanoes, so would the Salvationists of our time. !" asked of the Buddhist a "And you I priest, mere They, too, would become respectable and cease to exist as of a lad, whose were a slij) bright eyes lit up with pleasant a propagandist, militant body. Since that time, however, smile, " What did find in you Christianity superior to the Salvation Army has grown so rapidly and has evolved Buddhism?" "Buddhism," the in replied interpreter, so many agencies, built so many edifices, and created, the turban, " teaches resplendent almost exactly the same in short, so substantial a temporal skeleton and material virtues as Christianity. The difference is that what tabernacle that, even if it lost its soul, its corpse would Buddhism tells to us do, Christianity gives us power be a terribly long time in decomposing. to do. I saw the Salvationists in my own country. The following is a return of property now vested in the They were happy, I was not ; they were devoted to Salvation Army : — their religion. I wished to be happy and to be holy." I said, "They must have the truth I required. I Great Britain £377,500 Canada 98.728 I wished for the secret of their joy, I found it, and Australia ... 86.251 am saved." In token of which he and the rest of them New Zealand 14.798 bad come across the black water, many a thousand Sweden 13,598 miles, to the of their new to headquarters faith, testify Norway 11,676 to the reality of their conversion and to acquire a more South Africa 10,401 perfect knowledge of the Salvation War. Holland 7,188 THE JOYOfSNESS OF THE ARMY. America, U.S. 6,601 India 5,537 The little group in my room, jabbering strange Denmark 2,340 tongues, but all buoyant with the joyousness of a faith France and Switzerland. 10,000 which made even the murk and grime of London more radiant than the sun-lit sky of their native land, was a Total ... £044,618 striking object-lesson in contemporary history— a new lesson, and yet an old one. These dark-skinned, turbaned Trade effects, stock, machinery, and pjods on hand, strangers were but the latest trophies of the same will be worth £130,000. In Darkest England, and the Way Out. '

:-: YOUNG V*&»** . 'V,i . -SSOLD/ER i

from PhotographsbyZ THE WAR CRY AND ITS BRANCHES —AS FROM A GRAIN OF MUSTARD SEED. [StrrtoseopicCompany. 394 The Review of Reviews.

" WHY AN " ARMY ? This constant consciousness of being on a war footing Nothing is more curious in modern scientific theories and actually in the field against the evil one gives a. than the stress which they lay upon the effect of accident. strangely vivid practicality to the whole of the work of The line of development by which our ancestors were the Army. They are, as the leaders say, for fighting the evolved is usually said to have been hit upon by some devil all round ; and they have much more respect for apparent fluke. Some individual, by chance, hit upon their active and unsleeping foe than they have for the something which helped him. The help it gave him lethargic, indifferent Laodiceans who form the non-coin- made him strong to overcome his fellows, and the habit batant camp-followers of the Churches. was transmitted to his posterity. They, in their turn, CARRYING THK WAR INTO THE ENEMY'S CAMP. developing and practising it, it came to be the law of Hitherto the weapons of the Salvation war have been their being. They stumbled, as it were, by the merest spiritual. The leaders of the Army, down even to the accident, into the groove which gave them capacity to spring of this year, insisted that they had much bettei survive and power to adapt themselves to their circum stick to their old position and confine themselves to direct stances. This was certainly the case with the Salvation spiritual work for the salvation of souls. The General Army. has always said, "Let us make the man, and he will soon The writer of "Heathen England," say*" The General" find himself a home, both temporal and spiritual." But was no aping of military title. It was the abbreviation the General has now discovered that the squalor and the of the General Superintendent of the Christian Mission. filth and the injustice and the helpless poverty of our In like manner, strange as the title Captain sounds for existing social arrangements often help to mar the man the head of a religious mission, it was a natural growth. as soon as he has helped to make him. In a crowd, the person who directs is the Captain, just as In the Rules and Regulations it is written :— in America he is the Boss. As a Russian agent, travelling through France, would con As Mr. Booth's agents had no distinctive title, not being sider that he had nothing to do with its form of government, parsons, or ministers, or preaehers, their nondescript its laws, or its parliamentary discussions, any further than hearers dubbed them Captain, and thus the two titles they concerned him for the short time he was in the country, came into being which suggested the military organiza so the Salvation soldier considers that he is a pilgrim and a tion ultimately adopted. The title. "Salvation Army" stranger in this world, and is not interested in the manner of its than it his for itself was set up almost by a fluke. In correcting a proof, government, any further concerns welfare the time being and the interests of the of God. Mr. Railton, defining the Christian mission, had written kingdom which he represents. that it was "a volunteer army of converted working people." "No," said Mr. Booth, " we are not volunteers, But the next clause says for we feel we must do what we do, and we are always on ^till circumstances may arise in which the welfare of his " duty." He crossed out the woltl, and wrote " Salvation. comrades, the interests of suffering humanity, and the position and of the itself, call The word immediately struck hiscolleagues, it was adopted, progress Army may upon him to take some definite action with respect to these matters. and thus the phrase, Salvation Army, came into being as an explanation of the nature of the Christian Mission. The Army now feels strong enough to attempt some By a process of natural selection, it survived, the thing more than the saving of the individual. It is "Christian Mission" was dropped, and in 187H it was entering upon a campaign for the salvation of society, formally re-constituted as the Salvation Army, after long proclaiming a Holy War against the contributory causes and careful study of the manuals of the British Army. which render the reclamation of the lost almost an There is, of course, a great deal in the Scripture to impossibility. The General's book grapples with the suggest the foundation of the Church militant on a mili question in very thoroughgoing style. The first part sets tary basis. When once the idea was hit uiion, its out his idea of the number and condition of the classes development was both logical and easy. who demand social salvation. He calls them the sub It may be noted that General Booth, even in the adop merged tenth. There are some three or four millions, " tion of the term Army," has done little more than follow of them. A great and doleful army of criminals, jiaupers, the example of George Fox. Flowgate, writing to Margaret prostitutes, drunkards, tramps, the houseless, the home Fell in 1(>55,said of the Society of Friends :— "Our Army less, in short the great Army of Despair. These men are is most scattered and broken and cast into prison our brethren. What are we do with them ? is his The charge is great and our camp groat." question. That his answer in the second part of his book, which is styled Deliverance, will not be lacking in IN" THE FIELD AOAIN8T THK DEVIL. comprehensiveness may be inferred from the following The great enemy of mankind is the foe against whom table of contents :— the Salvation Army is constantly in the field. The devil is no imaginary, mythical entity or nonentity to the Chapter I.— A STirruNDors 1:ndkrtakino. Salvationists. He is a very real, very malevolent, and (

Chapter V.— Moee Cbusadbs. seve n huge vans, known as Cavalry Forts, each containing (a) Our Slum Sisters. on an average nine officers, who travel from place to (ft) The Prison Gate Brigade. place, holding meetings where the population is too thin (c) Effectual Deliverance for the to justify the establishment of a corps. The following Drunkard. is the circulation of their publications in the country :— Rescue Homes for Lost Women. (d) Weekly. Montlilv Searching for Lost People. («) The War Cry ... 300.000 All the World ... 50,000 Industrial Schools. (/) The Young Soldier 103,000 Deliverer 48,000 (g) Asylums for Moral Lunatics. Chapter VI.— Help in General. 403,000 98,000 Improved Lodging Houses. (a) Some idea of the demand upon the trade department (J) Model Suburban Villages. may be formed from the fact that they sell 22,000 Army (c) Whitechapel by the Sea. to the female soldiers. There are Id) Co-operation in General. bonnets every year 80 officers stationed in the slums. There are 30 Rescue (e) The Poor Man's Bank. (/) The Poor Man's Lawyer. Homes for Fallen Women (14 of which are in England), (g) Matrimonial Bureau. with 224 officers, which last year dealt with 2,200 women. have five Shelters, accommodating 900 persons Chapter VII— Can it be Done, and How? They and three Food dispensing 20,000 meals (a) The credentials of the Salvation Army, nightly, Depots, cost in this country (ft) How much will it cost ? per day. The annual of telegrams (c) Some advantages stated, alone is over £2,000 a year. For the week ending (rf) Some objections met. 13th September there were received at headquarters (e) Recapitulation. 5,574 letters and telegrams, and 7,300 were sent out. Chapter VIII.—A Pbactical Conclusion. This is exclusive of circulars, parcels, &c, of which some five or six thousand aro issued every week. Three That is a mere list of contents of the second part of the thousand candidates last year offered themselves for work. I shall describe it more in detail next mouth. service in tlie Army—1,320 were accepted. WHAT TUB ARMY HAS DONE ALREADY. EDUCATIONAL AGENCY. The General, in making these proposals, is justified in A3 AN saying that lie suggests nothing which he has not already Carlyle's picture of the Mediceval Church as a groat shown can be done. The Army was but of yesterday ; organization, delving down into the lowest strati of but already it has covered the world with its organization. human society, and exploring every seam, as with a It is the only English religious system that has made any miner's lantern, in order to discover, extricate, and utilize impact whatever upon the vice and indifference of non- any hidden diamond or jewel of pi ice that may be hidden English-speaking Europeans. But this is less important, there, has always fascinated my imagination. from the point of view of the social question, than what it The Salvation Army, in its own way, does that work. has done in dealing with the lost and the despairing. It has trained thousands, whoso energies would have been While avowedly a strictly spiritual organization, it has wasted in tap-rooms and at street corners, to do the thrown out on every side agencies for dealing with the practical work of teaching, ruling, and administering. temporal wants of men. It has at this moment Rescue It has done more to spread a real, rough, but genuine Homes, with officers and inmates ; it lias established culture among the lowest than both our Universities. It Prison Brigades, who look after the discharged criminal ; is easy to sneer at its War Cn/s, but as a rough-and- it has opened Food and Shelter Depots for feeding the ready school of journalism they have no rival. They are hungry and lodging the destitute ; it has a hundred the natural expression of the common man, who, but for Slum-sisters living in the heart of the worst districts. It the Salvation Army, would never have learned to write is planning how to establish inebriate retreats, and it has grammatically, to express himself concisely, and to report already opened a factory for the employment of the Out- succinctly what he sees. The Army hymnology may not of- Works. The whole organization bristles with life, and be as polished as that of the Anglican Church, but regarded it is instinct with vitality at every pore. as the spontaneous utterance of the aspiration of the SOME STATISTICS. English poor toward an ideal life, it is one of the most remarkable literary and devotional growths of our time. Tho Salvation Army began twenty-five years ago, when Then, again, in music the Army has done great things. To his wife took one man and up their stand on Mile End teach everyone to sing, to accustom the poorest and tho Green. Its progress was comparatively slow till tho year most ignorant to the most inspiriting music of of the Berlin Congress. In 1877 there were only 30 the day, to rear up in almost every village men corps, witli 36 officers. Five years later they had in and women who will spend hours learning to play creased to 524 corps and 1,2S7 officers. At the end of musical instruments — all this is foundation work which 1886 had risen to 1,322 and 3,076 they corps officers. To must not be despised. The Army has at present 7,000 2,864 day corps, scattered over 32 different countries and bandsmen under its orders, and those who were at the colonies, with 9,349 officers, exclusively devoted to the Crystal Palace last July do not need to be told what work, 13,000 non-commissioned officers, rendering volun mastery many of the bands Had over their instruments. tary service. 160,000 open air meetings are held every But over and above all this literary and musical week, chiefly in England, where there are 1,377 corps. Tho culture, the Army has deserved well of tho State, because sum sources annually raised from all by the Army is of the training in self-government which it gives to the over £750,000. They have 24 Homes of Rest in this people, and its constant assertion of the importance of country and abroad, accommodating 240 officers at disciplined obedience. a cost of £10,000 per annum. Thirty Training THE DISCIPLINE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY. Garrisons, all in London, are occupied by 400 cadets, each of whom receives six months' training In every twelve men, says the General, there is a before being sent into the field. The work of evan captain. To find him, and to make him responsible for gelizing the villages is carried on by means of tho wise direction of the other eleven, is the secret of good G 396 The Review of Reviews. government and of effective organization. In this, as in of the Army, and at the moment of writing he has they every other case, when the General says men lie means honour of being in gaol. The Apostolic succession of equally women. Of the officers of the Army about the prison fails not, nor, it would seem, does Bow Street forty per cent, are women. The Army is established ever lack lineal descendants of Caiaphas, or Scotland on principles Carlylean, in exact opposition to the Yard the heirs of the men of Belial, whose false witness ideas prevalent in parliamentary circles. There is robbed Naboth both of his vineyard and his life. no room in the Army for those who want to vote and The future historian will revel in the exquisite irony to argue to get their own way. The rules and regu of the paradox by which, at the very moment when a lations assert that the Salvation Army is based on the scheme is being launched for the solution of the social principle of the administration of government by the question, which is the despair of governments, the wisest and the best. Leadership is essential, and the Metropolitan Police — with the applause, of course, of the best leadership is the leadership of the most capable. Times — claps into gaol, upon a trumped-up pretext arising The practise of obedience is at the very foundation of all out of an insane interdict on a procession, one of the the fighting power of the Army. Obedience is a means leading spirits in the new departure. of grace. It must be prompt and constant. Obedience The first of the Commissioners, Mr. Railton, now in lies at the root of all good government. The organization charge of the Army in Germany, is a man whose labours of the Army, from bottom to top, embodies this principle. in America and in Europe recall the stories of the most " Do as you're told, and don't argufy," might be accepted devoted of the founders of the great religious orders. as its motto — a curious and significant outcome this of our He has been with the Army from the first, and has con ultra-democratic age. The General is Commnnder-in-Chief ; tributed enormously by his literary ability as well by his below him is his eldest son, who is Chief of the Staff, and extraordinary devotional force to the extension of its his various sons and daughters, who are in command of work, especially outside the United Kingdom. the Army operating' in Europe, Asia, and America. THE ENROLMENT OF RECRUITS. Around the General, who may be regarded as a kind of military archbishop, is his staff of Commissioners, and In every corps there are a certain number of soldiers under them arc divisional officers, each of whom is charged wlio are duly enrolled — "sworn in," the phrase is — and with the oversight and direction of the corps encamped who sign the articles of war. Over them ought to be in his district. Over each corps there is a captain, eight unpaid non-commissioned officers, whose duties are who is usually assisted by one or more lieutenants. All sufficiently onerous. When a man, or woman, repents of these are paid officers, their salaries running from 15s. a his sins, and expresses a desire to lead a new life, he " week up to £3, which I believe is the highest salary paid becomes what is technically known as a " prisoner — in the Army. General Booth has never received any captured in full fight from the army of the devil. money out of the Army funds. He has never even drawn If he declares himself penitent, and finds peace in believ a salary. He has been otherwise provided for. The ing that God receives, forgives, and loves him, and that familiar story that he is making a fortune out of t]ie Army he does all that just now, he is made to stand up and is a lie more idiotic than most lies. The Army accounts testify there and then. They have small faith in a change are regularly audited by a first-class firm of London of life when a man is ashamed publicly to avow himself accountants, and their balance-sheet is published with on the Lord's side. The name and address of the pri punctuality every year. soner is taken down by the penitent-form sergeant on AT HEADQUARTERS. Form A, which is then passed on to the ward-sergeant. I had prepared for mc a section of the busy hive, 101, In every town each district is divided into wards, and Queen Victoria Street, but the pressure upon my space over each is placed a Salvation soldier, who is dubbed prevents its reproduction here. I will, therefore, merely sergeant, and held responsible for looking after all throw into a tabulated form the arrangement of the prisoners in his district. If the war sergeant reports departments :— that he is satisfied with a particular captive, his report THE GENERAL. I TnE Chief of Staff.

Finance. Social. Property and Law. Trade. Foreign. I "1 Home. Foreign. Rescue. Slums. SI) elters. Labour. Colonial. European. Indian.

The officers at Headquarters are the General, the Chief goes to the convert's sergeant-major, who, if satisfied,

lTnder them come the 220 Divisional Officers, of whom soldier, and set to work immediately. "All at it, and if a 4(5 are in this country, the District Officers, who are a always at it," is the watchword of the Army, and man kind of suffragans, and then we come down to the Captains says ho is saved, he is not believed unless he will actively

THK STAFF OFFICERS. THE ENLISTMENT OF A SOLDIER. Of the Commissioners who may be regarded as the After the recruit has been on the Cartridge Book for Staff of the Army, there are seven outside the family. I four weeks, during which time he has been visited by the give six of their portraits here, reserving that of Mr. ward-sergeant, and constantly on duty under the eye of

Commissioner Smith for next number. Mr. Frank the captain, his application to be enrolled as a full private

Smith, is at present the most conspicuous of the comes before the Census Meeting. This is composed of Commissioners. Ho is at the head of the social wing the captain, treasurer, secretary, sergeant-major, and In .darkest England, and the Way Out.

■converts' sergeant-major. They decide whether or not the the divisional secretary there. . and an exact copy of the recruit shall, after his four weeks' probation, be enlisted. averages for each corps sent monthly to International If the reports are satisfactory he is allowed to sign headquarters, and upon these figures the officers' work Articles of War. These articles are 10 in number. is judged. Should he prove faithful, successful, ener getic, and show evidences of The first eight are theological, and cover the usual topics a capacity to fill a more the divisional enumerated in the creeds of Churches. The possibility responsible position officer sends a form up to International headquarters proposing his promotion ; of falling from grace, the possibility of entire sanctifica- his figures are then examined, his success in soul-saving, tion, are affirmed, together with the doctrines common to making soldiers, raising money, and attracting congrega creeds. do hereby declare my full nil Christian "I tions, is critically valued. If the examination is satisfactory a determination, by God's help, to be true soldier of he is promoted to the rank of ensign or adjutant, and becomes ihe Army till I die," is one pledge. Another is, "I do here, a member of the staff of the Salvation Army. He is then and now and for ever, renounce the world and all its appointed A.D.C., second in command of a division for sinful pleasures, companionships, treasures, and objects." a time, or as divisional officer over a small division. Article 10 prescribes absolute teetotalism, and absti According as his capacities develop, he is promoted next nence from the habitual use of opium, laudanum, morphia, to the rank of staff captain, then to the ranks of major, and all other baneful drugs. Other articles provide for brigadier, or colonel. The highest position to which he can in the is the disuse of profane language, for strict honesty, and attain army that of commissioner. absolute obedience. Article 13 in worth quoting in full :-— I do here declare that I will never treat any woman, child, CONCLUSION. or other person, whose life, comfort, or happiness may be placed within my power, in an oppressive, cruel, or cowardly I have no space left in which to describe the system of manner, but that I will protect such from evil and danger, so weekly reports and the elaborate arrangements made far as I can, and promote, to the utmost of my ability, their against any abuse of authority. Neither can I describe present welfare and eternal salvation. the judicial system of trial by court martial which prev ails The articles being signed, the soldier is duly enrolled, in all serious cases of indiscipline. The best proof of the and becomes a full private. soundness of the principles on which the Army is consti tuted is the extraordinary rapidity wit h which it has NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. grown, and the utter failure of all attempts on the part of mutinous Each corps has, when fully constituted, the following or broken officers to run rival Armies. There have been local officers : Treasurer, secretary, sergeant-major of the " " fewer splits than in any ordinary organization whero corps, convert's sergeant-major, band master, band ser the principle of authority is not recognized, and the few geant, sergeants of wards or brigades, corporals, colour- desertions which have taken place have come to sergeant, bandsmen, together with junior soldiers' ser- nothing. The Army is now a great and substantial fact. Our wise t;eant-major, sergeants, corporals, and other similar men and journalists who have as officers. superciliously treated it if it were a mere street nuisance, will wake up some day to The duties of each local officer are explained in the discover how richly they deserve to be addressed "Ye - order-books, specially prepared for them, and each one " fools and blind ! Here, at our very doors, palpitating before appointment signs a bond in which he engages to with rude and vigorous life, stands the latest incarnation be a model of good conduct, uniform wearing, and of the same enthusiasm which saved society when the ■devotion to the War. None of these are at liberty to Roman went down as much beneath the use tobacco or to attend services not connected with their Empire weight of its own vices as before the crash of the barbarian own corps, without the permission of their captain. They Here is the same are appointed for twelve months. invasion. phenomenon which we spend our lives in studying when the spirit has departed, (o) The treasurer has the custody of all the financial and the husk remains. The devout us matters connected with the corps. only among read the Acts of the Apostles, who are dead and buried (6) The secretary is responsible for the oversight of centuries ; but the corps accounts. these nineteen these Acts of the new Apostles of our time —these, forsooth, are of no (c) The corps sergeant-n.ajor is the chief officer for .spiritual work next to the officers. interest. Yet those who study the early history of Christendom PENITENT-FORM SERJEANT. most sympathetically have been the first to recognize Whatever (

THE BOOK OF THE MONTH.

IN DARKEST ENGLAND, AND THE WAY OUT.

BY GENERAL BOOTH.

gS|RS. BOOTH has been laid to re^c amid demonstra " will echo all round the worid. Its influence for good, tions of popular reverence almost unparalleled in its effect upon others far beyond the ranks of the Army our time. The business of the City stood still will be quite incalculable. I rejoice with an exceed while the Army Mother was borne to her grave. ing great joy." "And I," said Mrs. Booth, "and And beneath the cold and yellow fo<; which I most of all. Thank God, thank God !" blinded and blurred the I said little about Mrs. spectacle, that great pro Booth last month because cession testified to all who I intended to say much saw it of the reality and about her in describing the power of the new Re the book which gives prac ligious Order that is the tical shape to one of the latest birth of the enthu strongest aspirations of siasms, and the faiths, and her life. Her death has the sympathies of our timo. brought that so much to Mrs. Booth's worn-out light that there is no need shell, that had once en for me to labour *he point. cased that unconquerable All that I need saj :s that soul, was laid away amid the General would be the the chill and gloom, as of first to admit that his a November fog. Mrs. wife saw the truth before Booth herself passed away he saw it, and that in this, in the light and warmth as in so many other things, of an Indian summer. She his best has been but an died rejoicing in the as attempt to realize her sured conviction that at thoughts, and to give her last better times were the desire of her soul. about to dawn for the It is very interesting to poor, the suffering, and note the genesis of the new the down - trodden, and, scheme. As General Booth amid the pangs of the fiery tells us in the book, he has death which consumed her been familiar from child vitals, she exulted in the hood with the stragglings thought that the Salvation of the suffering poor, and Army was to lead the way. has consecrated his life to This was to her the very their service, but the deve benediction of God. I well lopment of the social side remember the last time I of his aspiration for their spoke with her. It was at welfare is comparatively of the close of one of those recent origin. During the glorious days which the early years when the Sal belated summer of this vation Army was struggling year had kept back till into existence, the only September. The sun had way it seemed possible for gone down in the west, him to help the destitute but from the window of was by inspiring them with the sick room you could From Photo, by) [Elliott and Fry. a new faith, and by still see the crimson splendour along the western horizon. saving their souls to implant in them a principle It was Sunday. All the morning I had been reading the whicn would enable them to change their circum last batch of the MSS. of the General's book, and I was stances. It was not until the close of 1887, at the buoyant with the life of a great new hope. Mrs. Booth time of Trafalgar Square, that the absolute necessity was very weak and ill, her voice, at first, being scarcely of doing something more began to force itself upon the audible. I told her of the confidence with which the General's mind, at the same time that the growth of the General's scheme inspired me, and the new radiance that Army supplied him witli potent means for giving effect " " glowed before me in the future.- That word, I said, to his benevolentdesires. Mr. Commissioner Smith, now in Way In Darkest England, and the Out. 493

charge of the Social Wing of the Army, was in 1887 a he decided to begin practical operations on a member of the committee of the Law and Liberty League. small scale ; and Frank Smith having returned from He thought the organization of the Salvation Army America, was restored in active service and given chargo might be more extensively used to carry out a scheme of the Social Wing, where he has remained ever since. of social regeneration. The General, however, did not The successful operations of the Social Wing supplied the then see his way clear to take so startling a new- last link in the chain, and General Booth then set to work departure. He .admitted the need for action, and began, to bring out the book with which all England is ringing as his wont is, with practical experiments. He opened the to-day. Food and Shelter Depots and instituted the Slum Brigade. THE DIFFICULTY BEFORE GENERAL BOOTH. Both of these steps were regarded with grave misgivings by some members of the Army, but the General's Generd Booth's difficulty will be not with money but authority sufficed to carry them through. The General, with men. To carry out the immensely diversified and however, was uneasy, and he summoned a Council of War multifarious departments which he suggests would at Headquarters to see whether anything more could not require a much more highly-specialized intelligence than be done. Some said one thing and some another, and human society has yet developed. What he says of our nothing practical was arrived at. As the General con large cities, that their material growth has destroyed tinued thinking upon the necessity of doing something their nervous organization, so it is to be feared that more practical, he felt drawn more and more to making nothing short of a miracle will enable the Salvation some some attempt to find work for the out of works. Army or any other body of men to cope successfully with About this time he heard of a small co-operative the enormous congeries of complicated problems whicli association or co-partner are involved in the social ship on the part of some question. Still the Salva converted thieves who had tion Army has accom been saved at the Shelters. plished so much out of so He sent for the men and littlo, it has made so many the seven ex-thieves came bricks without straw, that to see him. Their simple it may achieve a similar «tory in describing their success in any sphere. deliverance from a life of Certainly the organization crime, and their fraternal of an Intelligence Depart efforts to help each other, ment and the management filled the Gcwal with a of a Colony seem to be new hope. He began to enterprizes demanding less elaborate his scheme for of the miracle than the what he calls the Poor conversion of habitual Man's M^tropole, which is drunkards into teetotal fully developed in his missionaries, and the trans book. The success of the formation of a drunken slum work, and the expe prostitute into a missionary rience acquired by the of the Cross. various Shelters, operated In any case General as a constantly increasing Booth's book will rouse force in the same direc strange echoes in the heart tion. At this juncture of man. Is it, then, possible someone lent him Herbert to save our brothers ? And Mills' Book on "Home can this world be made Colonization," which im somewhat more of a home pressed him immensely. to those that live therein 1 Here it seemed to him was The very incredulity with daylight. But when he saw which these questions are Mr. Mills and heard from heard is the best measure him that the scheme must of the extent to which we be tried with the pick of liavo let ourselves drift the labouring class, and away from faith, either in that it would require God or in man. Here, at £25,000 to settle 200 fa least, we have a man witli milies on the land, he felt a heart all fiery and warm that this way of escape with love for his fellow was barred. Another book men, with an eye to see Photo, and Fry about this time fell into his From fy] [Elliott and a will to dare, if so BOOTH hands, Mr. Rees' " From GENERAL be that opportunity is " Poverty to Plenty, with its suggestions of colonization offered him. As I read the pages of this epoch-making over sea. With its aid he devised the threefold key book I recall the conversation which I had many years to the enigma. First, your M^tropole ; secondly, your ago with Mr. Carlyle. "What should one asked the old Home Colony ; thirdly, your Colony Over Sea. This three " do," I philosopher, fold mode of dealing with the submerged tenth seemed to what should one do in this age of ballot-boxes and him to open the way out. The more he thought about it of Parliaments, when there seems nothing to be done and talked about it the more was he convinced that here excepting to carry elections and secure the return and here alone lay the hope of society. But before of Parliamentary majorities for one side or the .making any formal proclamation of his programme. other?" 494 The Review of Reviews.

Mr. Carlyle said, "Wait, let those of you who have the unique character of the book arises from the combi eyes to see that this kind of thing is bad and false, hold nation of all these elements, with others which have yourselves apart from it all." never hitherto been united even within the covers of a. Now, having said this much by way of preface to explain single volume. There is a buoyant enthusiasm in every how it was the book came to be written, and to indicate page, a sanguine optimism at which the youngest among be as been the us marvel, combined with a I those who may regarded having spiritual might familiar acquaintance I progenitors of the new departure, I turn to the book with the saddest and darkest phenomena of existence. itself, and lay before my readers the following summary The book deals with problems, which of all others are of its contents. most calculated to appal, and overwhelm the mind with The General calls his book "In Darkest England, and the sense of desolation and despair, yet it is instinct " the Way Out ; because in reading Stanley's description throughout with a joyous hope and glowing confidence. of the immense forest of equatorial Africa, he was im General Booth, face to face with the devil, still believes pressed by the similarity between the condition of the in God. pigmies and cannibals of the Congo and that of the A MIRACLE OF THE BURNING BUSH. homeless, helpless, destitute, who drag out a miserable Another distinctive feature of the book is the extent existence in the midst of civilization. Headers of this to which it combines the shrewdest and most practical Review may remember that the same parallel between business capacity with the most exalted religious en civilization and the primeval forests had already oc thusiasm. The fanatic is usually regarded as somewhat curred to a French writer in the Nuuvelle Rcmie. of a fool ; no one can read this book through and think WHAT THE PUBLIC WANTS TO KNOW. that General Booth has the least deficiency in practical capacity, in shrewd common sense and enormous know Approaching this book, the reader naturally asks three ledge of men. From one point of view it is easy to l>e questions : What does General Booth propose to do ? a saint, and it is easy to be a man of the world ; the How does he propose to do it 1 And how much will it difficulty is to combine the two qualities, the cunning of cost '( These questions can easily be answered. General the serpent with the innocence of the dove. There is Booth proposes that a serious practical effort should be nothing of the naive and guileless innocence of a clois made to improve the conditions of tho lost classes of the tered virtuo in the book, but though the serpent is very community. He proposes to do it by the development cunning his wiliness and craftiness co-exist with a simple and extension of tho agencies already in operation on a enthusiasm of humanity which is very marvellous to small scale in the social work of the Salvation Army, behold. When we read General Booth's expressions of and ho calculates that ho can get tho scheme fairly to confidence in the salvability of mankind and note the in work if he has £100,000 down, and an assured income of trepid audacity with which he sallies forth like another £30,000 a year to follow. Such, in brief, liald language, David to attack the huge Goliath who threatens the hosts is the answer to the three questions of the general of our modern Israel, and remember that he is no mere reader. To which the general reader will either respond shepherd boy fresh from the fold, but one who for forty that it is hopeless trying to do anything more than mere years of his life has lived and laboured in an atmosphere tinkering in the old, old way at the outside of the great saturated with emanations from every form of human problem of destitution, vice, and crime, or that nothing vice and wretchedness, then we feel somewhat as did can be done unless there is a total reconstruction of Moses when he stood before the burning bush, "and he society. He will further aver that it is news to him that looked, and behold the bush burned with fire and the the Salvation Army has done anything beyond con bush was not consumed." ducting an aggressive revivalistic campaign having as its ends the conversion of souls. And, thirdly, he will THOMAS CABLTLE REDIVIVUS. either doubt the possibility of doing anything serious It is impossible not to be impressed by the parallel with so small a sum, or he will shake his head and and at the same time by the contrast between General declare that it is impossible to raise so largo an income Booth's book and the latter day prophecies of Mr. for the working of any scheme of social regeneration. Carlyle. For forty years and more Mr. Carlyle pro Such will be the attitude of almost every person outside phesied unto the men of his generation, proclaiming in the circle of the Salvation Army who picks up General accents of deep earnestness, tinged, however, by a bitter Booth's book. I do not think I say too much when I despair, what should be done if we were not utterly to say it will not be the attitude of ten per cent, perish. I remember the bitterness with which he told after they have read from cover to cover the most me, while the shadows of the dark valley were remarkable volume that has been issued from the press gathering round him, that when he wrote his whole soul out in this year. " Latter Day Pamphlets," and delivered to the public A UNIQUE BOOK that which he believed to be the very truth and inner It is a book that stands by itself. In one sense it may secret of all things, his message was flouted, and " it be said that there is nothing new in it. That many was currently reported," said he, with grim resentful- men are miserable, that it is the duty of all calling ness " it was currently reported that I had written them themselves by the name of Christian, to do their utmost under the influence of too much whiskey." Now, how to save their perishing brethren, and that if they set about ever, another prophet has arisen with practically the the task in earnest, certain well-known methods will same gospel, but with oh, how different a setting ! In Mr. have to be resorted to ; all this is familiar enough. Carlyle's books, his prophetic message shines out lurid as Neither can it be said that the spirit of exalted enthusi from the back ground of thunder-cloud amid the gloom asm which breathes in every page of the book is one as of an eclipse heralded by portents of ruin and decay. which appears for the first time in the writings of Here "In Darkest England and the Way Out" there is General Booth. It is on the contrary the abiding evi a brightness and a gladness as of a May day sunrise. dence of the of the Divine Spirit in men, which Infinite bubbles in presence " hope up every page, and in every has never failed in this world since the first man stood chapter there is a calm confidence which comes from the God-conquered, with his face to heaven upturned." But experience of one who in sixty years of troubled life can In Darkest England, and the Way Out. 495

say with full assurance "I know in whom I have intolerance and fierce hatred which raged in the churches belioved." That is not the only contrast between the at many great crises in the history of the world is with two. Mr. Carlyle, as befitted the philosopher in his us still, but it is no longer in religious dress. The rival contented himself with writing in large characters sects of socialists hate each other and contend with each study, " of livid fire, "This is the way, walk ye in it ; but the other with a savagery which recalls the worst days of the generation scoffed and walked otherwhere. General Booth, early church. Every man has got his own favourite short equally with Mr. Carlyle writes up in characters so plain cut to Utopia, and he damns all those who do not work that the wayfaring man, though a fool, cannot help read therein with the unhesitating assurance of an Athanasius. ing it, "This is the way, walk ye in it." But he does Hence catholicity is much more needed and much more more. He him rarely found in self offers to the domain of lead the van. social economics "This is the than in that of way," he de religious po clares, "I will lemics. General lead you along Booth, as befits it, follow mo ! a practical man, is supremely in CATHOLICITY— different to any SOCIAL particular fad, AND RELIGIOUS. and constructs Another dis his scheme on tinctive charac the principle of teristic of this selecting every book is its ex- proposal which traordinary seems to have catholicity. In stuff in it, or this respect I is calculated to know no book do any good like it that has to suffering appeared in our humanity. The time. While de socialist, the in claring with dividualist, the passionate con political econo viction in the mist, the advo truth and ne cate of emigra cessity of the tion, and all gospel which the social reformers Salvation Army will find what is preaches, there best in their is not one word own particular of intolerance schemes incor from the first porated in page to the last. General Booth's It is easy to schemes. He be broad when claims no there is no in originality, he tensity of con- disclaims all viction. The prejudice even liberality of in- in favour of his differenco is one own scheme. of the most His suggestions, familiar phe ho says, seem nomena of the for the moment day. ButGeneral the most prac Booth is broad ticable, but he without being is ready, he From Photo. by] MTR, BRAinVET-L BOOTn. [Elliott and Fry, Baker St. shallow, and his tells us with un- liberalism cer compromising tainly cannot be attributed to indifference. He is frankness, to abandon them to-morrow if anyone can as earnest as John the Baptist, for now and then show him a better way. the aboriginal preacher reappears crying aloud, A TEACHABLE PROPHET. Jonah-like, messages calling men to flee from the wrath to come. But no broad churchman of our time, Another extraordinary characteristic of the book is its from Dean Stanley downwards, could display a more combination of supreme humility witli what the enemy catholic spirit to all fellow workers in the great harvest might describe as overweening arrogance. The General's field, which is white unto the harvest, but where the confidence in himself and his men is superb. Not labourers are so few. This spirit he displays not only in Hildebrand, in the height of his power, or Mahommed, the religious field, but what is still more remarkable, lie at the moment when he was launching the armies which carries it into the domain of social experiment. The old offered to the world Islam or the sword, showed himself

« 496 The Review of Reviews. " more supremely possessed with the confidence of his Western Civilization from a Chinese Point of View/ providential mission than does General Booth in his speaking by the mouth of a Chinese philosopher, Fan- book. "For this end was I created, to this work was I ta-gen, describes the great forests of Laos, which divide called, all my life has been a preparation to fit me for China from Tonkin, and declares that they afford only its accomplishment." While thus speaking with the too exact an image of Western civilization. a confidence of a man who feels himself charged with The gigantic trees which tower through the dense under divine mission, General Booth displays a humility and a growth are like the nobles and capitalists of Europe. The teachableness that is as beautiful as it is rare. Over and roots which feed these favourites of fortune are stretched over again he deplores his lack of knowledge and the out as greedily as the giant roots of the banyan trees. They insufficiency of his experience, and admits that his most have palaces, they have villages they have entire towns. It elaborate proposals may be vitiated by some flaw or is by their means and for them that the greater number of some defect which will make itself only too apparent immense public works are accomplished. .. . And thus when they get into action. So far from being deter thej seem to be the only dispensers of the benefits due to the discoveries of science —that is to AH force and mined to thrust his scheme as a panacea down the collectivity. all life reside in them. Like the of the forest, are throats of reluctant humanity he appeals to all those who kings they the kings of Western Society. This, at least, is the impres may differ from him not to stand idly cavilling at his sion produced by Western society at a distance. But near but to something better of their own, proposals, produce at hand 1 Ah, near at hand the Chinese sage discovers that he be too assuring them that will only glad to carry it is not only in splendour that the simile of the forest holds out to the best of his ability any scheme which will do The masses who work in the shade of the great kings are too more for the benefit of the lapsed classes than his own. often like the undergrowth of the forest. " They are to be met by millions in the factories and mines, these victims with A SHIFTY AND RESOURCEFUL MARINER. human faces —men, women, young girls, children — pale, General Booth shows himself in the capacity of a bold sickly, famished, like the half -nourished plants of the forest and shifty mariner who has been ordered to take a ship of Laos, which live without the vital juices of the earth, with filled with precious cargo across a stormy and rock -strewn out air, without light, and die without having been once called in their short life beneficent warmth of a ocu;in to a distant port. Quicksands abound, cross to enjoy the currents continually threaten to carry the ship from ray of sun." her course, the wind shifts from point to point, The parallel is well worked out. We have our slave now rising to a hurricane and then dying away raiders in the sweaters, our cannibals who live upon each to a dead calm. But alike by night and day, whether other, our dehumanised pigmies, our industrious toilers the sky be blflck with clouds, or bright with who lose all faith that the world can ever be anything radiant sunshine, in the teeth of the wind or in a favour but a vast, steaming malarious overgrowth shutting out able gale, he presses forward to his distant haven. He the light of day, and therefore shutting out the light of God. tack to the or to the left, himself to will right availing ATHEISM MADE EASY". the utmost of every favourable current and every passing breeze, supremely indifferent to all accusations of incon The injustice of our social arrangements, General sistency, or of deviating from the straight line from the Booth declares, is to the mass of men Atheism made port wkich he left to the port which he is bound, if so easy. It is here as it was in the equatorial forest, he can get the quicker and the more safely to his where Dr. Kraft" tells us that one of the pigmy tribes goal. Hitherto General Booth has practically been in had some notion of a Supreme Being, to whom, under the condition of a Captain who relied solely on his boilers the name of Yer, they sometimes addressed prayers in moments of sadness or terror. In these to make his voyage. "Get up steam, make the heart " prayers they right, keep the furnace fires going, and drive ahead say, Oh, Yer, if Thou dost really exist, why dost Thou through the darkness regardless of a lowering tempest or let us be slaves t We ask not for food or clothing, for we live on snakes, ants, and mice. Thou hast made us, of the swift rushing current which sweeps you from your " course." This book proclaims his decision in favour of wherefore dost Thou let us be trodden down ? adopting a less reckless and more practical mode of navi General Booth describes the sacrifice of girls which gation. While his reliance is still placed on the inner goes on in the midst of our Christian civilization, and Afrija central fire he will not disdain to utilise the currents, the asks whether the lot of a negress in Central is tides, and the winds which will make it easier for his much worse than that of a girl driven into vice by the straining boilers and untiring screw to forge its way menace of her employers or employer, compelled to sin across the sea. to live, and then cast out into the streets, where The book is interesting in itself as a book, but of the General Booth says bookmaking part of it it is absurd to speak. You might There, even in the lowest depths, excommunicated by as well speak of the rivets and the paint, in describing Humanity and outcast from God, she is far nearer the heart her the performance of a Cunarder, as to speak of the literary of the One true Saviour than all the men who forced down, and than all the Pharisees and Scribes who merits or demerits of this book. As a piece of actuality, aye, stand silently by while these fiendish wrongs are perpetrated full of life and force, it comes to us in paper and ink and before their very eyes. The blood boils with impotent rage between two covers ; but the vehicle of its presentation at the sight of these enormities, callously inflicted, and is as indifferent as the of the boards in which it quality silently borne by these miserable victims. Nor is it only the is bound. The supreme thing is not the form but women who are the victims, although their fate is the substance, and to that I will now turn with.out further most tragic. Those firms which reduce sweating to a fine preface. art, who systematically and deliberately defraud the work who the who THE ANALOGY BETWEEN SOCIETY AND THE FOREST. man of his pay, grind faces of the poor, and rob the widow and the orphan, and who for a pretence make General Booth starts from the analogy, which is a great professions of public spirit and philanthrophy, these fertile and fruitful one, between the equatorial forest and men nowadays are sent to Parliament to make laws for the the submerged classes of society. Another writer has people. The old prophets sent them to Hell —but we have already drawn the parallel. changed all that. They send their victims to Hell, and are M. Eugene Simon, in the Nwtvelle Heme, describing rewarded by all that wealth can do to make their lives In Darkest England, and the Way Out. 497

comfortable. Read the House of Lords' Report on the them to atheism and all the evils which spring from the Sweating System, and ask if any African slave system, making loss of faith in the righteous governance of the universe. due allowance for the superior civilization and therefore A certain number of these three millions is already of the victims, reveals more Darkest sensitiveness misery. cared for by the State or by charity in one form or like Darkest Africa, reeks with malaria. The foul England, another. By eliminating all these to which society has in and fetid breath of our shims is almost as poisonous as that some way fulfilled its responsibility, there remains a of the African swamp. Fever is as chronic there as in the residual million, who are the out-of-works, the un Equator. employed, the prostitutes, the habitual drunkards, and — WHO ARE THE SUBMERGED TENTH ? their children. General Booth asks about this million: Who, then, are the dwellers in Darkest England? They Is anything to be done with them ? Can anything be done are those whom for them? Or is General Booth de this million-headed to be scribes as the Lost. mass regarded as offering a problem But who are the as insoluble as that Lost? of London sewage, I reply, not in a which, feculent and religious, but in a festering, swings social sense, the Lost heavily up and down are those who have the basin of the gone under, who have Thames with the ebb lost their foothold and flow of the in society, those to t ide ? This submerged whom the prayer to tenth, is it, then, our Heavenly Father, beyond the reach of " Give us day by day the nine-tenths in our daily bread," is the midst of whom either unfulfilled, or they live, and around only fulfilled by the whose homes they Devil's agency : by rot and die / the earnings of vice, THOSE WHO ARE the proceeds of crime, or t he contri DAMNED INTO TH F. bution which the rate WORLD. collector enforces by the threat of gaol. General Booth But I will be more shudders while ho precise. The deni admits that the zens in Darkest Eng more forbidding land, for whom I doctrines of Cal appeal, are (1) those vinism should have who in a month been to some extent would all be dead rehabilitated by the from sheer starva favourite scientific ex tion were they doctrines of our clusively dependent day. He says: — npon the money earned by their own The doctrine of work, or which they Heredity and the receive as interest suggestion of Auto or profit upon their matism come peril capital or their ously near re-estab property, and (2) lishing, on scientific those who by their bases, the useful utmost exertions an doctrine of Reproba unable to attain the tion which has cast minimum allowance so terrible a shadow of food which the over the Christian law prescribes as Church. For thou indispensable even Fron a Photo.by~\ [Lpndfn StereoscopicCompany. sands upon thou for the worst crimi COMMISSIONER SMITH sands of these poor nals in our gaols. wretches are, as Bishop South truly said, " not so much born into this world as In attempting to take a census of the number of damned into it." The bastard of a harlot, born in a brothel, who be as persons may regarded coming under his suckled on gin, and familiar from earliest infancy with all the category, General Booth comes to the conclusion that bestialities of debauch, violated before she was twelve, and there are about three millions in Great Britain, which is driven out into the streets by her mother a year or two later, about a tenth of the population. If you take the paupers, what chance is there for such a girl in this world— I say indoor and outdoor, the prostitutes, the criminals, the nothing about the next 1 homeless, and the out-of-works, you will find that there But General Booth rejects the gospel of despair in its are three millions of human beings, whom the General quasi-scientific dress as resolutely as he did when it dis calls the submerged tenth, to whom civilization has been guised itself under the authority of religion. His re a failure, and who are in circumstances which predispose ligious faith comes to the rescue. He says: — 498 The Review of Reviews.

There is no gainsaying the immensity of the problems. It is What we have to do is to apply the same principle to appalling enough to make man despair. But those who do Society. We want a Social Lifeboat Institution, a Social not put their trust in man alone, but in One who is Almighty, . Lifeboat Brigade to snatch from the abyss those who, if left have no right to despair. To despair is to lose faith; to to themselves, will perish as miserably as the crew of a ship despair is to forget God. Without God we can do nothing in that founders in mid-ocean. this frightful chaos of human misery. But with God we BETTER KILL THEM THAN DO NOTHING. can do all things, and in the faith that He has made in His image all the children of men we face even this hideous He admits the difficulty of the task, but he roundly wreckage of humanity with a cheerful confidence that if we declares that it would be better to poison the million, are but faithful to our own high calling He will not fail to than to allow them to flounder on as they do at present. open up a way of deliverance. Here is the passage which will probably excite some those I have nothing to say against who are endeavouring discussion :— to open up a way of escape without any consciousness of When Najroleon was compelled to retreat under God's help. For them I feel only infinite sympathy and love. circum stances which rendered it impossible him to off In so far as they are endeavouring to give bread to the for carry his sick and wounded, he ordered his doctors to hungry, clothing to the naked, and above all, work to the poison every man in the hospital. A general has before now massacred workless. they are to that extent endeavouring to do the his prisoners rather than allow them to will of our Father which is in Heaven, and woe be unto all escape. These lost ones are the Prisoners of Society ; they are the those who say them nay. But to be orphaned of all sense of sick and wounded in our hospitals. What a shriek would arise from the Fatherhood of God is surely not a secret source of strength. the civilized world if it were to administer It is in most cases — it would be in my own— the secret of proposed to-night to every one of these millions such a dose of that paralysis. If I did not feel my Father's hand in the dark morphine they would sleep to wake no more. But so far as ness, and hear His voice in the silence of the night watches they are concerned, would it not be much less cruel than to allow bidding me put my hand to this thing, I would shrink back them to drag on day after day, year after in dismayed, but as it is I dare not. year, misery, anguish, and despair, driven into vice and hunted into crime, SALVATION FOR NOT ONLY FOR THE ALL, ELECT. until at last disease harries them into the grave ? The same spirit leads him to reject all schemes of THE FIRST TASK OF ENFRANCHISED DEMOCRACY. social regeneration that are only applicable to a limited number. No limited scheme of salvation will satisfy At tire outset General Booth has to deal with those him, he rejects all proposals that will only apply to the who consider he under-estimates the numbers to be dealt — aristocracy of the miserable :— with. He says : It is the thrifty, the industrious, the sober, the thoughtful To those who believe that the numbers of the wretched who can take advantage of these plans. But the thrifty, are far in excess of my figures, I have nothing to say, this, I lie industrious, the sober, and the thoughtful are already excepting that if the evil is so much greater than I very well able for the most part to take care of themselves. have described, then let your efforts be proportioned to your No one will ever make even a visible dint on the morass estimate, not to mine. The great point with each of us is, of squalor who does not deal with the unthrifty, the not how many of the wretched exist to-day, but how few drunken, the lazy, and the improvident. The Scheme of shall there exist in the years that are to come. Social Salvation is not worth discussion which is not as wide The dark and dismal jungle of pauperism, vice, and despair as the Scheme of Eternal Salvation set forth in the Gospel. is the inheritance to which we have succeeded from the The glad tidings must be to every creature, not merely to an generations .and centuries past, during which wars, insurrec elect few who are to be saved while the mass of their fellows tions, and internal troubles left our forefathers small leisure are predestined to a temporal damnation. We have had this to attend to the well-being of the sunken tenth. Now that doctrine of an inhuman cast-iron political economy too long we have happened upon more fortunate times, let us recognise enthroned amongst us. It is now time to fling down the that we are our brother's keeper, and sot to work, regardless false idol, and proclaim a Temporal Salvation as full, free, of party distinctions and religious differences, to make this and universal, and with no other limitations than the world of ours a little bit more like home for these whom we " " Whosoever will of the Gospel. To attempt to save the call our brethren. lost, we must accept no limitations to human brotherhood. Democracy having entered on its inheritance, must If the Scheme which I set forth in these and the following now proceed to put its home in order, as Lord Rosebery pages is not applicable to the Thief, the Harlot, the Drunkard, said, speaking at Glasgow, with General Booth's scheme it as and the Sluggard, may well be dismissed without in his eye; the politics of the future will be the politics As Christ came to call not the saints but ceremony. sinners of the poor man. While the toiler was struggling to to repentance, so the New Message of Temporal Salvation, obtain possession of power he could not concern himself of salvation from pinching poverty, from rags and misery, with these which are can be offered to all. questions coming up to-day. The householders enfranchised, in country and in town WANTED, A SOCIAL LIFE BRIGADE. alike, must set about " making this world a little bit " He is equally opposed to those who would shrug their more like home than it has hitherto been. shoulders and lay the responsibility on the iron laws of NOT TO ESTABLISH A UTOPIA. political economy :— What is then the immediate objective of the General ? Laissez faire, and the laws of and demand, and all supply Ho tells us, quite truly, he is a practical man, and although the rest of the excuses by which those who stand on firm sympathizing intensely with the aspirations which lie be ground salve their conscience when they leave their brother hind Socialist dreams, he cannot make the immediate inau to sink, how do they look when we apply them to the actual loss of life at sea ? Does laissez faire man the lifeboat 1 guration of the millennium his practical objective. Will the inexorable laws of political save the Speaking of Henry George, Edward Bellamy, and the economy ship — wrecked sailor from the boiling serf ? They often enough Collectivism, he says : i are responsible for his disaster. Coffin ships are a direct What these good people want to do, I also want to do, and result of the blessed policy of non-interference with the if they can do it better their way than I can do it in my legitimate operations of commerce, but no desire to make it way, I shall be glad enough, for I am a practical man dealing pay created the National Lifeboat Institution, no law of with the actualities of to-day. I have no preconceived supply and demand actuates the volunteers who risk their theories, and I flatter myself I am singularly free from lives to bring the shipwrecked to shore. prejudices. I am ready to sit at the feet of any who will Way In Darkest England, and the Out. 4v9

snow me any good. I keep my mind open on all these They have not even leave to sweat. Before discussing how " subjects ; and am quite prepared to hail with open arms any they can in the second Adam all be made alive," had we Vtopia that is offered me. But it must be within range of not better restore them to their share in the heritage of ray finger-tips. It is of no use to me if it is in the clouds. labour which is theirs by right of descent from the first ■Cheques on the Bank of Futurity I accept gladly enough as Adam ? a, free gift, but I can hardly be expected to take them as if THE PHILANTHROPIC ANALOGY TO THE RAILWAY. they were current coin, or to try to cash them at the Bank of England. Can it be done ? General Booth thinks it can — nay, The religious cant, which rids itself of all the importunity lie is sure of it. He says :— of suffering humanity by drawing unnegotiable bills payable I am under no delusion as to the possibility of inaugu on the other side of the grave, is not more impracticable than rating a millennium by any Scheme ; but the triumphs of the Socialistic clap-trap which postpones all redress of science deal so much with the utilization of waste material human suffering until after the general overturn. Both take that I do not despair that something might be done in the refuge in the Future to escape a solution of the problems of utilization of this waste human product. If the of 1 he Present, and it matters little to the sufferers whether the alchemy science can extract beautiful colours from coal tor, cannot future is on this side of the grave, or the other. Both are, Divine alchemy enable us to evolve gladness and brightness for them, equally out of reach. When the sky falls we shall out of the agonized hearts and dark, dreary, loveless lives of ■catch larks. No doubt. But in the meantime ? It is the mean these doomed myriads ? Is it too much to hope that in time that is the only time in which we have to work. It is God's world God's children may be able to do something if in the meantime that the people must be fed, that their life's they set to work with a will to carry out a plan of campaign work must be done or left undone for ever. Nothing that I against these great evils which are the nightmare of our have to propose in this book or that I propose to do by my existence 1 seheme will in the least prevent the coming of any of the The remedy, it may be, is simpler than some Utopias. I leave the limitless infinite of the future to the imagine. The key to the enigma may lie closer to our hands without Utopians. They may build there as they please. As for me, our knowing it. From the beginning of the world down to it is indispensable that whatever I do is founded on existing the beginning of this century mankind had not found out, fact, and provides a present help for the actual need. with all its striving after cheap and easy transport, the BUT TO SECURE THE CAB HOKSE CHARTER FOR MAN. miraculous difference that would be brought about by laying down two parallel lines of metal. All the great men and What then is his ideal ? General Booth says :— the wise men of the past lived and died oblivious of that I sorrowfully admit that it would be Utopian in our present fact. The greatest mechanicians and engineers of antiquity, social arrangements to dream of allowing for every honest the men who bridged all the rivers of Europe, the architects Englishman a gaol standard of all the necessaries of life. who built the cathedrals which are still the wonder of the Some time perhaps we may venture to hope that every honest world, failed to discern what seems to us so obviously simple worker on English soil will always be as warmly clad, as a proposition, that two parallel lines of rail would diminish healthily housed, and as regularly fed as our criminal convicts the cost and difficulty of transport to a minimum. Without — but that is not yet. Neither is it possible to hope for many that discovery the steam engine, which has itself been an years to come that human beings generally will be as well invention of quite recent years, would have failed to trans cared for as horses. form civilisation. What then is the standard towards which we may venture What we have to do in the philanthropic sphere is to find to aim with some prospect of realization in our time ? It is a something analogous to the engineer's parallel bars. This . very humble one, but if realized it would solve the worst discovery I think I have made, and hence have I written this problem of modern society. book. It is the standard of the London cab horse. A SUGGESTED LAZARUS DAY. When in the streets of London a cab horse, weary or careless or stupid, trips and falls and lies stretched out in the I do not propose to follow the General through the midst of the traffic, there is no question of debating how he various chapters in which he passes in review the various came to stumble before we try to get him on his legs again. classes with which he has to deal. I merely quote one or two as indicative of the spirit in which The Cab Horse Charter consists of two points ; work paragraphs General Booth deals with this matter. Speaking of the is given him, and with work food and lodging ; secondly, — if he falls down he is picked up again. The Cab Horse unemployed, he says : Charter for the two-legged human worker is General Three years ago in London there were Church parades to Booth's formula. Work for all who are willing to work the Abbey and St. Paul's, bivouacs in Trafalgar Square, etc. Lazarus showed his rags and his sores too conspicuously for and a helping hand for all who are down, these are the convenience of Dives, and was summarily dealt with in the General's ideals. the name of Law and Order. But as we have Lord Mayors "UOD IN CURSING GIVES OS BETTER GIFTS THAN MAN IN Days, when all the well-fed fur-clad City Fathers go in state BENEDICTION." coaches through the town, why should we not have a Lazarus Speaking of the homeless out-of-works, General Booth Day in which the starving out-of-works should crawl in all the windowed raggedncss through the main thoroughfares, says :— past the palaces and treasure-houses of London ? There is a depth below that of the dweller in the slums. It is that of the dweller in the street, who has not even a PEINE DURE ET FORTE. lair in the slums which he can call his own. The houseless Referring to the desperate condition of discharged unemployed is in one respect at least like Him of whom it " prisoners, who are driven back to crime by the impossibility was said, The birds of the air have nests, the beasts of the of finding any employment, he says :— field have holes, but the Son of Man hath not where to lay His head." These men are gradually, but surely, being Who will give these men a helping hand 1 What is to be sucked down into the quicksand of modern life. They done with them ? Would it not be more merciful to kill stretch out their grimy hands to us in vain appeal, not for them off at once instead of sternly crushing them out of all charity, but for work. Work, work ! it is always work that semblance of honest manhood 1 Society recoils from such a they ask. The Divine curse is to them the most blessed of short cut. Her virtuous scruples remind me of the subter benedictions. " In the sweat of thy brow thou shalt eat thy fuge by which English law evaded the veto on torture. bread," but alas for these forlorn sons of Adam, they fail to Torture was forbidden, but the custom of placing an find the bread to eat, for society has no work for them to do. obstinate witness under a press and slowly crushing him 500 The Review of Reviews. within a hairbreadth of death was legalized and practised. General Booth deplores the demoralization occasioned So it is to-day. When the criminal comes out of gaol he by charity. He exposes the impossibility of carrying out whole world is often but a press whose punishment is sharp at haphazard schemes of emigration. He declares that and cruel indeed. Nor can the victim escape even if he schooling has done nothing to solve this social problem. opens his mouth and speaks. Trade unionism he commends, but asks how can an A SHORT WAY WITH DRUNKARDS. edifice be stable which is built, not upon rock, but upon Hero is his suggestion of a similar kind about the quagmire of unorganized and workless labour ? Co drunkards :— operation, he maintains, is good, but Co-operation, as little as Socialism or Individualism, will succeed in If the drunkards are to be rescued there must be some feeding the hungry Out-of-Work who stands before your thing more done for them than at present is attempted, door and asks for leave to labour in order that he may- unless, of course, we decide definitely to allow the iron laws have a chance to of nature to work themselves out in the elimination of the live. unfit. In that case it might be more merciful to facilitate THE ESSENTIALS OF A SUCCESSFUL SCHEME. the slow workings of natural law. There is no need of Before describing his scheme General Booth defines establishing a lethal chamber for drunkards like that into essentials which any scheme must possess to be which the lost dogs of London are driven, to die in the are as follows :— peaceful sleep under the influence of carbonic oxide. The successful. They State would only need to go a little further than it 1. It must change the man if he fell by his own fault. goes at present in the way of supplying poison to the 2. It must change his circumstances if they tripped him np community. If, in addition to planting a flaming gin or bore him down. palace at each corner, free to all who enter, it were 3. It must be as big as the evil with which it has to cope. to supply free gin to all who have attained a 4. It must be permanent. certain recognised standard of inebriety, delirium tremens 5. It must be immediately practicable. would soon reduce the dipsomaniac population to manageable 6- It must not demoralize those whom it seeks to benefit. proportions. I can imagine a cynical millionaire of the 7. It must not benefit one class by injuring another. scientific philanthropic school making a clearance of all the THE MOST ESSENTIAL. drunkards in a district the of an unlim by simple expedient — ited allowance of proof spirit. But that for us is out of the Of these the most essential is the first. He declares : question. The problem is insoluble, I am absolutely convinced, unless THE CASUAL WARD AND THE OAOt. it is possible to brinsr new moral life into the soul of these people. It is the first end of every social reformer TS-hose Speaking of remedies and palliatives, he says :— " work is built on the solid foundation of a new birth, You The Secretary of the Charity Organization assured Society must be born again." one of my officers, who went to inquire for his opinion on To get a man soundly saved it is not enorgh to put on him the subject, " that no further machinery was necessary. a pair of new breeches, to give him regular work, or even to All that was needed in this direction they had in already give him a university education. These things are all outside order, and that to create any further working machinery a man, and if the inside remains unchanged you have wasted would do more harm than good. your labour. You must in some way or other graft upon the That is, of course, not General Booth's opinion. He man's nature a new nature, which has in it the element of the is very dissatisfied with the existing machinery. Speaking divine. All that I propose in this book is governed by that of casual wards and the Poor Law administration, he principle. says :— THE SCHEME AS A GREAT MACHINE. There has never been any attempt to treat them as human Now we come to what he proposes. This is what he beings, to deal with them as individuals, to appeal to their says of his scheme as a whole :— hearts, to help them on their legs again. They are simply units, no more thought of and cared for than if they were so The Scheme in its entirety may aptly be compared to a many coffee beans passing through a coffee mill ; and as the great Machine, foundationed in the lowest slums and purlieus net result of all my experience and observation of men and of our great towns and cities, drawing up into its embrace things, I must assert unhesitatingly that anything which the depraved and destitute of all classes ; receiving thieves, dehumanises the individual, anything which treats a man as harlots, paupers, drunkards, prodigals, all alike on the if he were only a number of a series or a cog in a wheel with simple condions of their being willing to work and to out any regard to the character, the aspirations, the tempta conform to discipline. Drawing up these poor outcasts, tions, and the idiosyncracies of the man, must utterly fail as reforming them, and creating in them habits of industry, a remedial agency. The Casual Ward at the best is merely a honesty, and truth ; teaching them methods by which alike squalid resting place for the Casual in his downward career. the bread that perishes and that which endures to Everlasting If anything is to be done for these men, it must be done by Life can be won. Forwarding them from the City to the other agents than those which prevail in the administration Country, and there continuing the process of regeneration, of the Poor Laws. and then pouring them forth on to the virgin soils that await their coming in other lands, keeping hold of them with a The gaol still continues to be the chief remedy strong government, and yet making them free men and prescribed by Society for all desperate cases. General women ; and so laying the foundations, perchance, of Booth says :— another empire to swell to vast proportions in later times. But in social maladies we are still in the age of the blood- Why not ? and the waistcoat. The is letter strait gaol the specific of WHAT IS THE SOCIAL QUESTION ? despair. When all else fails Society will always undertake to feed, clothe, warm, and house a man, if only he will This is the way General Booth constitutes the problem commit a crime. It will do it also in such a fashion as to which threatens civilization. He says :— render it no temporary help, but a permanent necessity. The social problem presents itself before us whenever a " Society says to the individual, To qualify for free board hungry, dirty, and ragged man stands at our door asking if and lodging you must commit a crime. But if you do you we can give him a crust or a job. That is the social question. must pay the price. You must allow me to ruin your What have you to do with that man ? He has no money in character, and doom you for the rest of your life to his purse, all that he can pawn he has pawned long ago, his destitution, modified by the occasional success of criminality." stomach is as empty as his purse, and the whole of the Way In Darkest England, and the Out. 501

clothes upon his back, even if sold on the best terms, wonld What labour ? it is asked. For answer to this question I not fetch a shilling. There he stands, your brother, with would like to take you down to my industrial workshop in sixpennyworth of rags to cover his nakedness from his Whitechapel. There you will see the Scheme in experimental fellow men and not sixpennyworth of victuals within his operation. reach. He asks for work, which he will set to, even on his LABOUR FACTORY AT WHITECHAPEL. empty stomach and in his ragged uniform, if so be that you General Booth describes his factory as it has been seen will give him something for it, but his hands are idle for no of us in work. There are some to one employs him. What are you to do with that man I by many practical 70 That is the great note of interrogation that confronts 80 people employed there who have been gathered up Society to-day. Not only in overcrowded England, but in out of the streets, and the experiment has been a very newer countries beyond the sea where Society has not remarkable success. He says :— yet provided a means by which the men can be put upon the It will be asked how do these out-of-works conduct them land and the land be made to feed the men. selves when you get them into the factory? Upon this point I have a very satisfactory report to render. Many, no THE FIRST STEP TO ITS) SOLUTION. doubt, are below par, under-fed, and suffering from ill health, or the consequence of their intemperance. Many also His first step is to take that hungry, workless wight are old men, who have been crowded out of the labour and give him some food for his belly and a shelter for market by the younger generation. But, without making the night. This he proposes to do by the extension of too many allowances on these grounds, I may fairly say that his food and shelter depots, some five of which have been these men have shown themselves not only anxious and in operation for the last two years in various parts of willing, but able to work. Our factory superintendent — London. The result of their operations goes to prove reports : that you can give a man a filling supper and substantial Of loss of time there has practically been none since the breakfast, and a bed in a well-warmed room, at a cost of opening, June 29th Each man during his stay, with hardly an little more than fourpence. At fourpence a head General exception, has presented himself punctually at opening time and Booth is willing to provide supper, breakfast, and bed worked more or less assiduously the whole of the labour hours. The morals of the men have been in for all the Gut-of -Works in the land. But what if your good ; not more than three instances has there been an overt act of homeless, starving wanderer has not got fourpence ? is he disobedience, insubordination, or mischief. The men, as a to be turned into the street hungry and shelterless, to whole, are uniformly civil, willing, and satisfied ; they are all sleep on the Embankment 1 By no means ; wifli or fairly industrious, some, and that not a few, are assiduous without fourpence, General Booth proposes to take him and energetic. The foremen have had no serious complaints into his shelter, but if he has no fourpence he must not to make or delinquencies to report. go out therefrom until he has done fourpennyworth of NO MORE GOVERNMENT BY THE COUNTING OF NOSES. work to pay for his bed and board. Nothing is more remarkable in the book than the con WORK FOR THE WORKLESS— NOT CHARITY. fidence which General Booth shows in the power of dis to the best work out of a man. There This work General Booth proposes to find for him in cipline get is some thing strange, perhaps even portentous, in this the first instance by the establishment of labour yards sudden of a robust faith in or factories in connection with the Shelters where the apparition government, and in what Carlyle used to call the "drill-sergeant." The Salvation penniless unemployed will be engaged on such rough and Army is the latest birth of democracy, and here is its chief simple industry as chopping wood for firewood, making proclaiming the old Carlylean doctrines, not merely as if mats, sewing sacks, etc. Their work will be duly they were an ideal almost too unattainable to be measured, and when they have done their fourpennyworth hoped for, but as if they represented the inner faith of the most they will be free to go and seek work elsewhere. As long of the English people. He maintains that this scheme as they will work for their rations and a bed for the night, will succeed where others have failed, because General Booth proposes to find them employment, precisely it is based the of subordination and dis relying upon the reluctance of the workman to earn no upon principle He is most uncompromising in his repudiation of more than his rations to prevent a glut of his labour yard cipline. the :— with workmen who are now employed elsewhere. Parliamentary principle General Booth stoutly insists upon the principle of Broadly speaking, your experimental communities fail be exacting full measure of work from the workers. He cause your Utopias all start upon the system of equality and would only keep them at it for eight hours a day, but for government by vote of the majority, and, as a necessary and unavoidable consequence, your Utopians get to loggerheads, that eight hours they must work. He says :— and Utopia goes to smash. I shall avoid that rock. All the Here is no pretence of charity beyond the charity which departments of the scheme will be governed, not on the gives a man remunerative labour. It is not our business to principle of counting noses, but on the exactly opposite pay men wages. What we propose is to enable those, male principle of admitting no noses into the concern that would or female, who are destitute, to earn their rations and do not be guided by the directing brain. It will be managed on enough work to pay for their lodgings until they are able to principles which assert that the fittest ought to rule, and it go out into the world and earn wages for themselves. There will provide for the fittest being selected, and having got is no compulsion upon anyone to resort to our shelter, but if them at the top, will insist on universal and unquestioning a penniless man wants food he must, as a rule, do work suffi obedience from those at the bottom. If anyone does not cient to pay for what he has of food or other accommodation. like to work for his rations and submit to the orders of his I say as a rule, because, of course, our officers will be allowed superior officers, he can leave. There is no compulsion on to make exceptions in extreme cases, but the rule will be first him to stay. The world is wide, and outside the confines of work, then eat. And that amount of work will be exacted our Colony and the operations of our Corps my authority rigorously. It is that which distinguishes this scheme from does not extend. But judging from our brief experience, it mere charitable relief. is not from revolt against authority that the Scheme is I do not wish to have any hand in establishing a new centre destined to fail. of demoralization. So much coffee, so much bread, so much . There cannot be a greater mistake in this world than to shelter, so much warmth and light from me, but so much imagine that men object to be governed. They like to be labour in return from him. governed, provided that the governor has his " head screwed 502 The Review of Reviews. on right," and that, he is prompt to hear and ready to see and and under strict discipline, would undertake the collec recognize all that is vital to the interests of the common tion from house to house of broken victuals, old clothes, wealth. So far from there being an innate objection on the old newspapers, and such like exuvhe of the household. part of mankind to be governed, the instinct to obey is so Some idea may be formed of the magnitude of the blind, and universal that even when Governments have gone operations which such a brigade would have to undertake deaf, and paralytic, rotten with corruption and hopelessly from the fact that it would cost at least £25,000 to times, still contrive to live on. Against a behind the they supply every house in London with the necessary pails, no people ever rebel, only when stupidity capable Government kit for the broken victuals, and the sack for the old and incapacity have taken possession of the seat of power do newspapers and other rubbish which the Salvage Corps insurrections break out. would undertake to collect once a week, or oftener A LABOUR BUREAU. if need be. It is obvious the creation of a establish In connection with each labour yard he would body of 2,000 men, who would undertake the a labour register for the registration of the unorganized regular patrol of every street in London, would give the casual labour of the town. At present unemployed General an agency by which he might do much, both in means of self- labourers are without unions and any publicity and in the collection and distribution of various are sweated the defence ; the result is that they by kinds of articles. It is not likely, however, that he will middleman— the sandwich-men, for instance, receiving attempt any such scheme in all its entirety at first. He cent, their employer only 50 per of the money jxiid by will select the most likely place for a good response to his advertise, to the middle whose goods they the rest going appeal, and he will gradually develop the system as order the man. When the system is in good working opportunity offers and occasion serves. The collection of be drafted off to one surplus of labour in one locality will the cream of the refuse of a great town will in itself afford will be where labour iH scarce, and prompt information the Salvation Army a revenue by which they will be able labour sent from the country as to the state of the to provide for many of the indispensable developments market in various localities. of their new Social Scheme. But apart from the revenue, on a small This scheme has been practically tested it is still more important as providing them with ma scale in connection with the Whitechapel Shelter. The terial with which to employ still greater numbers of months, Labour Bureau lias been in full swing for many unemployed. From the waste food and waste clothes of and has found situations for many unemployed. Steps the working population General Booth maintains that he have also been taken to pave the way for the organi will be able to feed and clothe and house all the workers. so far has sation of the sandwich-men, and the result It can be done if the workers are willing to work, and Booth been fairly satisfactory. What General proposes " for discipline I can answer." is simply to generalize and multiply a hundredfold the THE SERVANT OF ALL. kind of work that is already being done by the Social UBIQUITOUS Wing under the direction of Commissioner Smith. The Household Salvage Brigade will constitute an agency General Booth says :— cajKible of being utilised to any extent for the distribution of parcels, newspapers, &c. When once you have your When my Scheme is carried out, there will be in every reliable man who will call at every house with the regularity populous centre a Captain of Industry, an officer specially of a postman, and go his beat with the punctuality of a charged with the regimentation of unorganized labour, who policeman, you can do great things with him. I do not need would be continually on the alert, thinking how best to to elaborate this point. It will be a universal Corps of Com utilize the waste human material in his district. It is con missionaires, created for the service of the public and in the trary to all previous experience to suppose that the addition interests of the poor, which will bring us into direct relations of so much trained intelligence will not operate beneficially with every family in London, and will therefore constitute in securing the disposal of a commodity which is at present an unequalled medium for the distribution of advertisements a drug in the market. and the collection of information. THE KEY TO THE SCHEME. It does not require a very fertile imagination to see that — It will be noticed, says General Booth when such a house-to-house visitation is regularly established, That most of the suggestions which I have put forth in it will develop in all directions ; and working, as it would, in this book are based upon the central principle, which is that connection with our Anti-sweating Shops and Industrial of restoring to the overgrown, and therefore uninformed, Colony, would probably soon become the medium for negotia masses of population in our towns the same intelligence and ting sundry household repairs, from a broken window to a co-operation as to the mutual wants of each and all that damaged stocking. If a porter were wanted to move furni prevails in your small town or village. The latter is the ture, or a woman wanted to do charing, or someone to clean manageable unit, because its dimensions and its needs have windows, or any other odd job, the ubiquitous Servant of All not outgrown the range of the individual intelligence and who called, for the waste, either verbally or by post-card, ability of those who dwell therein. Our troubles in large would receive the order, and whoever was wanted would towns arise chiefly from the fact that the massing of popu appear at the time desired without any further trouble on lation has caused the physical bulk of Society to outgrow the part of the householder. its intelligence. It is as if a human being had suddenly WASTE LABOUR TO WASTE LAND. developed fresh limbs which were not connected by any nervous system with the gray matter of his brain. What we The Refuge, the Shelter, the Labour Factory, the have to do, therefore, is to grow a new nervous system for Household Salvage Brigade, and the Labour Bureau con swift, automatic, means the body politic, to create a almost stitute what General Booth calls the City Colony. Even the community as a whole and of communication between when they are all set agoing, however useful they may be, of its members, so as to restore to the city the meanest they are only palliatives. It is necessary to provide a what the village possesses. way out, and that way out is only possible in one direction, A HOUSEHOLD SALVAUE CORPS. namely, by planting the people upon the land. Waste This he proposes to do by the creation of what he Labour to Waste Land is General Booth's watchword. calls a Household Salvage CorpB. He proposes to Not that he is under any delusion as to the infinite possi organize out of the unemployed what he calls the bilities some enthusiasts see in Salisbury Plain and the Household Salvage Corps, or the Waste Not, Want Not slopes of Snowdon. General Booth proposes to take land Brigade, the members of which, in uniform, numbered — the best land he can get—within convenient access of Way In Darkest England, and the Out. 503

the greatest markets of the world. In the case of London new arrivals, whose ability, character, and habits are as yet ho would take an estate of some thousand acres in Kent unknown. (4) The less capable in strength, mental calibre, or Essex, if possible in close contiguity to the estuary of or other capacity, (c) The indolent, and those whose conduct and character appeared doubtful. These would remain in the Thames and within easy access by rail to the heart of this class until sufficiently improved for advancement, or are the City. Here he would establish his second stage of pronounced so hopeless as to justify expulsion. remedial operations, whicli he calls the Farm Colony. The 2nd class would have a small extra allowance, a part estate as a for He would treat the training ground of which would be given to the workers for private use, and a emigrants as well as great market garden for the supply a part reserved for future contingencies, the payment of of the rations with whicli he undertakes to provide the travelling expenses, etc. Out-of- Works of the City. 3rd. From this class we should obtain our petty officers, THE UTILIZATION OP RAILWAY EMBANKMENTS. send out hired labourers, emigrants, etc., etc. The land is the source of all food (says General Booth), RELICilOUS LIBERTY AND RATIONAL RECREATION. only by the application of labour can the land be made fully The same rule as to an all-present Salvationism would productive. There is any amount of waste land in the world, in the as in the colo not far away in distant Continents, next door to the North prevail country town. While the Pole, but here at our very doors. Have you ever calculated, nists would be trained in all the handicrafts necessaiy for instance, the square miles of unused land which fringe to agriculturists, and taught to study the times ai d the sides of all our railroads ? No doubt some embankments seasons to hoe and dig and plough, they would bo are of material that would baffle the cultivating skill of a looked after with a still more vigilant eye with the hope Chinese or the careful husbandry of a Swiss mountaineer ; of getting them soundly saved. But, although the Farm but these are exceptions. When other people talk of re Colony is to be religious, there is to be intolerance. No claiming Salisbury Plain, or of cultivating the bare moorlands one is to be compelled to attend Salvation Army meetings North, of the bleak I think of the hundreds of square miles unless he chooses, but General Booth relies upon the of land that lie in long ribbons on the sides of each of our natural advantages the Army would possess to procure railways, upon which, without any cost for haulage, innu the attendance of its colonists. No work would !><• merable tons of city manure could be shot down, and the allowed on Sundays on the estate, no public-houso would crops of which could be carried at once to the nearest exist within its frontiers. market without any but the initial cost of heaping into con venient trucks. These railway embankments constitute a vast In the rules and regulations of his colony, General estate, capable of growing fruit enough to supply all the jam Booth makes a great and notable departure in the direc that Crosse and Ulackweli ever boiled. tion

utilized. The salvage of the households of London will the families will, on the Farm Colony, have been for some bo conveyed in barges drifting downwards with the tide months past more or less near neighbours, meeting each to the wharves of the Farm Colony, there to be utilized in other in the field, in the workshops, and in the Religious Ser vices. will resemble nothing so much as the a thousand different ways. General Booth's imagination It unmooring of a little piece of England, and towing it across the sea luxuriates at the endless openings for employment which to find a safe anchorage in a sunnier clime. will be created by the disposal of the cream of the refuse of London. To begin with, there are the broken This Salvation ship would call at ports on the routes and victuals, endless store of old crusts, which will be hold parades and great assemblies for the furtherance of capable of being served up when steamed and dressed as the good cause. The voyage would be utilized for human food. Other crusts will serve to diet the horses, of winnowing out the chaff from the wheat, and for subject which lie will have sufficient for a cavalry regiment when ing all the colonists to the finishing touch of their the Brigade is in full working order. What the horses probation. will not eat will be passed on to the innumerable clutches Not only would the ship be a perfect hive of industry, but of poultry with which the estate will be studded, and a floating temple. The captain, officers, and every member what the poultry will not eat will come to the pig as the of the crew would be Salvationists, and all, therefore, alike residuary legatee. The Army piggery will be the largest interested in the enterprise. The effect produced by our in the land. Round the piggery will spring up an ship cruising slowly southwards, testifying to the reality of a industrial community to feed, to kill, to cure, and to Salvation for both worlds, calling at all convenient ports, would a kind of mission work, work up the invaluable porker. Bacon factories, brush constitute and call forth where- ever she called a large amount of practical works, saddlery of all kinds, will have to be created and sympathy. Here would be one ship at least whose appearance foretold run by the Army. Old clothes form another material no disorder, gave rise to no debauchery, and from whose from which will many industries. The deft spring capacious hull would stream forth an army of men, who, in and fingers of the women will be employed patching instead of thronging the grog-shops and other haunts of as repairing. A colony of cobblers, technically known licentious indulgence, would occupy themselves with explain translators, will be formed for the purpose of renovating ing and proclaiming the religion of the Love of God and the the damaged shoe-leather of the citizens. Cheap second Brotherhood of Man. hand clothing establishments will bo created in order to SETTLINO THE COLONISTS IN A NEW COUNTRY. provide the colonists who are working for lodgings and rations with the uniform proper to their colony. The When they arrived at the Colony they would at once old bones of London will lead to the establishment of be taken in charge and conducted to their new homes, button works and manure works. The grease, fat, and and established in their new surroundings in such con kitchen stuff will afford the material for a soap works. ditions as are calculated to keep them straight and enable The waste paper of London and the otherwise unusable them to make a new start in a new land. The colonists rags will enable the Army to manufacture all its own would be debited with the cost of their transport and the puper, and at present it uses thirty tons a week. And capital value expended in providing them with a house, so forth, and so forth. stock, land, and food for a few months. They would repay this by an annual charge or land tax, and by this THE COLONY OVER SEA. means the General hopes to see the scheme made self- We now come to the third and final stage of the supporting. After the first initial expenditure he thinks remedial scheme, the establishment of a colony in the the money might be employed over and over again new Britain over the sea. General Booth condemns without any material shrinkage of the capital. emigration as usually conducted, and insists that if There will be no attempt to enforce upon the Colonists the emigration is to succeed the land must be prepared for rules and regulations to which Salvation Soldiers are sub the people, and the people prepared for the land. He jected. Those who are soundly saved, and who of their own free will desire to become Salvationists will, of course, be says :— subjected to the rules of the Service. But Colonists who are You might as well lay a new-born child naked in the willing to work and obey the orders of the Commanding middle of a new sown field in March, and expect it to live Officer will only be subject to the foregoing rules and regula and thrive, as expect emigration on the lines many people tions ; in all other things they will be left free. conduct it to produce successful results. Immigration, no The to an doubt, is the making of a colony, just as bread is the staff of General proposes open Emigration Bureau life. But if you were to cram a stomach with wheat by a in London for acquiring and distributing special informa force-pump you would bring on such a fit of indigestion that tion to emigrants, arranging special terms for passage unless your victim threw up the indigestible mass of and for making inquiries and securing information. This, unground, uncooked, unmasticated grain he would never then, constitutes what may be called the body of General want another meal. So it is with the new colonies and the Booth's scheme. The threefold plan by which he pro surplus labour of other countries. poses to solve the question of the unemployed. What ever be it it must at least be His idea is to take estates in the colonies, by preference may alleged against recog nized as a the in South Africa, and have them laid out and made ready thoroughly practical proposal, oidy one which has even been of late for the advent of the colonists. He would fill a sailing suggested years coping with the difficulty before which civilization has hitherto folded ship with a colony of men and women who had passed its hands in the probation of the Farm Colony and had proved them despair. selves to be capable and willing workers. WHY SHOULD THE STATE NOT DO ALL THIS ?

SAILING AWAY IN THE SALVATION SHIP. Here, at least, are all the elements necessary for solving the question, there are the workless workers, and there When emigrants leave this country there is great misery is the waste land or only half tilled land. Between the and lamentation, owing to the parting of families and the two stand a host of willing and energetic men and leaving of mends. But (says General Booth) when our party sets out, there will be no violent wrenching of home ties. women trained to obedience, and to command who are In our ship we shall export them all— father, mother, and fired by a sincere enthusiasm for humanity, and are children. The individuals will be grouped in families, and giving daily proof of the sincerity of their belief by self Way In Darkest England, and the Out. 505

denying and ill requited effort. Some no doubt will be who have enlisted in the Salvation Army take up their disposed to admit the advisability of carrying out the quarters in the heart of the worst slums. But whereas the ■scheme, but will 6ay that it should be taken in hand by Friars were men, our slum brigade is composed of — the State. The answer to that objection istliatthe State women.. I have a hundred of them under my orders women for the most cannot deal with individuals as the Army does. The young part, quartered all of them in outposts in the heart of the devii's country. Most of them secret of the success with which iiie Army has managed are the children of the poor who have known hardship from its Food and Shelter Depots is due to the element of their youth up. Some are ladies born and bred, who have with individuals which could not be personal pleading not been afraid to exchange the comfort of a West End expected from State officials. There is no doubt as to drawing-room for service among the vilest of the vile, and a the reality of the success which they have already residence in small and fetid rooms whose walls were infested achieved. General Booth says :— with vermin. They live the life of the Crucified for the sake of the men and women We have never any disturbances of any kind in the for whom He lived and died. Shelters. We have provided accommodation now for several General Booth quotes two narratives of the work which thousand of tl e most helplessly broken-down men in London, they axe doing by journalists in the old world and the criminals many of them, mendicants, tramps, those who are new—the account of Slum work in the dens of New the filth and of all ; but such among offscouring things is York being exceedingly well written. General Booth the influence that is established by the meeting and the Bays :— moral ascendancy of our officers themselves, that we have never had a fight on the premises, and very seldom do we In connection with our Scheme, we propose to immediately ever hear an oath or an obscene word. Sometimes there has increase the number of these Slum Sisters, and to add to been trouble outside the Shelter, when men insisted upon their usefulness by directly connecting their operations with coming in drunk or were otherwise violent ; but once let the Colony, enabling them thereby to help the poor people to them come to the Shelter, and get into the swing of the conditions of life more favourable to health, morals, and concern, and we have no trouble with them. religion. This would be accomplished by getting some of The thing to be noted in all these cases is that it was not them employment in the City, which must necessarily result the mere feeding which effected the result ; it was the com in better homes and surroundings, or in the opening up for bination of the feeding with the personal labour for the others of a straight course from the Slums to the Farm Colony individual soul Still, if we had not fed them, we should There is also to be a peripatetic hospital, in which the never have come near enough to gain any hold upon their Slum Sisters have to find simple medicines, bandages, hearts. If we had merely fed them, they would have gone ointments, and other necessary materials for elementary away next day to resume, with increased energy, the practice among the poor whom they serve. predatory and vagrant life which they had been leading. But when our feeding and shelter depots brought them to HOMES FOR DISCHARGED PRISONERS. close quarters, our officers were literally able to put their After the Slums, General Booth will take tn hand the arms round their necks and plead with them as brethren welfare of the discharged prisoners. He says ;— who had gone astray. We told them that their sins and sorrows had not shut them out from the love of the Ever The Salvation Army has at least one great qualification for lasting Father, who had sent us to them to help them with dealing with this question. I believe I am in the proud posi all the power of our strong organization, of the Divine tion of being at the head of the only religious body which has authority of which we never feel so sure as when it is going always some of its members in gaol for conscience sake. forth to seek and to save the lost. We are also one of the few religious bodies which can boast that many of those who arc in our ranks have gone This is not work which the State could perform. through terms of penal servitude. We, therefore, know the prison at both ends. HOW TO "COMPEL THEM TO COME IN." From the knowledge of the need thus obtained :— We now come to the more actively aggressive work 1. We the of homes for this class as which General Booth proposes to accomplish. It is no propose opening near as possible to the different gaols. One for men has just been use preparing your City Colony or Fr.rm Colony or Over taken at King's Cross, and will be occupied as soon as it can Sea Colony, if those whom you wish to help are like be got ready. One for women must follow immediately. of Africa when Eniin in the heart Stanley arrived from Others will be required in different parts of the metropolis, the coast. They may bo either too irresolute to avail and contiguous to each of its great prisons. Connected with themselves of the way to escape opened up to them, or these homes will be workshops in which the inmates will bo they may be captives of evil habits as to render the regularly employed until such time as we can get them work three-fold way of salvation of no use. It is therefore elsewhere. necessary, says General Booth, to organize rescue expe 2. In order to save, as far as possible, first offenders from ditions to burst through all obstacles, and to compel the the contamination of prison life, and to prevent the forma prisoners of vice and crime to make use of the means tion of further evil companionships, and the recklessness of character entailed provided for their rescue. which follows the loss by imprisonment, we should offer, in the Police and Criminal Courts, to take such offenders under our wing as were anxious to come and THE SISTERHOOD OF THE SLUMS. willing to accept our regulations. General Booth sets forth these rescue expeditions INEBRIATE ASYLUMS. under various heads, giving the first place to the Sister hood of the Slums. Then comes the drunkards from whom General Booth to establish Homes. Alas, it is not only in London that such lairs exist in proposes which the savages of civilization lurk and breed. All the 1. To begin with there will be City Homes, into which a great towns in both the Old World and the New have their man can be taken, watched over, kept out of the way of slums, in which huddle together, in festering and verminous temptation, and if possible delivered from the power of this filth, men, women, and children. They correspond to the dreadful habit. lepers who thronged the lazar houses of the Middle Ages. In some cases persons would be taken in who are engaged As in those days St. Francis of Assist and the heroic band in business in the City in the day, being accompanied by an of saints who gathered under his orders were wont to go and attendant to arid from the Home In this case, of course, lodge with the lepers at the city gates, so the devoted souls adequate remuneration for this extra cure would be required. Review of Reviews. 5o6 The

on the Dal- reprobate. That such persons exist General Booth 2. Country Home-;, which we shall conduct — for compulsory admits, and this is how he would deal with them : ryrnple principle ; that is, taking persons confirmed confinement, they binding themselves by a bond There are some cases within our knowledge which seem to for a certain period. by a magistrate that they would remain confirm the somewhat dreadful verdict by which a man establishments would be The general regulations for both appears to be a lost soul on this side of the grave. There be one class in something as follows : (1) There would only are men so incorrigibly lazy that no inducement that found that tho rich and the work ; each establishment. If it was you can offer will tempt them to do a stroke of together, separate institutions poor did not work comfortably so eaten up by vice that virtue is abhorrent to them, in must be provided. (2) All would alike have to engage and so inveterately dishonest that theft is to Outdoor work some remunerative form of employment. them a master passion. When a human being has would be arranged ■would be preferred, but indoor employment reached that stage, there is only one course that can be suitable, in such weather for those for whom it was most and rationally pursued. Sorrowfully but remorselessly it must be work was and at such times of the year when garden recognised that he has become lunatic, morally demented, 10s. week would be impracticable. (3) A charge of per incapable of self-government, and that upon him, therefore, there was no ability to made. This could be remitted when must be passed the sentence of permanent seclusion from a pay it. world in which he is not fit to be at large. The ultimate RESCUE HOMES FOR WOMEN. destiny of these poor wretches should be a penal settlement where they could be confined during Her Majesty's pleasure, General Booth's proposals for dealing with the un as are the criminal lunatics at Broadmoor. It is a crime when they leave their evil lives is thus fortunates against the race to allow those who are so inveterately : described depraved the freedom to wander abroad, infect their fellows, and increase the number of We propose to remodel greatly prey upon Society, and to multiply their kind. Whatever the establishing our Homes both in London and provinces, else Society may do, and suffer to be done, that one thing it infamous traffic. To make one in every great centre of this ought not to allow, any more than it should allow the free Houses, where the girls will be them very largely Receiving perambulation of a mad dog. initiated into the system of reformation, tested as to the General Booth does not lack iron in his blood, and there reality of their desires for deliverance, and started forward virtue, From these no mawkish sentimentalisni about his scheme. He on the highway of truth, and religion. is would be restored to it is impossible to regard vagrancy Homes large numbers, as at present, admits that at present be detained in — their friends and relatives, while some would and mendicancy as a very great offence service, and others passed on to the training for domestic But with the opportunity and ability for work I would the Farm they would be engaged in Farm Colony. On count solicitation of charity a crime, and punish it as such. the Factory at Bookbinding and various occupations. In Anyway, if a man would not work of his own free will I and Glass-houses amongst fruit and Weaving ; in the Garden would compel him. ; all cases flowers ; in the Dairy making butter in going for NOT FALLEN. through a course of housework which will fit them FOR THE HELP OF THOSE WHO ARE moral service. At every stage the same process of domestic This may be said to complete General Booth's scheme training, on which we specially rely, will be and religious for dealing with the classes to which his project was- carried forward. There would probably be a considerable Colonists, and in this originally limited. But it is impossible, however rigidly amount of inter-marriage amongst the into the scheme may be limited, to prevent its promoter from way a number of these girls would be absorbed Society. as domestic servants. a look beyond its frontiers which he has himself A large number would be sent abroad casting defined, and General Booth is no exception to the rule, THE CHILDREN. the most in FOR so he devotes one chapter, and that one of for helping the poor who The Children remain to be dealt with. General teresting, to various suggestions feet and cannot therefore be regarded as Bootli says :— still keep their to the submerged tenth. There is a whole To begin with, Children's Creches or Children's Day belonging in this chapter which enterprising Homes would be established in the centres of every poor social programme as their own. where, for a small charge, babies and young politicians might do worse than appropriate population, the main features children can be taken care of in the day while the mothers I have already described at such length at his are at work, instead of being left to the dangers of the of his scheme that I cannot do more than glance burnt to death improved streets, or the almost greater danger of being suggestions. General Booth would establish in their own miserable homes. lodging-houses, and would create a Poor Man's Metropole to with the On the Farm Colony we should be able deal and facilitate the establishment of homes for the indus L'nions and other quarters. Our Cottage infants from the trial poor. Ho suggests the formation of a co-operative mothers, with two or three children of their own, would suburban village of one thousand or two thousand houses, readily take in an extra one on the usual terms of board weekly with special railway facilities, such as a sixpenny ing out children. Here would be a Baby Farm carried on in all householders dwelling in this village, which the most favourable surroundings. ticket for within twelve miles of London, where lie Boys and girls of riper years could be taken in, but they he would locate and a garden could be built must work as half-timers. By some sort of employment in thinks a four-roomed cottage a week. the factories, oi fields, or gardens, they will be made to earn and let profitably at three shillings what under such circumstances they would cost. very nearly WHITECHAPEL-BY-THE-SEA. With respect to those who are older still, night schools or White- would put them in possession of all the erudition they would He would establish a Poor Man's Brighton, railway company require for the station they would be likely to fill in life. chapel-by-the-Sea. He thinks that a miles there and 70 miles back He also proposes to establish an Industrial School on could carry passengers 70 make a profit on the transac the Farm Colony in which lie would combine technical for sixpence each way, and — on the following figures: with elementary education from the earliest years, and tion. His calculation is based the cost of haulage for an ordinary carry out those principles of education in which ho I am told that train, from five hundred to a thousand passenger carrying t;ike firmly believes. company could persons, is 2s. 7d. per mile ; a railway there, and bring them ASYLUMS FOR INCURABLE .MORAL LUNATICS. six hundred passengers seventy miles of £18 Is. 8d. Six hundred Finally there remains the residuum of the incorrigibly seventy miles back, at a cost In Darkest England Way and the Out. 507 \

passengers at a shilling is £30 ; so far there would be a clear they could go. What we want to do is to exemplify to the " " profit to the company of £12 on the haulage, together with world the family idea. Our Father is the keynote. One is the payment of interest on capital, wear and tear of line, to. Our Father, then we are all brethren. But in a family, if Br.t I reckon, at a very moderate computation, that two anyone is troubled in mind or conscience there is no difficulty. hundred thousand persons would travel to and fro every Of course we can do this but imperfectly. Only God can season. An addition of £10,000 to the exchequer of a railway create a mother. But Society needs a great deal of •company is not to be despised. smothering—much more than it gets. I propose to attempt The Genera] has various other suggestions to make, to meet this want. I shall establish a department, over which I shall among others he hints tentatively at the establishment of place the wisest, the pitif idlest, and the most sagacious men and women whom I can find on staff, a registry office for the promotion of matrimony, the my to whom all those in trouble and perplexity shall 1* invited to establishment of h Poor Man's Bank on philanthropic address themselves. It is no use saying that we love our business and the creation of an Advice Bureau

principles, it, fellow men unless we try to help them, and is no use which become Poor and the Poor will the Man's Tribune pretending to sympathize with the heavy burdens which Man's Lawyer. He will also extend and develop the darken their lives unless we try to ease them and to lighten ■operations which the Salvation Army is already engaged their existence. in, to an extent which will astonish many people, in iinding lost people and tracing missing friends and AN INTELLIGENCE DEPARTMENT. relatives. If General Booth is going to be the Poor Man's Lawyer, A POOR MANS BANK. the Poor Man's Father Confessor, the Poor Man's Banker

and universal friend and adviser, it is evident he will is evident that it would wa«.t little persuasion for It require to have all the wisdom.of the world at his fingers' General Booth to start as Pawnbroker. He :— says ends. He therefore jn-opof.es t< establish an Intelligence — Some day I hope the State may be sufficiently enlightened Department. He says : to take up this business itself ; at present it is left in the I want to establish a system which will enable me to use, iiands of the and the loan agency, and a set of pawnbroker not only the eyes and hands of Salvation Officers, but of - harks who cruelly prey upon the interests of the poor. sympathetic friends in all parts of the world, for purposes of 1he establishment of land banks, where the poor man is noticing and reporting at once every social experiment of - Imost always a peasant, has been one of the features of importance, any words of wisdom on the social question,

should it enter into the heart of some benevolently disposed the world, such is the way out of Darkest England, out of jiossessor of wealth to give the price of a racehorse, or of an which the submerged tenth lias to bo rescued. "old master," to form the nucleus of the necessary capital, I ■willcertainly experiment in this direction.

HOW MUCH WILL IT COST ?

THE MISSING VILLAGE ELEMENT IN LIFE. The concluding part of the book deals with the credentials of the Salvation Army for undertaking In explaining his Scheme he once more harks back to it this work ; sets forth the advantages of the scheme, ■the idea of restoring to our overcrowded population the comlxits objections which may be urged against it, -si nple human advantages and relationships enjoyed by recapitulates its main features, and then, after a calcula .1he small village. He says: — tion rj to the expenditure which it will entail, we come In the large city all this kindly helpfulness disappears, and to the practical conclusion, in which he makes an appeal •with it go all those small acts of service which are, as it were, for funds and volunteers to carry out the scheme. He «he buffers which save men from crushed to being death calculates it will require £'100,000 down, and an assnred against the iron walls of circumstances. We must to try re income of £30,000 a year, which is equivalent to interest place them in some way or other if we are to get back, not to on £1)00,000, so that, practically, to start the scheme and

-counsel, it is not an impossible thing to believe tliat we shall which does not cost ten times that amount : the Abys •be able to do something to restore the missing element in sinian War cost fifteen millions, the Afghan twenty-one. if anodern civilization. It is ridiculous to think that we were to take seriously to heart the condition of those lost classes that any diffi OUB FATHEB." culty would have needed to bo as much as mooted.

is Booth who Now, we want to make the Salvation Army the There no one in this country but General (nucleus of a great agency for bringing comfort and would dare to propose to do what he suggests for ten counsel to those who are at their wit's end, feeling times the sum he names as the indispensable mini .as if in the whole world there was no one to whom mum of revenue. Advertisements. xiii

X © W READY. CHRISTMAS PUBLICATIONS of the SALVATION ARMY. ALL THE WORLD. A Monthly Record of the Work of the Salvation Army^ • Eighty pages, profusely illustrated. Coloured Lithographic cover. Price 6d. ; by post, 8d. CONTENTS OF THE CHRISTMAS (DECEMBER) NUMBER. Oat of Bethlehem. Illustrated. Bv Commissioner Hailton. Commissioner Coombs among the Australian Blacks. MusiraUtl. Under The Army Flag. P.wm. Illustrated. By H. A. Bkavan. '■ Mrs. Booth and her Army Family. By W. Bramwell Booth. " I Will Not Fear." Poem. By H. V. Stohkt. From Field to Field. I Uuairated. Found— Led About— Kept." By Margaret Allen. Ulysse Cosandey, Major. Lux In Tenebris. Poem. By George Logan. How a Burglar was Manufactured. Illustrated. By Eileen Over the Roofs of Denmark. Illustrated. By S. F. Swift. Dovgla*. Janet's Christmas Offering. By B. S. Gordon. Our Winter Prospects in Germany. By Commissioner and St. Helena. Illustrated. Bv Adjutant Hancoi. MR4. rtAILTON. From Muskoka Wild "Woods. Illustrated. By Florence Hedwig vox ■KlNTON. Our Finnish Comrades. Illustrated. By " " Haartman. In Darkest England Reviewed. By Major Sowerby. Wanted, Samaritans. By Commissioner Frank Smith. Mrs. Oilman's Last Christmas. Illustrated. By Mrs. Carleton. Four Years in Michigan. lllusinved. By K. s. Brengle. Whom Else but Thee ? Soug and Music. By Commandant H. Tidings from France and Switzerland. By Mrs. H. Bomth. Booth-Clibiiorn (the Marechalb.) Office Notes. THE DELIVERER. Organ of the Rescue Work of the Salvation Army. The Christmas (December) number has been enlarged to twenty-four pages, with numerous illustrations and handsome cover. Price 2d. ; by post, 3d. CONTENTS. Brought Out- By Rev. C J. Bird, M.A. Fishers of Men. By Mrs. Booth-Clibborn. Two Sides. By Lydia Wood. Timothy Botch. Bv Milk and Honey. Illustrated. Confessing Holiness. By Mrs. Booth. His Cross. By Kev. H. E. Sampson. Illustrated. Jinks. Bv G. C. Illustrated. Colorless or Colored Religion,- which ? By Major Oliphant. For the Girl for whom Nobody Cares. From Tartar Land. By A. L. Poetry. The Royal Line By B. H. Cherry. Nuggets from South Africa's Golden Field. By Maulah. The Christ King s Call. By B. B. Cox. Illustrated. Illustrated. Songs in the Night. By W. Bramwell Booth. From Across the Seas Trotter Granny. By S. F. Swift. Comrade Faces from Afar. By Col. Nicol. A Year's Yield from Canadian Soil. By Mrs. Read. Angels of the Slums. Personal Notes. By Mrs. Bramwell Booth. From Night Unto Light. By M. Asdell. Illustrated. THE LAST DAYS OF MRS. BOOTH, The Mother of The Salvation Army. This book contains many interesting reminiscences of Mrs. Booth's early days and work, as well as a full account of the events of the last two years. The book is illustrated, and also contains a portrait of the Mother of the Salvation Army. Price, Paper Covers, 6d. ; by post, 8d. Cloth, Is., post free. IN DARKEST ENGLAND, and the WAY OUT. By GENERAL BOOTH. 336 pages, cloth boards, Th/ee Shillings and Sixpence, post free. CONTENTS. I.— IN DARKEST ENGLAND. The Darkness—The Submerged PART II. — DELIVERANCE. A Stupendous FART " Undertaking— To the- Tenth— The Homeless—The Out of Works "—On the Verge cf the Rescue!—The City Colony—To the Count ry—The Farm Colony— Abyss—The Vicious— The Criminals— The Children of the Lost—Is New Britain— The Colony over the Sea—More Crusades—Help in. there no Help 't General—Can it be Done, and bow ?—A Practical Conclusion.

The above publications may be obtained through any Bookseller, or from the Captain of any Salvation Army Corps, or they will be sent direct from the International Publishing Offices of The Salvation Army, Clerkenwell Road, London, E.C. [Willi am Booth {b. 1829, d.1912). (Nov. 01, 1890). In Darkesl England and the Way Out, Supplement to" THE RE VIEW OF RE VIE WS," November, 1890. supplement to Tlie Review of Reviews, Nov. 1890, W.T. Stcad publishcr and co-aulhor with Booth. Review of Reviews. Sourcc: h t! ps·l/dipital łihrar:y cornell edu/catalog/ss:3293831 ] IN DARKEST ENGLAND, AND THE WAY OUT.

KEY TO T H E CHART. The Chart 11 tntended to (!Te a blrdsey&-vllW of tbe Scbeme descrlbed In Ud9 bOOll:. and Ule n111ult. npected froln1t.reall•.at.lon. u (!T~e1 ~.;:'0:!:~~~t'::.~~:..~• appalllnl' e>lnted to carry out the Scheme11rt1atruggUor toeave. otbertt!!i~~ti!,;11~=t.:1~'t..~"fu1tb:'l)~~~~.=;:f .!ifc~1 .;!~~·Yn"::S~~oP1,and l"rom the C1u COLO-'(f In the eentre. another~•lon can be aeen, ot tbose who, ha\"lnl' proYed them·