Amphibians, , and Mammals of the York River Joseph Brown and Sandra Erdle Virginia Institute of Marine Science Gloucester Point, VA 23062 U.S.A.

ABSTRACT

The York River and its watershed support many natural vegetative communities, from aquatic grass beds to tidal marshes to a variety of woodlands. These communities support a wide variety of resident and migratory amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. There are eight families and 26 of amphibians and ten families and 36 species of reptiles represented within the York River watershed. All three species of sea are protected under the Act and the Northern diamond-backed terrapin is a species of concern. Approximately 230 species, resident and migratory, have been recorded within the Chesapeake Bay area. Over 50 families and 190 species of birds have been observed along the estuarine environments of the York River. Specific Reserve components support Bald Eagle nests and Great Blue Heron rookeries. Nineteen families and 50 species of mammals are represented within the York River and its watershed. Of special note is the infrequent occurrence of large marine mammals, such as the bottlenose dolphin and manatee, within the lower York River region.

INTRODUCTION

From its headwaters in the Mattaponi and Pamunkey Rivers to its entrance into the Chesapeake Bay, the York River pro- vides a variety of riverine and estuarine . Consequently the York River system supports a diverse array of vertebrates. Portions of the Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve in Virginia located along the York River provide op- portunities for study and observation of many of these species. The watershed of the York River supports many natural communities, including tidal freshwater marshes, tidal oligo- haline marshes, tidal mesohaline and polyhaline marshes, tid- al shrub swamps, tidal bald cypress forests and woodlands, tid- al hardwood swamps, tidal freshwater and oligohaline aquatic beds and tidal mesohaline and polyhaline aquatic beds (http:// www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural_heritage/ncestuarine.shtml). These multiple natural vegetative communities, in turn, sup- Figure 1. Marbled salamander (Photo courtesy of the Virginia Fish and Wildlife Information Service) port a wide variety of resident and migratory birds, as well as many reptiles, amphibians, and mammals which are primarily year-round residents. REPTILES

AMPHIBIANS Ten families and 36 species of reptiles occur along the York River and its tributaries, including 11 species of , six spe- Amphibians within the York River watershed are depen- cies of lizards and 19 species of snakes. Of the four species of dent upon freshwater and limited by salt intrusion. All spe- turtles found in brackish or salty portions of the river, three cies are therefore located primarily in the upper portions of are sea turtles (commonly found near the mouth of the York the river’s tributaries or at its headwaters. Eight families and River), the fourth is the Northern diamond-backed terrapin approximately 26 species of amphibians are represented in (Malaclemmys terrapin; Figure 2). This turtle is common along the York watershed, including species such as: marbled sal- most portions of the lower river and its brackish tributaries amander (Ambystoma opacum; Figure 1), Eastern red-spotted where typical food items (fiddler and periwinkle snails) newt (Notophthalmus viridescens), American toad (Bufo america- are in abundance. Terrapins prefer open, sandy for nus), pine woods treefrog (Hyla femoralis), and bullfrog (Rana breeding where they lay in sandy soils above the high catesbeiana). The Appendix provides a listing of documented tide line. Two species of sea turtles that are regular visitors species. to the saltier portions of the river (Mansfield, 2006), are the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta; Figure 3) and Kemp’s Rid- ley (Lepidochelys kempii). The green (Chelonia mydas) is relatively rare. All species of sea turtles found within the

107 rehabilitated at the VIMS campus or other nearby rehabilita- tion facilities before release back into the wild. Two families, and 20 species of snakes are known from the York River watershed. One of the most common species may be the northern water snake (Nerodia sipedon; Figure 4), which is frequently mistaken for the Eastern cottonmouth (Agkis- trodon piscivorous; Figure 5). The cottonmouth is one of only two venomous snakes found in the watershed, the other being the Northern copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix). A listing of species documented from the York River watershed is provided in the Appendix.

Figure 2. Northern Diamond-backed Terrapin (Photo courtesy of the Virginia Fish and Wildlife Information Service)

Figure 4. Northern Water Snake (Photo courtesy of the University of )

Figure 3. Loggerhead Turtle (Photo courtesy of James Cook University)

US are federally protected under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The lower Chesapeake Bay is an important develop- mental area for both juvenile loggerheads and Kemp’s Ridleys as they move into the lower bay and York River for forag- ing and shelter. Between 5,000 and 10,000 sea turtles enter the Chesapeake Bay each spring and summer, and Mansfield (2006) estimates approximately 1,000 to 3,000 individuals Figure 5. Eastern Cottonmouth (Photo courtesy of the Armed Forces Pest Management Board) are seasonal residents in the lower Bay. The majority are ei- ther juvenile loggerheads or Kemp’s Ridleys that use the Bay as a feeding ground. Mansfield (2006) found that juvenile BIRDS loggerheads and Kemp’s Ridleys sea turtles spend approxi- mately 10% of their time at the surface. Unfortunately, it is Approximately 230 bird species have been recorded from at this time that they are subject to injury and death due to the Chesapeake Bay area, both residents and migrants. In encounters with vessels and humans. In the 1980s approxi- marsh, swamp, beach and more open estuarine environments mately 33% of Virginia’s sea turtle mortalities were attributed along the York River, approximately 52 families and 192 spe- to entanglement in large mesh pound net leaders (Mansfield, cies are represented. Most species are allied with swamps and 2006). Winter temperatures in Virginia are too cold for the associated woodlands, and with fresh and saltwater marshes. turtles to remain year round, and many individuals found in A listing of bird species documented from the York River and the lower bay are migrating along the East Coast of the US, its tributaries is provided in the Appendix. or are dispersing young. Since 1979, VIMS has served as the Extensive low marsh areas support significant populations Commonwealth of Virginia’s center for the monitoring, study of Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris), Seaside Sparrow (Ammodra- and conservation of endangered and threatened sea turtles mus maritimus), and Marsh Wrens (Cistothorus palustris), while within Virginia’s waters. Approximately 250 to 350 sea turtles tide pools support a large diversity of breeding species, as well strand within Virginia’s waters each year. Most strand during as, migratory species. Large high marsh areas provide habitat May and June when populations enter the bay, and in October for breeding populations of Sedge Wrens (Cistothorus platensis), when leaving. Sick or injured sea turtles are treated and/or Northern Harriers (Circus cyaneus; Figure 6), Prairie Warblers

108 (Dendroica discolor), and Eastern Meadowlarks (Sturnella maffna). Least (Sternula antilla- rum) and American Oys- tercatchers (Haematopus palliates) are found on sandy berms and barri- ers while scattered pine hummocks and adjacent maritime forests sup- port significant popula- tions of Brown-headed Nuthatches (Sitta pusilla) and Chuck-wills-widows Figure 8. Osprey and chicks on nest near CBNERRSVA York River wa- (Caprimulgus carolinen- Figure 6. Northern Harrier (Photo ter quality monitoring station (Photo courtesy of Betty Neikirk, VIMS) courtesy of Coffee Creek Watershed sis). Marsh, scrub and Preserve) overwash habitats at the isolated marsh islands of Threats to bird populations within the site in general and Goodwin Islands support the Goodwin Islands region, in particular, include: 1) loss of numerous breeding birds habitat to the invasive marsh grass-common reed (Phragmites including the American australis), 2) loss of habitat to sea-level rise, 3) increases in Black Ducks ( ru- mammal populations and associated predation, and 4) human bripes) and American Oys- disturbance. The aggressive invasive plant, common reed, is tercatchers (Haemoatopus spreading throughout Goodwin Islands and many other areas palliates; Figure 7) (VAD- in the York River area. Although some high marshes within CR 2005a). American this system have not been degraded to the same extent as Oystercatchers are on the many areas within the upper Chesapeake Bay, many marshes Audubon Watchlist and within the system are highly threatened. Rising sea levels con- are listed as a high pri- tinue to threaten low-lying areas, and isolated marsh islands ority species in the U.S. are particularly vulnerable to this ongoing process. Over the Shorebird Conservation past 30 years, mammalian predators such as raccoon, fox, do- Figure 7. American Oystercatcher Plan. mestic dog and cat have had a detrimental effect on reproduc- (Photo courtesy of Daphne Bremer) Aerial surveys of Bald tive rates of marsh-bird populations. Human disturbance is a Eagle (Haliaeetus leuco- chronic problem at most locations. It is notable that at the cephalus) nests and heron nest colonies are flown annually by present time Bald Eagle, Osprey and Peregrine Falcons (Falco staff of the Center for Conservation Biology of the College of peregrinus) have made substantial recoveries from near extir- William and Mary (http://ccb.wm.edu). Historically, Goodwin pation in this region. Islands supported a large nesting colony of Great Blue Her- ons (Ardea herodias). By the late 1980s, the colony on Goodwin MAMMALS Islands had grown to approximately 150 pairs and had begun to split and develop other nesting colonies elsewhere. The Approximately 19 families and 50 species of mammals Catlett Islands reserve site currently supports a small nesting are represented within the York River watershed. A listing colony of Great Blue Herons (Erdle and Heffernan, 2005b). of species documented from the York River watershed is pro- Until a hurricane in the fall of 2003 destroyed the nest and vided in the Appendix. Most of these are small to medium- large nest trees, at least one pair of Bald Eagles nested at sized mammals, as there are few large mammals remaining Goodwin Islands, as well as at Catlett Islands. Unlike the in the area, although some large marine mammals do occur Goodwin Islands reserve site, large nest trees are still intact at here. Some species, like muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus), raccoon Catlett Islands, so re-nesting there is possible. Both nesting (Procyon lotor), beaver (Castor canadensis), river otter (Lutra herons and Bald Eagles are sensitive to disturbance, therefore canadensis), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are the isolated locations of these two reserve sites provide critical relatively common, while bobcats (Lynx rufus) and black bear habitat for nest development. Currently, one Bald Eagle nest (Ursus americanus) are uncommon. There are few significant is known near the Taskinas Creek Reserve site (Myers et al., invasive mammal species in this area, although the potential 2008). for establishment of the nutria (Myocastor coypus) in the York Unlike the herons and Bald Eagles, Osprey (Pandion hali- system is high (Chesapeake Bay Nutria Working Group 2003). aetus) are widespread nesters in this region and appear to be The white-tailed deer (a native species) can have significant more toleratant of disturbance. There are over 2,000 breed- negative effects on native tree and herbaceous plant regen- ing pairs in the Chesapeake Bay area; the largest known con- eration, recruitment and compositions (Horsely et al., 2003) centration in the world (www.fws.gov/chesapeakebay/osprey. and can even disrupt bird populations (deCaleta, 1994). Deer htm). Osprey nesting is common adjacent to reserve moni- avoid browsing on some invasive non-native plants, such as toring sites along the York River system (Figure 8) and the Japanese stilt grass (Tu, 2000) and therefore can indirectly in- population appears to be increasing.

109 crease the spread of these invasives. Deer were nearly hunted LITERATURE CITED out of many areas in Virginia by the end of the 19th century, Blaylock, Robert A., 1988. Distribution and abundance of the bottle- however factors such as the implementation of hunting laws, nose dolphin, Tursiops turncatus (Montagu, 1921), in Virginia. U.S. loss of natural predators and increases in foraging habitats Fish and Wildlife Service, Fishery Bulletin, 86, 797-805. has resulted in increased populations that in many areas may Chesapeake Bay Nutria Working Group, 1993. Nutria (Myocastor coy- now exceed estimated pre-settlement deer densities (Erdle pus) in the Chesapeake Bay: A Draft Bay-Wide Management Plan. Chesapeake Bay Nutria Working Group-Multiple Partners. http:// and Heffernan, 2005a). Although deer are currently in abun- www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/calendar/NISW_12-10-03_Report_5_ dance overall, many mammal populations are threatened by 5129.pdf 29p. large-scale landscape alterations and habitat fragmentation. DeCalesta, D.S., 1994. Impact of white-tailed deer on songbirds with- These trends are occurring in the York River watershed, as in managed forests in Pennsylvania. Journal of Wildlife Management, they are everywhere. Therefore, large, unfragmented river- 58, 711-718. ine forests and marshes of the reserve, as well as adjacent and Erdle, S.Y. and K.E. Heffernan, 2005a. Management Plan for Good- win Islands: Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve nearby lands serve as critical refugia for mammals in a land- – Virginia. Natural Heritage Technical Report #05-03. Virginia scape that is increasingly altered and developed. Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Large marine mammals are infrequent visitors in the York Heritage. Richmond, VA. 45pp. plus appendices. system, and generally occur close to the Chesapeake Bay and Erdle, S.Y. and K.E. Heffernan, 2005b. Management Plan for Catlett in the lowest reaches of the river. The most common marine Islands: Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve – Virginia. Natural Heritage Technical Report #05-04. Virginia mammal, the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncates; Figure 9), Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural is an occasional to frequent visitor in summer months (Blay- Heritage. Richmond, VA. 35pp. plus appendices. lock, 1988). Most bottlenose dolphin are found near shore Horsley, S.B., S.L. Stout and D.S. DeCalesta, 2003. White-tailed with water depths of less that 10m. It is thought that pod deer impact on the dynamics of a northern hardwood forest. Ecological Applications, 13, 98-118. Morgan, L.W., J. A. Musick, and C. W. Potter, 2002. Temporal and Geographic Occurrences of Cetacean Strandings and Manatee Sightings in Virginia, with Notes on Adverse Human-Cetacean In- teractions, From 1983-1989. Journal of the North Carolina Academy of Science, 118 (1), pp 12-26. Myers, R.K., K.E. Heffernan, P.P. Coulling, A. Belden, and A.C. Chazal. 2008. Management Plan for Taskinas Creek Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve. Natural Heritage Tech- nical Report #07-10. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage. Richmond, Virginia. 43 pages plus appendices. Tu, M., 2000. Element Stewardship Abstract for Microstegioum vimine- um, stilt grass. The Nature Conservancy’s Wildland Invasive Spe- cies Program. Department of Vegetable Crops and Weed Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 8p.

Figure 9. Bottlenose dolphin common to the York River (Photo cour- tesy of Wikimedia Commons) density is related to prey abundance with the main prey in this area being Atlantic croaker (Micropogon undulates), spot (Leios- tomus xanthurus), and sea trout (Cynoscion sp.). Mean pod size is greatest in May and September during peak periods of migra- tion (Blaylock, 1988). Another occasionally documented from the York River is the manatee (Trichechus manatus) (Morgan et al., 2002). Usually manatee occurrences consist of single individuals that have traveled 800 or more miles north of its usual habitat in . Occasionally these individuals succumb to cold stress in the fall and are found dead. In 1994 though, a manatee nicknamed “Chessie” was observed to have traveled up the Eastern Seaboard into the Chesapeake Bay. As water temperatures dropped, the was captured and released back in Florida. In 1995 that same individual again migrated north and was observed in Rhode Island, and in 2001 that same individual was again observed in Virginia. Some migration patterns and/or movements by individuals are not well understood at this time.

110 APPENDIX

COMMON AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, BIRDS AND MAMMALS OF YORK RIVER SYSTEM

AMPHIBIANS Viperidae-Vipers and pit-vipers Family Ambystomatidae-Mole salamanders Agkistrodon contortrix mokeson-Northern copperhead Ambystoma maculatum-spotted salamander Agkistrodon piscivorous-Eastern cottonmouth Ambystoma opacum-marbled salamander Ambystoma mabeei-Mabee’s salamander MAMMALS Family Salamandridae-Newts Family Didelphidae-Opossums Notophthalmus viridescens-Eastern red-spotted newt Didelphis virginiana-Virginia opossum Family Plethodontidae-Lungless salamanders Family Soricidae-Shrews Sorex longirostris longirostris- REPTILES Cryptotis parva-least shrew Family -Snapping turtles Blarina carolinensis-Southern short-tailed shrew serpentine-snapping turtle Blarina brevicauda-Northern short-tailed shrew Family -Musk and mud turtles Sorex hoyi-pygmy shrew odoratus-stinkpot Family Talpidae-Moles subrubrum- Scalopus aquaticus-Eastern mole Family -Box and water turtles Condylura cristata-star-nosed mole Clemmys guttata- Family Vespertilionidae-Vespertilionid bats Terrapene carolina carolina-Eastern Myotis lucifugus-little brown myotis Malaclemmys terrapin terrapin-Northern diamondback ter- Lasionycteris noctivagans-silver-haired bat rapin Pipistrellus subflavus-Eastern pipistrelle Chrysemys rubriventris rubriventris-Northern red-bellied Eptesicus fuscus-big brown bat turtle Nycticeius humeralis-evening bat Chrysemys picta picta-Eastern Lasiurus borealis-Eastern red bat Family -Sea turtles Lasiurus intermedius floridanus-Northern yellow bat Chelonia mydas mydas-Atlantic green turtle Family Leporidae-Hares and rabbits Caretta caretta-Loggerhead turtle Sylvilagus palustris-marsh rabbit Lepidochelys kempii-Kemp’s Sylvilagus floridanus-Eastern cottontail Family Iguanidae-Iguanid lizards Family Sciuridae-Squirrels Sceloporus undulates-fence lizard Marmota monax-woodchuck Family Teiidae-Whiptail lizards Tamias striatus-Eastern chipmunk Cnemidophorus sexlineatus sexlineatus-six-lined racerunner Sciurus carolinensis-gray squirrel Family Scincidae-Skinks Glaucomys volans-Southern flying squirrel Scincella lateralis-ground skink Family Castoridae-Beavers Eumeces fasciatus-five-lined skink Castor canadensis-American beaver Eumeces laticeps-broad-headed skink Family Muridae-Murid rats and mice Family Anguidae-Glass lizards Reithrodontomys humulis-Eastern harvest mouse Ophisaurus attenuatus-Eastern slender glass lizard Peromyscus leucopus-white-footed mouse Family Colubridae-Colubrid snakes Peromyscus gossypinus-cotton mouse Nerodia sipedon sipedon-Northern water snake Ochrotomys nuttalli-golden mouse Storeria dekayi dekayi-Northern brown snake Oryzomys palustris-marsh rice rat Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis-Eastern garter snake Sigmodon hispidus-hispid cotton rat Thamnophis sauritus sauritus-Eastern ribbon snake Clethrionomys gapperi-Southern red-backed vole Virginia valeriae-smooth earth snake Microtus pennsylvanicus-meadow vole Virginia striatula-rough earth snake Microtus pinetorum-woodland vole Heterodon platyrhinos-Eastern hognose snake Ondatra zibethicus-common muskrat Diadophis punctatus edwardsi-Northern ringneck snake Rattus norvegicus-Norway rat (introduced) Carphophis amoenus amoenus-Eastern snake Mus musculus-house mouse (introduced) Farancia erytrogramma-rainbow snake Family Zapodidae-Jumping mice Coluber constrictor constrictor-Northern black racer Zapus hudsonius hudsonius-meadow jumping mouse Opheodrys aestivus-rough green snake Family Myocastoridae-Nutria Elaphe guttata guttata-corn snake Myocastor coypus-nutria (introduced) Elaphe obsoleta obsolete-black rat snake Family Delphinidae-Dolphins Lampropeltis getulus getulus-Eastern kingsnake Tursiops truncates-bottle-nosed dolphin Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum-Eastern milk snake Family Cervidae-Deer Lampropeltis calligaster rhombomaculata-mole snake Odocoileus virginianus-white-tailed deer Cemophora coccinea-scarlet snake

111 Family Canidae-Dogs Somateria mollissima Common Eider Vulpes vulpes fulva- Clangula hyemalis Oldsquaw Urocyon cinereoargenteus-gray fox Melanitta nigra Common Scoter Canis latrans-coyote Melanitta perspicillata Surf Scoter Family Ursidae-Bears Bucephala albeola Bufflehead Ursus americanus americanus-black bear Bucephala clangula Common Goldeneye Family Procyonidae-Raccoons and weasels Lophodytes cucullatus Hooded Merganser Procyon lotor-raccoon serrator Red-breasted Merganser Mustela frenata-long-tailed weasel Mergus merganser Common Merganser Mustela vison-mink Oxyura jamaicensis Ruddy Duck Lutra canadensis-Northern river otter Buteo lagopus Rough-Legged Hawk Family Mephitidae-Skunks Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bald Eagle Mephitis mephitis-striped skunk Circus cyaneus Marsh Hawk Family Felidae-Cats Pandion haliaetus Osprey Lynx rufus-bobcat Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon Family Phocidae-Hair seals Rallus longirostris Clapper Rail Phoca vitulina- seal Rallus elegans King Rail Family Trichechidae-Manatees Rallus limicola Virginia Rail Trichechus manatus-manatee Porzana carolina Sora Gallinula chloropus Common Gallinule BIRDS Fulica americana American Coot Gavia immer Common Loon Haematopus palliatus American Oystercatcher Podiceps grisegena Red-Necked Grebe Charadrius vociferus Killdeer Podiceps auritus Horned Grebe Pluvialis dominica American Golden Plover Podilymbus podiceps Pied-Billed Grebe Pluvialis squatarola Black-Bellied Plover Pelecanus occidentalis Brown Pelican Scolopax minor American Woodcock Morus bassanus Gannet Gallinago gallinago Common Snipe Phalacrocorax auritus Double-Crested Cormorant Catoptrophorus semipalmatus Willet Botaurus lentiginosus American Bittern Actitis macularia Spotted Sandpiper Ixobrychus exilis Least Bittern Tringa melanoleuca Greater Yellowlegs Nycticorax nycticorax Black-Crowned Night Heron Tringa flavipes Lesser Yellowlegs Nyctanassa violacea Yellow-Crowned Night Heron Erolia alpina Dunlin Butorides virescens Green Heron Larus atricilla Laughing Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Larus delawarensis Ring-Billed Gull Egretta caerulea Little blue Heron Larus hyperboreus Glaucous Gull Egretta rufescens Reddish Egret Larus fuscus Lesser Black-Backed Gull Egretta tricolor Louisiana Heron Larus argentatus Herring Gull Egretta thula Snowy Egret Larus marinus Great Black-Backed Gull Ardea alba Common Egret Rhynchops niger Black Skimmer Ardea herodias Great Blue Heron Sterna maxima Royal Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis Sterna caspia Caspian Tern Cygnus olor Mute Swan Sterna hirundo Common Tern Olor columbianus Whistling Swan Sterna antillarum Least Tern Chen caerulescens Snow Goose Tyto alba Barn Owl Branta canadensis Goose Strix varia Barred Owl Branta bernicla Brant Bubo virginianus Great-Horned Owl Aix sponsa Archilochus colubris Ruby-Throated Hummingbird Anas americana American Widgeon Megaceryle alcyon Belted Kingfisher Anas strepera Gadwall Dryocopus pileatus Pileated Woodpecker Anas crecca Common Teal Melanerpes carolinus Red-Bellied Woodpecker Anas carolinensis Green-Winged Teal Picoides pubescens Downy Woodpecker Anas platyrhynchos Mallard Picoides villosus Hairy Woodpecker Anas rubripes Black Duck Sphyrapicus varius Easter Sapsucker Anas acuta Northern Pintail Colaptes auratus Yellow-Shafted Flicker Anas discors Blue-Winged Teal Gallinula chloropus Common Gallinule Anas cyanoptera Cinnamon Teal Sayornis phoebe Easter Phoebe Anas clypeata Shoveler Tachycineta bicolor Tree Swallow Aythya valisineria Canvasback Riparia riparia Bank Swallow Aythya americana Redhead Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow Aythya collaris Ring-Necked Duck Corvus ossifragus Fish Crow Aythya marila Greater Scaup Corvus brachyrhynchos Common Crow Aythya affinis Lesser Scaup Sitta carolinensis White-Breasted Nuthatch

112 Sitta pusilla Brown-Headed Nuthatch Troglodytes troglodytes Winter Wren Cistothorus palustris Long-Billed Marsh Wren Cistothorus platensis Short-Billed Marsh Wren Dumetella carolinensis Catbird Polioptila caerulea Blue-Gray Gnatcatcher Vireo griseus White-Eyed Vireo Mniotilta varia Black and White Warbler Vermivora pinus Blue-Winged Warbler Dendroica dominica Yellow-Throated Warbler Dendroica discolor Prairie Warbler Dendroica coronata Myrtle Warbler Setophaga ruticilla American Redstart Limnothlypis swainsonii Swainson’s Warbler Protonotaria citrea Prothonotary Warbler Geothlypis trichas Yellowthroat Wilsonia citrina Hooded Warbler Dolichonyx oryzivorus Bobolink Sturnella magna Eastern Meadowlark Agelaius phoeniceus Red-Winged Blackbird Quiscalus major Boat-Tailed Grackle Molothrus ater Cowbird Carduelis tristis American Goldfinch Ammodramus maritimus Seaside Sparrow Melospiza melodia Song Sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis White-Throated Sparrow Carpodacus mexicanus House Finch Sayornis phoebe Easter Phoebe

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