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Managing Grapevine Trunk Diseases (Petri Disease, Esca, and Others) That Threaten the Sustainability of Australian Viticulture

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Managing Grapevine Trunk Diseases (Petri Disease, Esca, and Others) That Threaten the Sustainability of Australian Viticulture MANAGING GRAPEVINE TRUNK DISEASES (PETRI DISEASE, ESCA, AND OTHERS) THAT THREATEN THE SUSTAINABILITY OF AUSTRALIAN VITICULTURE Petri disease esca FINAL REPORT to GRAPE AND WINE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION Project Number: CRCV 2.2.1 Principal Investigator: Dr Jacqueline Edwards Research Organisation: Cooperative Research Centre for Viticulture Date: 31 August 2006 Project Title: Managing grapevine trunk diseases (Petri disease, esca, and others) that threaten the sustainability of Australian viticulture CRCV Project Number: 2.2.1 Period Report Covers: July 1999 – June 2006 Author Details: Dr Jacqueline Edwards Department of Primary Industries, Victoria Private Bag 15, DPI Knoxfield Centre, Ferntree Gully DC, Victoria 3156 Phone: (03) 9210 9222 Fax: (03) 9800 3521 Mobile: 0417360946 Email: [email protected] Date report completed: August, 2006 Publisher: Cooperative Research Centre for Viticulture ISBN OR ISSN: Copyright: ã Copyright in the content of this guide is owned by the Cooperative Research Centre for Viticulture. Disclaimer: The information contained in this report is a guide only. It is not intended to be comprehensive, nor does it constitute advice. The Cooperative Research Centre for Viticulture accepts no responsibility for the consequences of the use of this information. You should seek expert advice in order to determine whether application of any of the information provided in this guide would be useful in your circumstances. The Cooperative Research Centre for Viticulture is a joint venture between the following core participants, working with a wide range of supporting participants. CRCV2.2.1 Managing grapevine trunk diseases TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract 3 Executive Summary 4 Background 7 Project aims and performance targets 9 Chapter 1. Distribution of Petri disease and esca 10 Chapter 2. Etiology of esca and Petri disease in Australia 19 2.1 Young esca 19 2.2 Esca and basidiomycetes associated with white heart rot in grapevines 25 2.3 Petri disease 31 2.3.1 The effect of Pa. chlamydospora and Pm. aleophilum on callus and root production of grapevine scion and rootstock cuttings and on their subsequent survival rate 31 2.3.2 The effect of Pa. chlamydospora and Pm. aleophilum on graft take of omega and wedge graft unions 32 2.3.3 Investigating secondary metabolite production by Pa. chlamydospora 33 2.4 Phaeoacremonium species associated with Petri disease and esca 34 2.4.1 Investigation into the genetic variability within Australian isolates of Pa. chlamydospora and Pm. aleophilum using UP-PCR analysis 34 2.4.2 The sexual state of Pm. aleophilum, Togninia minima 38 Chapter 3. Epidemiology of Petri disease 39 3.1 Sporulation of Pa. chlamydospora in the vineyard 39 3.2 Spread by infected planting material 44 3.3 Evidence that Pa. chlamydospora and Pm. aleophilum can be spread from infected mother vines into cuttings 45 3.4 Spread from vine to vine through soil 51 Chapter 4. Nursery management practices for prevention and control of Petri disease 52 4.1 Methods of detecting Pa. chlamydospora and sources of contamination during grapevine propagation in nurseries 52 4.1.1 Year 2000 52 4.1.2 Year 2003 53 4.1.3 year 2005 56 4.2 Control and management of Petri disease - ensuring clean planting material 69 Chapter 5. The effects of hot water treatment on dormant cuttings of Vitis vinifera cvs. Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinot Noir and the development of reliable nursery protocols 74 5.1 The effects of hot water treatment on the metabolism of dormant cuttings of Vitis vinifera cultivars 76 5.2 The effects of hot water treatment, hydration and cold storage on ray cell ultrastructure in dormant Pinot Noir and Cabernet Sauvignon cuttings 80 5.3 Heat shock protein expression in dormant cuttings of Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinot Noir 90 1 CRCV2.2.1 Managing grapevine trunk diseases Chapter 6. The impact of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora infection of grapevine response to water stress 94 6.1 Impact of Pa. chlamydospora infection on grapevine tissue investigated using light and electron microscopy 94 6.2 Impact of Pa. chlamydospora infection on grapevine xylem function 103 6.3 Impact of Pa. chlamydospora infection on the grapevine’s response to water stress 105 6.3.1 Year 1: three-year-old Zinfandel, 12 Feb – 14 March 2004 105 6.3.2 Year 2: four-year-old Zinfandel, 28 Feb – 11 April 2005 109 6.3.3 Year 3: four-year-old potted Cabernet Sauvignon (14 Nov – 23 Dec 2005) and Chardonnay (20 Feb – 31 March 2006) 114 Chapter 7. Control and management of Petri disease in the vineyard 124 7.1 Multiple inputs: grafted Semillon, Sunraysia 124 7.2 Single inputs: grafted Marsanne, central Victoria 125 7.3 Therapeutic products, Brotomax® and Agri-fos®, own-rooted Chardonnay and Verdelho 128 Outcome/Conclusions 132 Recommendations 133 Appendix 1: Communication 135 Appendix 2: Intellectual Property 144 Appendix 3: References 144 Appendix 4: Staff 151 2 CRCV2.2.1 Managing grapevine trunk diseases Abstract Grapevine trunk diseases cause decline and death of vines, thus severely limiting the sustainability of Australian vineyards. Little was known about the contributory factors of these diseases, how to prevent them, or how to minimise their economic impact when this project began. Petri disease, which causes significant losses during the vineyard establishment phase, was shown to be widespread, whereas esca, currently the most serious grapevine disease in Europe, was shown to be rare in Australia. The causal organism, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, is spread from infected mother vines into cuttings, and into newly planted vineyards via infected pla nting material. Long duration (30 minutes) hot water treatment of dormant cuttings was demonstrated to be an effective method of reducing the risk of producing infected planting material. Best practice protocols for the nursery industry were developed and promoted to encourage production of P. chlamydospora-free planting material. Glasshouse studies demonstrated that infected grapevines are more susceptible to water stress. Field trials showed that management practices that reduced stress, such as the use of mulch, reversed the symptoms of decline in infected grapevines. Recently, the number of reports of Petri disease has dropped considerably, suggesting that industry now has the tools both to prevent the spread and to minimise losses attributable to these diseases as a result of this research. Vale Eve Hilda Cottral (15th September 1976 – 6th October 2003) This final report is dedicated to the memory of Eve Cottral, our PhD student on the project who sadly passed away before completing her studies. 3 CRCV2.2.1 Managing grapevine trunk diseases Executive Summary Grapevine trunk diseases are caused by xylem-inhabiting fungi that cause the slow decline and loss of productivity in vines at all stages of growth. They either infect propagating material and limit the growth of newly planted vines, or they infect established vines through pruning wounds and cause loss of productivity, just as vines are reaching an elite stage of maturity. Petri disease, formerly known as black goo, is an emerging problem in international grapevine culture. The description of several possible causal organisms, including Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, in 1996 led to the realisation that both the pathogens and the disease are widespread and important. However, there is as yet little understanding of the disease or of its economic effects. The same pathogens are involved in esca, currently the most destructive disease of grapevines in Europe. This project set about to determine which pathogens are the most important, how infection occurs, how it is spread, whether it can be prevented and effective methods of managing infected vineyards. As a result of this project, it is now known that: · esca is rare in Australia, whereas Petri disease is widespread. · the causal pathogen of both diseases is Phaeomoniella chlamydospora. · Pa. chlamydospora sporulates in cracks on the grapevine trunks associated with machinery damage · infection is passed from mother vines into cuttings, resulting in symptomless infected planting material · Pa. chlamydospora spores can be detected in water used during nursery propagation, indicating there is the potential for further infection · Hot water treatment of dormant cuttings is the most effective method of reducing the incidence of infected planting material · Best practice nursery protocols were developed and disseminated through Workshops and articles · Pa. chlamydospora infection in grapevines increases stomatal conductance and reduces xylem function, resulting in reduced capacity to respond to water stress · Vineyards can recover from Petri disease over time with management practices that reduce stress eg mulch, bunch-thinning. Samples of declining vines were examined during the past 5 years, establishing that Pa chlamydospora is the pathogen causing these diseases in Australia. The proportion of grapevines with Petri disease (82%) proved to be much more than those with esca (18%). Other fungi associated with grapevine decline diseases, such as Phaeoacremonium aleophilum, species of Phomopsis, Cylindrocarpon, Botryosphaeria and heart-rotting basidiomycetes, were not consistently isolated. Thirty-two different grapevine cultivars were represented, and samples were received from most major grape-growing regions of New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria and Western Australia. Sixty-two percent were of ungrafted grapevines. Pa. chlamydospora was also found to be present in grapevines with
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