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Politika Členských Štátov EÚ V Medzinárodnom Menovom Fonde Vypracoval Samostatne a Uviedol Som Všetky Zdroje a Literatúru, Ktoré Som Pouţil

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Politika Členských Štátov EÚ V Medzinárodnom Menovom Fonde Vypracoval Samostatne a Uviedol Som Všetky Zdroje a Literatúru, Ktoré Som Pouţil MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH STUDIÍ Katedra mezinárodních vztahů a evropských studií Obor Evropská studia Politika členských štátov EÚ v Medzinárodnom menovom fonde Bakalárska práca Lukáš Mlynárik Vedúci práce: Mgr. Vladan Hodulák, Ph.D UČO: 391504 Obor: Evropská studia, Hospodářská politika Imatrikulační ročník: 2011 Brno, 2015 Prehlasujem, ţe som bakalársku prácu na tému „Politika členských štátov EÚ v Medzinárodnom menovom fonde vypracoval samostatne a uviedol som všetky zdroje a literatúru, ktoré som pouţil. V Brne, dňa 20. apríla, 2015 Lukáš Mlynárik 2 Poďakovanie Na tomto miesto by som chcel poďakovať Mgr. Vladanovi Hodulákovi, Ph.D za trpezlivý a ústretový prístup pri písaní práce, rodine a priateľom za vyjadrenú podporu. 3 Anotácia Zámerom bakalárskej práce je porozumenie vzájomných vzťahov členských štátov Európskej únie v rámci Medzinárodného menového fondu. Práca v prvej časti skúma vznik, ciele fungovanie Fondu a venuje sa podrobnejšiemu opisu súčasnej situácie členských krajín v jednotlivých konštituenciách Fondu a moţnosti, ktoré z nej vyplývajú. Druhá časť pojednáva o reálnych formách spolupráce, ktorá medzi členskými štátmi na pôde Fondu prebieha. Posledná časť preskúmava moţný budúci vývoj tejto spolupráce. Annotation The goal of the bachelor thesis is understanding of mutual relations amongst the member countries of the European Union in the International Monetary Fund. In the first part, the thesis explores creation, goals and functioning of the Fund and ,in detail also deals with description of the current situation of single member countries in their respective constituencies, and the possibilities for cooperation which result from it. The second part describes the real forms of cooperation which is taking place in the Fund. The last chapter suggests possible develepment of the future cooperation. Kľúčové slová Medzinárodný menový fond, Európska únia, hospodárska a menová spolupráca Key words International Monetary Fund, European Union, Economic and Monetary Cooperation 4 Obsah Úvod.............................................................................................................. 1 Teoretická časť............................................................................................ 1.1 Metodológia a výskumné otázky................................................................. 1.2 História Medzinárodného menového fondu................................................. 1.2.1 Cesta k vzniku MMF.............................................................................. 1.2.2 Vznik MMF........................................................................................... 1.2.3 Ciele MMF............................................................................................ 1.2.4 Fungovanie MMF................................................................................... 1.3 Zloţenie a fungovanie MMF..................................................................... 1.3.1 Rada guvernérov.................................................................................... 1.3.2 Quota system – spôsob hlasovania.......................................................... 1.3.3 Výkonná rada....................................................................................... 1.3.4 Vytváranie a fungovanie konštituencií.................................................. 2 Formy spolupráce členských štátov EÚ v MMF.......................................... 2.1 Postavenie členských štátov EÚ vo Výkonnej rade.................................. 2.2 Pozícia členských štátov EÚ v rámci jednotlivých konštitúcií.................. 2.3 Inštitúcie podporujúce kooperáciu členských krajín EÚ v MMF............... 2.3.1 Economic and Financial Comitte a SCIMF........................................... 2.3.2 EURIMF............................................................................................. 2.4 Platformy mimo MMF koordinujúce krajiny EÚ..................................... 2.4.1 G-7...................................................................................................... 2.4.2 G-10................................................................................................... 2.4.3 G-20................................................................................................... 2.4.4 Význam ECB, Komisie, Eurogroup a Trojky pre koordináciu............... 3 Spolupráca členských krajín v MFF v budúcnosti...................................... 3.1 Vytvorenie jednotného zastúpenia pre EÚ............................................... 3.2 Vytvorenie jednotného zastúpenie pre eurozónu...................................... 3.3 Zmena bez podstatnej reformy MMF...................................................... Záver........................................................................................................... Zdroje......................................................................................................... 5 Úvod V júni roku 2013 sa Európska únia rozšírila o nového člena, Chorvátsko. Pristúpením po Slovinsku druhého štátu bývalej Juhoslávie sa počet členov zastavil na čísle 28, a jednalo sa uţ o siedme rozšírenie EÚ od jej vzniku. V roku 1994 sa pristúpením Fínska, Švédska a Rakúska počet členov na desať rokov ustálil na 15 členoch, a teda počet členov sa v priebehu posledných dvoch desaťročí takmer zdvojnásobil. Tendencie EÚ naďalej rásť a postupne integrovať aj zvyšok Európy sú podloţené mnoţstvom aktivít vyvíjaných v balkánskych krajinách, v zakaukazských krajinách, či dlhodobej spolupráci s Tureckom. Potenciál EÚ naďalej rásť a spájať európske krajiny pri dosahovaní spoločných cieľov ešte stále existuje, a moţno teda očakávať ďalšie zvyšovanie vplyvu EÚ. Dôleţitým krokom k budovaniu jednotnej Európy bolo nepochybne vytvorenie menovej únie so spoločnou menou euro, v ktorej sa po prijatí eura v Litve 1.1. 2015 účastní 19 členských štátov, čím sa euro stalo platidlom pre viac ako 330 miliónov obyvateľov Európy. (European Comission 2015) Európska mena sa v medzinárodnom obchode a svetových finančných burzách svojím významom úspešne vyrovnáva americkému doláru, britskej libre či japonskému jenu. Význam, ktorý EÚ získala v globálnom meradle je predurčuje na zastávanie významnej pozície pri vytváraní riešení výziev súčasnej svetovej politiky a ekonomiky. Medzinárodný menový fond predstavuje najvýznamnejšie svetové fórum, kde krajiny EÚ spoluvytvárajú riešenia pre socio-ekonomické a od nich sa odvíjajúce politické výzvy moderného sveta. MMF spája 188 krajín sveta a vrátane všetkých členov EÚ sa jedná aj o všetky európske krajiny, ktoré členmi EÚ nie sú. Poslanie MMF sa od jeho vzniku menilo, priebeţne sa prispôsobujúc aktuálnemu vývoju svetovej ekonomiky od konca 2. svetovej vojny. Vo všeobecnosti sa jednalo o trend rozširovania pôsobností a zasahovania do nových dimenzií svetového hospodárstva. Podstatné je, ţe či uţ sa jedná o otázky menovej politiky, fiškálnej zodpovednosti, rozvojovej pomoci a financovania projektov v týchto a ďalších sférach, môţeme nájsť paralelu a prienik so snaţeniami EÚ. Obe inštitúcie formujúce sa krátko po 2. svetovej vojne sa pomocou ekonomickej stability a kontroly snaţili predísť opakovaniu udalostí z prvej polovice dvadsiateho storočia, uvedomujúc si, ţe socio- ekonomická stabilita a všeobecný blahobyt obyvateľov je jedným z najvýznamnejších faktorov udrţovania mieru a budovaniu demokracie. Súlad myšlienok a hodnôt, na ktorých je postavená európska integrácia, moţno pozorovať aj v 6 činnosti MMF, keďţe členské krajiny EÚ ako Nemecko či Veľká Británia dlhodobo patria k lídrom svetového hospodárstva, čo sa pozitívne odráţa na ich reálnom vplyve v MMF. Aj napriek tomu, ţe MMF je inštitúcia, v ktorej rozhodovaní prevaţne prevláda kolegialita a snaha o riešenie problémov konsenzom, nastávajú situácie, kde sa názory jednotlivých členov MMF rozbiehajú. Práve v týchto situáciách sa predpokladá, ţe krajiny Európy a obzvlášť členovia EÚ, budú zastávať rovnaké stanovisko, čo priamo vyplýva z ich silnej geopolitickej a teda ekonomickej prepojenosti. Keďţe MMF pri rozhodovaní svojich orgánoch rozhoduje súhlasom väčšiny a nie konsenzuálne ako sme zvyknutý v iných medzinárodných organizáciách, je hľadanie partnerov pri presadzovaní spoločných postojov v realite MMF nevyhnutné. (IMF 2015) Obsah tejto práce zameriam na pochopenie vzájomných vzťahov členských štátov EÚ v rámci MMF, level ich spolupráce, úroveň koordinácie postojov a taktieţ prípadné moţnosti ich zintenzívnenia v budúcnosti. Sledované obdobie je vytýčené od vytvorenia menovej únie na konci deväťdesiatych rokov aţ po súčasnosť. Vznik jednotnej meny je vybratý ako dôleţitý medzník, z dôvodu udalostí ktoré nasledovali , či uţ lokálneho meradla ako bankrot Argentíny a dlhová kríza Eurozóny či svetového meradla, predovšetkým svetová finančná kríza zo začiatkom v roku 2008, teda udalosti, pri ktorých riešení sa IMF a EÚ aktívne podieľali. 7 1 Teoretická časť 1.1 Metodológia a výskumné otázky Vo svojej práci som si zvolil tieto výskumné otázky: 1. Existuje spolupráca členských krajín EÚ v MMF? 2. Aký je vplyv tejto potencionálnej spolupráce a jej intenzita? 3. Aké sú moţnosti zefektívnenia koordinácie politík členských štátov v budúcnosti? Metóda pouţitá pri kompletizácii tejto práce je prípadová štúdia – case study. Zameral som sa na spoluprácu členských krajín v rámci EÚ v Medzinárodnom menovom fonde v časovom období od vzniku jednotnej meny euro. Základnou časťou môjho výskumu je štúdium literatúry a publikácií, ktoré sa tejto problematike venujú. Pri zhromaţďovaní
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