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Ecology of Raptors in the Canberra Region, Australia

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Ecology of Raptors in the Canberra Region, Australia !!1(1%9'1$'26145''0'6&#'30 #44' #%'10@'67564('' ' ' ' ' ' ' 9' ' ' ' ' ' !A'!56# 0'97#06#5' ' ' ' ' :056'676#'$14'622('#"'!!1(1%9' 0'8#45'69'1$'30 #44' >7(9'CBBD' !!1(1%9'1$'26145''0'6&#'30 #44' #%'10@'67564('' ' ' ' 9' ' ' ' !A'!56# 0'97#06#5' :056'676#'$14'622('#"'!!1(1%9' 0'8#45'69'1$'30 #44' ' ' ' ' ' ' 6'6&#5'5'57 )'66#"''0'$7($'()#06'1$'6&#'4#37'4#)#065'1$'6&#'"#%4##' 1$'56#4''0'622('#"'!'#0!#'6'6&#'0'8#45'69'1$'30 #44' >7(9'CBBD' ' 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS If there is one person that has been crucial to the success of this project, that is without question my supervisor Jerry Olsen. I am deeply grateful for all his help, guidance and generosity; this project is his as much as mine. His knowledge in the field and passion are unique, as well as his ability to transmit both. OUT constant discussions on raptor ecology. American literature and photography, among other things, helped me grow as a researcher and as an individual. I am deeply grateful to him for all these and much morc. 1 am also grateful to Arthur Georges, my other supervisor, for his constant support during my time in Australia, especially when things looked bleak:. His support went beyond academic matters, particularly when he assisted me to get a completion scholarship after the 2003 Canberra Bush fires greatly affected my research, without his intervention I wouldn't have been able to finish this work. I also want to thank him for all the lessons and opportunities in the stats area and the opportunity to travel with his crew to the Cooper Creek and learn about their research and the "real" Australia. Most projects of this magnitude are not the result of one person's work. but an outcome of the effort and contribution of the scientific community. This research is no exception, being the final result of the work of a whole team. Jerry Olsen's previous knowledge of the study area was crucial for the location and monitoring of the nests. he was actively involved on both the whole time, particularly with Peregrine Falcons. Jerry and Sue Trost found and monitored most of the Southern boobook nests. they very kindly allowed me to use here a lot the data they collected. Tony Rose was in charge of all the prey analysis, and he deserves a special acknowledgment for his contribution; all the aspects ofthis research related with food analysis are based on his work. Finally, Gabriela Peniche's contribution on data processing and the habitat measurement stage was also essential for the completion of the work. III The rangers and officers of Environment ACT provided logistical support in the field and access to the several nature parks we surveyed, they also located some of the raptor nests. Special thanks to Tony Bell, Murray Evans, Christie Gould, Marie, Paul Higginbotham, Chris Johnson, Michael Mcgonicky, Brett Macnamara, Bernard Monis, David Shorthouse, Keith Smith and Michael Trainer. The Australian Museum assisted us with the identification ofsome specimens, in particular we appreciate the help ofWalter Boles, Elizabeth Cameron, John Disney, Jan Lock, Ross Sadlier and Michael Shea. I wouldn't have been able to embark on this quest without the financial support ofthe Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT) from Mexico, which assisted me with an International Postgraduate Research Scholarship for two years. The University of Canberra and the Division of Health, Design and Science helped me degree completion scholarships to support the completion of my work. The Applied Ecology Research Group also provided funding for the project. I would like to thank my colleagues at AERG for their support over the years. Particularly Enzo Guarino for his helpful suggestions and general assistance; Don Fletcher for climbing advice and discussions on several topics; Mike Palmer-Allen for his quick and effective support regarding field gear; and finally Jim Hone for his help, particularly on experimental design. Special thanks to Margui Bohm, Nancy Fitzimmons, Bill Maher, Ron Miller and Will Osborne. Several people assisted us with nest locations and access to their properties: Frank Barnes, Tom and Gillian Bellas, Penny Cameron, Mark Clayton, Frank Coonan, Sean Doody, Belinda Green, Kim McKenzie, Lynne McWilliams, Phylis and Gibb Moore, Sally Osborne, Mark Osgood, Michael Oxley, Mike Parker, Brad Pillars, Brian Redman and Rachel Sims. Also thanks to Sharmila Abbott, David Mallinson, Glen Murray and Mark Osgood for assistance on the field. Finally, I would like to thank my family, specially my father Esteban Fuentes Sr. and my brother Gabriel, as well as my partner Gabriela for all their support. I have been in the other side of the world for almost three years and I know how difficult that is for some ofthem, but regardless all the difficulties they were with me all the way. iv ABSTRACT We studied the general ecology ofthe Raptor Community living in the Canberra Region. In particular, we were interested in the productivity, reproductive success, food habits and trophic structure. We located 12 species ofbreeding raptors in the area, similar to previous surveys. Although we located most nests on fannland and non·urban nature reserves, there were II species were breeding inside the city limits, with the only exception being the White-bellied Sea Eagle Haliaeetus lellcogaster. a species that is mainly coastal but is also a breeding resident in this inland region, nesting in rivers and dams. The productivity and reproductive success ofthe community was high overall, with five species showing higher productivity than average, while four more had average productivity. Only two species had low breeding success and productivity. The Collared Sparrowhawk Accipiter cirrocephalus - who made breeding attempts but failed in most ofthem - and the Black-shouldered Kite Elanus axilaris - whose tenitories were inactive the first 18 months ofsurvey. and only started breeding late in 2003. The diet ofthe raptors was similar to previous records, though there were exceptions. This study provided the first account ofthe food habits ofinland White­ bellied Sea eagles. This species captured prey ofaquatic origin, like the Australian Wood Duck Chenonettajubatta (23.3 % of items and 26.1 % biomass); fish (23.3 and 26.1 %) and reptiles (13.3 and 13.2%). The diet ofthe Brown Goshawk Accipiter gentilis showed an unusually high number of insects (54.4%), but birds and mammals provided most ofthe biomass. v The dietary overlap (based on the Pianka index) ofthe species was low compared to other studies. The trophic structure produced by the UPGMA cluster analysis revealed 3 main feeding guilds: a) Vertebrate-feeders: Wedge-tailed Eagle Aquila audax, Little Eagles Hieraaetus morphnoides and Whistling Kite Haliastur sphenurus, which based their diet on mammals and large birds; b) Insect-small vertebrates guild: formed by the Brown Falcon Falco berigora and the Brown Goshawk; and c) Insect-feeders; Composed by the Nankeen Kestrel F. cenchroides and the Southern Boobok Ninox novaeseelandiae. The other five raptors were not grouped on any guild. Two ofthem were very specialized predators, the bird-catcher Peregrine Falcon F. peregrinus and the rodent-catcher Black-shouldered Kite. Finally, we explored some case studies on the topic oftrophic dynamics. Two were comparisons ofthe diet ofthe same species living in the same area at different times. They provided contrasting examples ofprey-switching. Peregrines and Hobbies adjusted to a decrease in the abundance oftheir main prey, the Starling Sturnus vulgaris, by consuming small numbers ofseveral native bird species. Interestingly, it seems that the Starling decline is related to an increase of Common Myna Acridotheres Iris/is, a species that neither falcon seems able to capture. On the other case Wedge-tailed Eagles changed from a diet dominated by rabbit to a diet dominated mainly by other species: Eastern Grey Kangaroos (Birds as a group were also important), thus switching one prey species with another, unlike the falcons. On the final example, we used an original approach to evaluate the dietary overlap oftwo species (Wedge-tails and Sea Eagles) by clustering neighbouring pairs, which are more likely to show interspecific interactions. The neighbouring pairs showed low overlap in their diets despite their close proximity. VI TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATE OF AUTHORSHIP OF THE THESIS ..............•...... ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iv TA.BLE OF CONTENTS ..........••.........•........•.........•..........••.... vi LIST OF TABLES x LIST OF FIGURES XI CHAPTER I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background . __ .......................................•••........•, .. 1.1.1. The Canberra Region and its raptors ........•............ 1.1.2. The Breeding Community 2 1.2 Objectives and Structure _ . 27 CHAPTER 2: SURVEY. NESTING SUCCESS AND PRODUCTIVITY 2.1 Introduction 28 2.2 Methods . 29 2.2.1. Study Area . 29 2.2.2. Survey, success and productivity ...................•.......... 29 2.3 Results 32 2.3.1. Survey 32 2.3.2. Productivity and Nesting Success . 34 2.4 Discussion __.................••... _. 34 2.4.1. Nesting and Survey . 34 2.4.2. Reproductive Success and Productivity ofthe Local Raptors 37 VII CHAPTER 3: FOOD HABITS OF THE RAPTORS IN CANBERRA 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Methods 42 3.3 Results 43 3.4 Discussion............................................................... 55 CHAPTER 4: TROPHIC STRUCTURE OF THE RAPTOR ASSEMBLAGE 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Methods . 65 4.2.1. Evaluation ofthe Level of Prey Identification . 65 4.2.2. Evaluation ofthe Trophic Structure: Feeding Guilds . 66 4.3 Results 67 4.3.1. Level ofPrey Identification 67 4.3.2. Trophic Structure: Feeding Guilds 70 4.4 Discussion.................................................................. 73 CHAPTER 5: TIME AND DISTANCE: THREE CASE STUDIES ON THE TROPHIC DYNAMICS OF RAPTORS 5.1 Introduction 80 5.1.1. Case Study 1: Wedge-tailed Eagle Diet - 1964 vs 2000s ..
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