Index

A C Act of Parliament, 57 , 75–77 African Charter, 42 Cameroon Anglophone Civil Society Consortium African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (African (CACSC), 77 Charter), 66 Canadian Institute for Confict Resolution (CICR), 18 African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child Central African Republic (CAR) (ACRWC), 67 abuses and atrocities, 14 African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), 80 African Union (AU), 14 African Union (AU), 55 AU-brokered political agreement, 14 Agreement on the Resolution of the Confict in the challenges, 16 Republic of South Sudan (ARCSS), 6 civilian population, 14 Agricultural land, 60 confict environment, 17 Ambazonia, 77 emergency assistance, 16 (ADF), 77 forced displacement context, 15, 16 Ambazonia Freedom Fighters, 77 humanitarian actors and engagements, 16 Ambazonia Governing Council (AGoC), 77 humanitarian mediation process, 17 insider mediators, 17 abuses, 80–82 instability and violence, 13 Cameroon, 75–77 intra-state wars, 16 civil unrest to armed confict, 77–79 long-term development responses, 16 civilian population, 74 Muslims, 14 collective identity, 74 non-state armed groups, 16 community support, 89 offcial dissolution, 14 confict, 89 process, 13 government appeasement measures, 79, 80 protection, 14, 16, 17, 23 Grand National Dialogue, 79, 80 region, 16 human rights violations, 80–82 religious/ethnic dichotomies, 14 humanitarian assistance, 89 reprisal and counter-reprisal attacks, 14 military-centred approach, 74 sectarian and inter-community crisis, 14 normative frameworks, 74, 75 security and humanitarian situation, 16 regions, 74 state power and resources, 14 security and humanitarian crises, 73 transformed war landscape, 16 US Congress, 89 Centre for Minority Rights Development Armed confict, 74, 77–79, 89 (CEMIRIDE), 40 AU Common Position on Humanitarian Effectiveness, 75 Centre of Competence on Humanitarian Negotiation AU Convention for the Protection and Assistance, 28 (CCHN), 23 AU Humanitarian Policy Framework, 75 Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions, 40 Child labour, 70 Child’s Rights Act (CRA), 67 B Commercial Farmers Union (CFU), 58 Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs), 60 Common Humanitarian Fund (CHF), 17

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 109 R. Adeola (ed.), National Protection of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa, Sustainable Development Goals Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66884-6 110 Index

Constitutional Court, 55 legislation, 58 Constitutional Property Clause, 58, 59 State v Shepherd Banda, 57 Constitutional Remedial Framework in Zimbabwe Durable Solution Initiative (DSI), 30, 31 compensation, 60, 61 Land Commission, 61 Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of E Ethiopia (the FDRE Constitution), 29 Emergency Humanitarian Assistance Plan, 84 Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), 67 Emergency Operation Centres, 28 Ethiopia, 27–31, 34, 35 Ethiopia Durable Solutions Initiatives, 30 D European Commission’s Civil Protection and Danish Refugee Council Humanitarian Aid Operations (ECHO), 17 assessment, 17 European Court of Human Rights, 57 confict analysis, 18 humanitarian engagement project, 17 humanitarian mediation and dialogue interventions F anti-Balaka elements, 21 Fast Track Land Reform Programme anti-Balaka leaders, 22 (FTLRP), 51, 58 claiming, 20 Federal Government of Ethiopia, 27–28 collaboration, 21 Federal Government’s Strategic Plan, 33 commercial sector, 21 Federal structure, 76 community and armed group leaders, 19, 20 Forced displacement community-based mediation committees, 20 administrative orders, 85 confict–resolution tools, 23 African governments, 82 Congolese community, 22 Anglophone Crisis, 82, 84, 87, 88 dialogue facilitation, 22 Anglophone regions, 82 displacement, 20 Cameroon, 82 functions, 19 confict, 87 gaining momentum, 23 English-speaking regions, 85 humanitarian community, 22 female medical staff, 83 humanitarian engagement, 23 foreign governments, 87 humanitarian mediation, 22, 23 foreign interference, 88 inter-community dialogue, 20 Francophone regions, 83, 85 interventions, 22 government, 86 legitimacy, 23 government forces, 82, 84 local actors, 19 human rights organisations, 86 mediation process, 23 humanitarian assistance, 83, 84 Muslim community, 20 humanitarian community, 82, 83 regional authorities, 20 humanitarian crisis, 86 regular engagements, 20 humanitarian organisations, 83 roadmap/action plan, 21 international and regional law, 88 security challenges, 21 neutrality, 85 stakeholders, 21 Nigerian asylum-seekers, 88 transhumance, 20 Northwest and Southwest regions, 84 violence, 21, 22 physical disabilities, 83 inter-community conficts, 18 population, 83 national staff, 18 security forces, Cameroon, 84 training, 18, 19 social cohesion, 85 Democracy, 77 socio-economic needs, 85 Development-induced displacements (DID), 48 South West Region, 83, 84 Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM), 27 urban areas, 82 Domestic legal framework Act of Parliament, 57 agricultural land, 60 G Constitution, 56, 57 Geographic Information System (GIS), 66 Constitutional Property Clause, 58, 59 Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, 85 international instruments, 56, 58 Grand National Dialogue, 79, 80 Kampala Convention, 56, 57 Guiding Principles, 5, 8, 9, 54, 55 land and property rights, 56 Guiding Principles 20 (GP20), 7 Index 111

Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, 53 protection, 1, 95 Gukurahundi massacres, 49, 50 regional discourse, 2 sectors, 28 sovereignty, 1 H Strategic Plan, 28 High-Level Revitalization Forum (HLRF), 6 sustainable development goals, 1 Housing, land and property (HLP), 8 violence, 27 Humanitarian Country Team (HCT), 7 International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 6 Humanitarian negotiation, 16 International Crisis Group, 77 Humanitarian Response Plan (HRP), 22 International Human Rights Law, 74

I K IDP Strategic Plan, 30, 33 Kajuru Local Government Area, 68 Inter-Agency Humanitarian Evaluation (IAHE), 22 Kampala Convention, 5–10, 31, 34, 35, 42, 55, 56, 66, Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) Framework, 74, 75, 94 30 Kariba Dam, 49 Inter-American Court, 43 Kenya Inter-Cluster Working Group (ICWG), 7 development challenge, 43, 44 Intergovernmental Authority on Development, 6 development-induced displacements, 37, 40, 41, Internal displacement, 5, 9, 10, 27, 28, 93–95, 106, 107 43, 44 Africa, 96–105 displacements by development projects, 39, 40 Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), 14, eminent domain, 42, 43 15, 48 internally displaced persons, 42, 43 Internal displacements in Zimbabwe protection, 38 Cyclone Idai, 51, 52 public beneft, 41, 42 FTLRP, 51 public needs, 37 Gukurahundi massacres, 49, 50 recognition and protection, 37 judicial responses, 52, 53 Kuchingoro camp, 68 Kariba Dam, 49 legal framework, 48 Operation Murambatsvina, 50 L Tokwe-Mukosi dam, 51 Land and property rights Internally displaced persons (IDPs), 15, 37, 94 communal land tenure system, 47 activities, 2 development-induced displacements, 48 assistance, 1 Guiding Principles, 54, 55 Cameroon, 3 internal displacement, 48 context-based knowledge, 2 internally displaced persons, 53 development projects, 2 international law, 48, 53 displacement crisis, 28 international legal framework, 53 domestic laws, 3 Kampala Convention, 55, 56 global governance, 1 internal displacement, 47 government-led relocation process, 28 large-scale development projects, 48 humanitarian assistance, 28 legal framework, 48 humanitarian law, 2 national legal framework, 48 humanitarian mediation, 2 property and possessions, 53 inter-communal confict, 28 protection of property rights, 48, 53 internal displacement, 2, 3, 27, 28 socio-economic risks, 47 international human rights, 2 Zimbabwe, 47 issue of refugee protection, 1 Land Commission, 61 Kampala Convention, 34, 35 Law, 6–10 level of governance, 2 Law and policy, 94, 107 national contexts, 2, 3 climate change-induced displacement, 29, 34 national protection, 1, 2 Constitution, 29 need of protection, 1 constitutional provisions, 32 normative framework, 2 development-induced displacement, 34 operationalisation, 95 dignity, 34 optics, 2 disaster-risk activities, 32 policies, 3 disaster risk management approach, 33 112 Index

Law and policy (cont.) 1993 National Policy on Disaster Prevention and domestic legislations/policies, 29 Management, 29 DRM policy, 29, 30, 32 Non-International Armed Confict (NIAC), 82 Ethiopia, 29 Norm infuencers, 107 FDRE Constitution, 31, 32 North East Development Commission (NEDC), 66 IDP strategic plan, 34 instrument, 30, 33, 34 legal development, 31 O legislation and disaster response system, 29 Operation Murambatsvina, 50 national level, 31 Organ for National Healing, Reconciliation and natural disasters, 33 Integration (ONHRI), 50 phase, 30 Organization for the Harmonisation of Business Law in planning and management, 34 Africa (OHADA), 79 pre-disaster phase, 32 Overseas Development Institute (ODI), 23 safety, 34 security force, 34 security issues, 33 P State development projects, 32 Policymaking, 8 State programmes, 31 Post-confict reconstruction, 106 strategic plan, 34 Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP), 33 use of land, 32 Protection, 5–10, 65, 67, 69, 70, 93–95, 107 Protection Cluster (PC), 7

M Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs and Disaster R Management (MHADM), 7 Rapid Intervention Battalion (BIR), 78 Minority Rights Group International (MRG), 40 Restitution, 48, 55, 61 Mission Control Centre (MCC), 66 Return and Rehabilitation Commission (RRC), 7 Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), 94 Return Resettlement and Rehabilitation (RRC) Act of Movement for the Restoration of the Independence of 2016, 8 Southern (MORISC), 77 Revitalised Transitional Government of National Unity Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the (R-TGoNU), 6 Central African Republic (MINUSCA), 14 Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Confict Multi-sectoral approach, 74 in South Sudan (R-ARCSS), 6 Muslim community, 20

S N Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), 6 National Commission for Refugees, Migrants and Social cohesion, 15 Internally Displaced Persons (NCRMI), 66 Socio-economic transformation, 51 National Emergency Management Agency Somali Regional Durable Solutions Strategy, 34 (NEMA), 66 Somali Region of Ethiopia, 31 National Human Rights Commission (NHRC), 66 South Sudan National legislation, 74 Inter-Agency coordination mechanisms, 7 National Policy and Strategy on Disaster Risk law and policy, 7 Management of 2013, 29, 32 legislation, 7, 10, 11 National Social Protection Policy of Ethiopia national legislation, 5, 7–9 2012, 31 opportunities, 9, 10 , IDPs participation, 7 access to education, 68 workshop and validation event, 7 access to health, 69 Ambazonia Consortium United camps, 67, 68 Front (SCACUF), 77 child labour, 70 Southern Cameroon’s National Council (SCNC), 77 confict-induced displacements, 65 Southern Cameroon’s Youth League (SCYL), 77 humanitarian services and processes, 65 State Emergency Education Programme, 68 legal and institutional frameworks, 66, 67 State Universal Basic Education Board (SUBEB), 68 nutrition, 69 State violence, 77 recommendations, 70 Strategic Plan and Investment Framework, 32 violence, 69 Strategic Programme and Investment Framework, 29, 33 Nigerian Constitution, 66 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 10 Index 113

T United Nations Protection of Civilian (PoC), 6 Third-Party Neutral (TPN) programme, 18 United Nations Security Council Resolution on South Tigray People’s Liberation Front governing (TPLF), 28 Sudan, 6 Tokwe-Mukosi dam, 51 UN Offce for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Training of trainers (TOT), 18 (OCHA), 28 Trump Administration, 80 UN Protection of Civilian (PoC), 9 UN Security Council, 87

U UN Guiding Principles, 31, 74 V UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement Violence, 69 (1998), 30 Violence Against Persons (Prohibition) Act UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 15 (VAPPA), 66 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 6, 75 United Nations Offce for the Coordination of Z Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), 82 Zimbabwe People’s Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA), 49