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University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Spring 2008 Negotiating for nature: Conservation diplomacy and the Convention on Nature Protection and Wildlife Preservation in the Western Hemisphere, 1929--1976 Keri Lewis University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation Lewis, Keri, "Negotiating for nature: Conservation diplomacy and the Convention on Nature Protection and Wildlife Preservation in the Western Hemisphere, 1929--1976" (2008). Doctoral Dissertations. 427. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/427 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NEGOTIATING FOR NATURE: CONSERVATION DIPLOMACY AND THE CONVENTION ON NATURE PROTECTION AND WILDLIFE PRESERVATION IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE, 1929-1976 BY KERI LEWIS Baccalaureate of Arts, University of Montana, 1996 Master of Arts, University of New Hampshire, 2002 DISSERTATION Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History May 2008 UMI Number: 3308377 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 3308377 Copyright 2008 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 E. Eisenhower Parkway PO Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 This dissertation has been examined and approved. / !=L Dissertation Director, Kurkpatrick Dorsey,^ssiociate Professor of History /s •)/! L4y^\ 7, l-O Julia Rodriguez, AssociatI e Professor; of History and Women's Studies JUA. Lucy Salyer, Associate Professor ofjiistory Stacy VanDeveer, Associate Professor of Political Science Mark Lytle, Professor ipf History, Bard College Date 'Au ApS\ 7^x0^ DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to my parents and to my sister, all of whom were an unending supply of support and encouragement throughout this process. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The process of researching and writing this dissertation could not have happened without the support and assistance of so many people. I would like to thank the following for their part in seeing this project through to fruition. Thank you first and foremost to Kurkpatrick Dorsey, who for nearly 8 years has offered steady guidance and practical advice. Thank you also to Julia Rodriguez who offered critical and extraordinarily helpful commentary on the Latin American chapters and to Lucy Salyer, Stacy Vandeveer, and Mark Lytle for their insightful recommendations on possible avenues to pursue with the project. This project ultimately rests on research conducted in several archives and libraries in five different countries and I am indebted to the amazing archivists and staff in each institution. Although I do not have specific names for everyone who was so wonderfully generous with their time and their patience, I would like to thank the fantastic staff at the Archivo General de la Nacion de Argentina, the Biblioteca Nacional de la Republica Argentina, and the Biblioteca de Perito Francisco P. Moreno produced absolute treasure troves of information, as well as amazing color and life to the story outlined in the documents. In particular, many thanks to Silvia Vargas and Santiago Bardelli who both spent hours upon hours with me filling in even the tiniest details of Argentinean history and brainstorming possible avenues and government contacts to pursue. In Venezuela, thank you to the archivist and the secretaries at the Archivo del iv Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores who were remarkable sources of information on both Venezuelan history, the documents in their collections, and on the best ways to navigate through the streets of Caracas without hassle. Moreover, the very helpful librarians at the Biblioteca Henri Pittier at the Jardin Botanico de Caracas and in the rare book room at the Biblioteca Nacional de Venezuela were exceptionally generous with their time and patience. All of it was much appreciated. In Costa Rica, the archivists and the staff at the Archivo Nacional de Costa Rica made sure that I had more information than I could possibly photocopy and that the original documents were particularly well cared for. Moreover, the amazing staff at the CIMA hospital in San Jose saw that a good friend was patched up and good as new. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. In Mexico City, the archivists at the Archivo General de la Nacion de Mexico and at the Archivo General de la Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores de Mexico were magnificent sources of information on Miguel Angel de Quevedo and the history of the often complex U.S.­ Mexican relationship. I am especially grateful for their willingness to spend so much time walking me through their collections and their very kind personal interest in my project. In the United States, the archivists at the Smithsonian Institution and at the Harvard University Archives were exceptionally efficient and always helpful in answering my countless questions. At the National Archives and Record Administration in College Park, Maryland, Beth Weatherhead was a veritable fountain of knowledge and her ability to navigate through the often complex system of finding aids was quite remarkable. Finally, I would like to thank Jose Rodriguez and Juan Carlos, of various ministries in Latin America, for getting me through a few tight spots when I found myself v stuck in the often unending bureaucracy of Latin American archives. To all of you, thank you! As research trips, especially out of the country, can be expensive, especially on a graduate student budget, this project has benefitted immensely from funding provided by grants and fellowships. Many thanks to the Gunst-Wilcox Research Grant awarded by the UNH History Department, the UNH Summer Teaching Assistant Fellowship, the Krefeld Graduate Student Fellowship awarded by the Krefeld Symposium on German and American History, and the W. Stull Holt Dissertation Fellowship awarded by the Society for Historians of Diplomatic History. I would also like to thank my friends and colleagues both at UNH and at the Department of State who made each stage of this process both bearable and fun. Jennifer Mandell and Mandy Chalou, I simply could not have made it through this project without the two of you. You have been absolutely amazing every step of the way and I hope everyone has two such fantastic friends. Jeffrey Fortin and Stephanie Trombley, you two were my role models as well as my friends. Robert Gee, there is not a big enough word in any language to encapsulate my appreciation for your friendship, your patience, and your willingness to toss yourself into the wilds of random Latin American countries in the name of research and adventure. You are a true scholar and a gentleman. Carl Ashley, who read every word of this dissertation and crossed out most of them, your assistance, encouragement, and editorial commentary breathed a new life into a project I was very ready to forget. I simply cannot thank you enough. As anyone who has ever tried to hold down a full-time career while writing a dissertation can attest, it can be a vi tiresome, frustrating, and unbelievably long process. I wish to thank Peter Kraemer, Evan Dawley, Halbert Jones, Amy Garrett, Kathy Rassmussen, and the rest of my colleagues at the U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, as you all contributed to making the end process of this project bearable and gave me the wherewithal to keep going. To all of the aforementioned individuals, you guys, quite simply, rock. Finally, a huge thank you to my family. My mother remains the most thorough and accurate critic of this work and my most unfailing supporter. Moreover, in my 33 years, I have never once heard her acknowledge the meaning of the word quit—a trait I try daily to emulate. Everyone should have such a resource. My father has been an unending source of political commentary and financial advice for making a very tight budget go, quite literally, around the world. My sister Lindsay is the most amazing person I have ever known and she has been a continual source of strength, serenity, and spot-on advice more times than I could possibly count. As sisters go, they simply do not get any better than mine. For all of that and for so much more, thank you! Vll TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS viii ABSTRACT xi CHAPTER PAGE INTRODUCTION 1 I. THE AMERICAN COMMITTEE: INTERNATIONALIZING CONSERVATION IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE, 1900-1937 17 The Expansion of the European International Conservation Organizations 18 Working in the Shadows 33 The Move to Action 42 Conclusion 52 II. THE CALL TO CONSERVATION: THE 1938 PAN AMERICAN CONVENTION AND RESOLUTION NO. 38 55 Good Neighbors, 1921-1938 57 The Road to Lima 61 Lima 67 Governing Board 76 Conclusion 77 III. THE ANOMALY OF ARGENTINA: ARGENTINEAN ASPIRATIONS TO CONNECT THROUGH CONSERVATION, 1903-1938 80 Conservation in Argentina, 1903-28 83 The South American Committee 90 Collaborating for Conservation 98 Conclusion 104 Vlll IV. NETWORKING, NEGOTIATING, AND NEGATING OPPORTUNITIES: VENEZUELA, 1917-1940 107 Inviting Investment: Venezuela, 1917-1938 109 Conservation 118 Pan American Possibilities 129 Conclusion 135 V.

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