Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-74687-8 — the Great Exodus from China Dominic Meng-Hsuan Yang Index More Information

Home , A Brighter Summer Day, Black Cat Squadron, Bo Yang, Yin Haiguang

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-74687-8 — The Great Exodus from China Dominic Meng-Hsuan Yang Index More Information

Index

1950s anti-communist literature victims of Chinese colonization, 12, 164 a list of major novels, 229 women who married into juancun, 248 Alien Land. See Bo Yang: Alien Land women who married mainland soldiers, connection to the Resistance War, 93–94 55, 245, 247 debate among scholars, 229 Academia Historica, 151 literature and art for war, 94 Acheson, Dean, 91 rise of female writers, 229 Ai Wen, 94 1954 Sino-American Mutual Defense Alexander, Jeffrey Treaty, 120, 122 critique of Caruth and psychoanalysis, 28 1958 Sino-American Joint Communiqué cultural trauma theory, 5, 7 Chiang–Dulles negotiation, 122–123 debunking traumatic memories, 271 general information, 90 excess of traumatic memories, 9 public reactions in Taiwan, 86, Holocaust memory in contemporary 123–126, 130 Israeli–Palestinian conﬂict, 270 turning point, 119 latency in trauma, epistemological 228 Incident creation, 28 author’s family history, 265–266 negative affect, traumatic memory, dispute over Japanese properties, 82 267, 271 historiography of early postwar Taiwan, trauma process and trauma 44, 73–74 drama, 28 mainlander and Taiwanese division, Ali Mountain, 86 113, 115 alma mater societies, mainlanders, 66 post-authoritarian historiography and anachronistic, nonlinear sense of time, commemoration, 15 exiles and refugees. See diaspora: state suppression of memory, 15 temporal displacement Taiwanese cultural trauma, 15, 84, 269 Andrade, Tonio, 12 Taiwanese uprising and Nationalist Ang, Ien, 32 suppression, 14 atomized (socially atomized), 17 713 Penghu Incident. See exodus, China to Austronesians. See Aborigines Taiwan: traumatic stories: exiled students, Shandong Province Bai Chongxi, 128 baibai (religious festivals, native A Brighter Summer Day (1991), 254 Taiwanese), 98 Aborigines Bandung Conference, 121 ethnic label, 11, 15 Beijing Normal University, 146 in Japanese military, 76, 268 Beijing Summer Olympics, 1 mainlanders’ attitude toward, 114 Beijing University, 210 maternal aboriginal identity as a way to Bengbu, Anhui Province, 45 deﬂect the stigmatization of paternal benshengren. See all entries under “native mainlander identity, 224 Taiwanese” Nationalist colonialism, 37, 223 bentuhua. See Taiwanization nativist claim, 16 Berry, Michael, 275

295

296 Index

Big River Big Sea 1949 (2009). See Long Changliu (Free Flow) magazine Yingtai magazine’s history, 95–96 Black Cat Squadron, 179 travelogues in China during the black five categories, 195 Resistance War, 96–97, 98–100 Bo Yang travelogues in Taiwan, 1950s, 117 Alien Land (1961) Wu Kaixuan, 96 copies sold and popularity, 238 Changsha, Hunan Province, 98 film adaptation, 238 Chao, Linda, 102, 179 lack of critical acclaim, 238 Charcot, Jean-Martin, 25 mass suffering, 1949 exodus, 239 Chen Cuilian, 115 bio, 236–237 Chen Jiying, 229 Guo Yidong, 236 Chen Kuan-Hsing, 269, 273 The Ugly Chinese (1985), 236 Chen Shui-bian Breuer, Josef, 25 assassination attempt, 227 Brook, Timothy, 169 disputed reelection in 2004, 227, 257 Brown, Melissa, 260 presidency, 220, 226 Burma Red Shirt Army, 227 Nationalist guerrilla group in the Cheng Zilong, 60 China–Burma–Thailand border Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 51 region, 237, 239 Chi Pang-yuan repatriation of mainland Chinese soldiers anti-communist literature, 1950s and refugees, 17, 43, 248 Taiwan, 229 scattering, mainland exodus, 2 The River of Big Torrents (2009), 4 Butalia, Urvashi, 87 Chiang Ching-kuo “a special bond” with retired soldiers, Cartier, Carolyn, 33 180 Caruth, Cathy China Youth Anti-Communist National aporia, 25, 274 Salvation Corps, 237 centrality of literature to represent co-opting Taiwanese elites, 221 trauma, 25 lifting travel ban to China, 187 cross-cultural connectivity of trauma, 28, persecution of Bo Yang, 237 30, 267 reaction to veterans’ protest, 172, Moses and Monotheism, 27, 31 183, 186 unclaimed experience, 7, 8, 26, 27, 272 reconstruction of old military families’ celebration, national day, PRC villages, 250 seventieth anniversary, 277 role in facilitating democracy and sixtieth anniversary, 1 cross-strait contact, 177, 180–181 Central Bank, ROC, 215 role in White Terror, 109 Central Daily News. See Zhongyang ribao three noes policy, 176, 179, 180 century of humiliation, China, 1, 276 Veterans Affairs Council, 79, 180 Chan, Shelly, 35 Chiang Kai-shek Chang Mau-kuei 1958 Chiang–Dulles negotiation, 90, 1950s popular jingle on returning to 122–123 China, 88 1958 proclamation, retake China via conflation between juancun and the larger political means, 119, 123, 130 mainlander communities, 248 228 Incident, 14, 266 diasporization of mainlanders, 38 anti-communist propaganda, 21, impossibility of return, mainlanders, 119 93, 257 mainlander studies in Taiwan, 36 bid for a third-term presidency, 106 seeking respect and recognition for their economic policy in 1950s Taiwan, 80 history, mainlanders, 228 inflation of troop numbers, 1950s, 65 Chang, Sung-sheng Yvonne, 94, 229 initiation of Chinese Cultural Changchun, siege of. See Chinese civil war Renaissance Movement, 143 historiography: Changchun, mass Memorial Hall, 181–182 starvation plans to invade China, 1960s, 124

Index 297

promotion of Taiyuan’s five hundred National Revolutionary Martyrs’ martyrs, 232–234 Shrine, 232 relationship with Bai Chongxi, 128 wanren, 232 relationship with Ziyou Zhongguo (Free Westad, Odd Arne China) magazine, 104–107 decisive encounters, 23 retaking the mainland, 88–89, 101, heroic image, PRC textbooks, 58 120, 230 lived experiences, common people, 56 troop inspection, Pingtung, 83 Zhang Zhenglong, 22, 58 China Airlines Flight 334. See Wang Xijue, Chinese colonization of Taiwan, 12, aircraft hijacking 164, 266 China National Tourism Chinese Cultural Renaissance Movement Administration, 190 debate on its historical legacy, 143–144 China’s ancient and imperial treasures, history of the movement, 143 transportation to Taiwan, 189 relationship with tongxianghui cultural Chinese civil war historiography activities, 144, 148, 152 a teleology of revolution, 23 Chiu Kuei-fen, 229 atrocities against civilians, Chinese Chongqing Communist forces, 47–48 homecoming experience, 198 beyond the watershed year of 1949, Resistance War memories, 96–97, 98 89, 259 tongxianghui activities, wartime capital, 137 Changchun, mass starvation, 58 Chow, Rey, 32 Chinese Communist interpretation Chu Yun-han, 226 mainlanders as remnants of the Chun, Allen, 32 Nationalist bandits, 20 Chun’an, Zhejiang Province, 40 War of Liberation, 20, 22, 58, 275 Chungli fixation on reasons for the Nationalist Chungli Incident, 180 defeat and the Chinese Communist interview with Han Xiaoli, 48 victory, 7, 22–23, 84 Civil Affairs Department, Taiwan loss of China controversy, Provincial Government, 138 22–24, 51 Cixi, Zhejiang Province, 202 McCarthyism, influence of, 22 Clifford, James military history, 23 conceptual slippage, diaspora theory, 39 Nationalist interpretation diasporic condition, 10, 35 mobilization for counterinsurgency, 21 political and intellectual stake, of relocation of central government to invoking diaspora, 36 Taiwan, 230 roots and routes, 10, 35 restorative nationalist ideology, Clinton, Bill, 225 21, 230 coercive institutions. See Greitens, Sheena official restriction, research in China, 22, com-passion. See Wang Horng-luen 56–58, 275–277 Containment strategy, 91 reason for using the lowercase “civil Corcuff, Stéphane war,” 24 creolization and liminality, 39, 262 research on “revolution” discrimination against mainlanders in Johnson, Chalmers, Hinton, William, contemporary Taiwan, social Selden, Mark, 23 data, 223 rethinking the field’s approach through guest mentality, 88 repressed memories coming out of mainlander anxiety, contemporary democratized Taiwan, 51, 84 Taiwan, 223 Taiyuan’s five hundred martyrs mainlander identity dilemma, 38, 220 alleged martyrdom, 230–231 mainlanders’ provincial/native-place commemoration and education, identifications, 136 232–234 size of the exodus population, 63, 65 deconstruction of the myth, 234–235 Taiwanization, 16 Liu Cunshan, 234 the end of guest mentality, 119 martyrs who are still alive, 235 tropism, 39, 262

298 Index

Craps, Stef liuli (diasporic displacement), 1, 31, 35 critique of the Freudian event-based mainlanders as a type of Chinese diaspora model, trauma studies, 8 main problems with the concept, 34, decentering the Holocaust, 268 38, 260 decolonizing trauma, 30 rationale behind the concept, 6 cross-strait (Taiwan–China) relations the concept’s emergence in divergent memories and identities, democratized Taiwan, 36, 38 275–277 moments and mementos (in addition to illegal travels, Taiwan to China, early Clifford’s roots and routes), 11, 35 1980s, 178 more restricted usage, 10, 34 mainlanders and unification, 264 politics of claiming diaspora, 11, 35, marriage migration, China to 39, 260 Taiwan, 212 temporal displacement, 10, 35, 260 nine-point proposal, Ye Jianying, 176 temporalities of diaspora. See Chan, one country, two systems, 176 Shelly PRC stopped shelling offshore theoretical debates on diaspora/Chinese islands, 175 diaspora, 9–11, 32–34 starting point, contemporary relations, theoretically lifeless, proliferated and 172, 187–188 unreflective applications, 9, 33 Thousand-Island Lake Incident, 209 Dickson, Bruce, 102 three noes policy, 176 difang wenxian. See mainlander native-place Cultural Revolution associations: local history and cul- a conspicuous silence, 275 ture projects: local references Chiang Kai-shek, Chinese Cultural Ding Yamin, 247 Renaissance Movement, 143 DPP (Democratic Progressive Party) destruction of family graves, 204–206 fighting for the return of exiled Taiwanese official aesthetic of the sublime, 232 dissidents, 183 founding of the party, 180 Dachen Islands KMT–DPP relations, 269 Nationalist evacuation, 43, 248 Pacific shipwreck, documentary film, 216 Dai Guohui, 59 relationship with the mainlanders, Daima shuzu. See Zhang Tuowu: Notes of 221–223 a Foot Soldier supporting Veterans’ Homebound dangwai. See DPP (Democratic Progressive Movement, 172, 184–187 Party) Dufoix, Stéphane, 10 Deng Kebao. See Bo Yang Dullest, John Foster, 122 Deng Xiaoping Durkheim, Émile, 27 one country, two systems, 20, 176 Dutch East India Company, 12 reform and opening-up, 20, 171, 174 East China Sea, 214 Diamond, Larry, 226 Echo (Chen Maoping), 242–243 diaspora Eight Thousand Li Road of Cloud and Moon. Chinese migration studies See Zhuang Yin Chinese diaspora and Chinese overseas emotional structures of sentiment. See Chen become interchangeable, 32 Kuan-Hsing Chineseness, homogeneity vs. Erichsen, John, 25 diversity, 10, 32–33, 260 Esherick, Joseph. See Chinese civil war marginalization of refugees/exiles, 32, historiography: a teleology of 34, 260 revolution privileging transnational migration, ethnicity 32, 34 ethnic relations studies, 1990s Taiwan, transnationalism and hybridity, 10, 33 36, 113 extreme forms of physical displacement ethnic tensions, postliberalization, and social dislocation. See mainlanders vs. native Taiwanese, McKeown, Adam: diaspora-as-exile 218, 222

Index 299

four major ethnic groups falling leaves returning to their origins, Taiwanization, 15–16, 219 roots, 212 replacing provincial native-place Fan Shijie, 61, 86–87 identifications (jiguan), 36 Fan Yun, 214, 256 statistics, 15 Fan, Joshua young mainlanders rejecting their ethnic abundance of mainlander oral history, label in democratized Taiwan, 220, contemporary Taiwan, 4 225, 258, 262, 269 chengjia, 155 exodus, China to Taiwan clandestine returnees, fear of accidental migrants, 42 consequences, 184 demographics disappointing family reunions, 198 1956 census, 63–64 Japanized Taiwan as a virtual foreign land Li Dongming’s research, 63, 65 for mainlanders, 34, 74 Nationalist army, inflated numbers, low percentage, return migration to 64–65 China, 211 social class, 7 population size, mainland exodus to early birds/pre-49ers, 16, 42, 59–61 Taiwan, 63 mass suffering, long marches, 51–52 realizing the impossibility of return, nontraumatic migration experiences, 58, 61 mainlanders, 119 post-49ers, 43 returnees bypassing government sinking of the Pacific. See Pacific disaster regulations, 190 (shipwreck) Taiwanization of younger social effects mainlanders, contemporary Taiwan, class and gender, 68 261, 264 dispossession and atomization. See Fassin, Didier, 270 mainlanders, trauma: social trauma Felman, Shoshana, 25 of the exodus: dispossession and Feng Zhutang, 127, 165 atomization First Sino-Japanese War, 12 gender imbalance resulting from family Formosa Village Number One. See Lai, Stan separations, 66 and Wang Weizhong repair shattered personal networks, Four Rhymes of Nostalgia. See Yu 67–68 Guangzhong social problems Free China Relief Association, 139 crime rates, 69, 76 French Annales school, 89 deserted soldiers and vagrants, 65, 75, Friends of the Army Society, 108 79, 110 Fu Sinian, 106 firearms and gun-related violence, 77 Fu Yun, 108 negative impact on local Taiwanese Fu Zheng, 106 society, 74–75 overextension of services and resources Gold Mountain dreams. See sojourner in major cities, 80–81 mentality, Chinese overseas squatters. See housing shortage, early Gong Yijun, 102, 113, 248 1950s Grant, Lindsey, 125 suicide rates, 70 Great Firewall of China, 2 those left behind in China, 42, 52 Great Leap Forward, 124, 203 traumatic stories Greitens, Sheena, 104 “last boat/last plane/last train” narratives, Guangzhou, 40, 128, 179 proliferation of, 58 Guanyin, Bodhisattva of, 168 exiled students, Shandong Province, Compassion. See Zhoushan Islands: 55–56 Putuoshan Han Xiaoli, 45–50 Guilin, Guangxi Province, 97, 98, Jiang Sizhang, 55, 168–170 127–128 Widow Village, Dongshan Island, 55 Guizhou Province Ying Meijun, 40–41 Guizhou wenxian, 148, 154 export-oriented industrialization, Resistance War memories, 97, 98 Taiwan, 177 Guo Sifen, 204

300 Index

Hainan Island retrocession, 276 Hainan wenxian, 149 trade and exchanges with Taiwan, mass kidnapping of civilians, 41, 55 177, 179 Nationalist withdrawal, 40–41, 55, 244 Hou Ruqi, 229 Hakka housing shortage, early 1950s colonial expansion in Taiwan, Qing appropriations and forced evictions, 82 dynasty, 12 corruption, 82 ethnic label, 15 illegal constructions, 81, 83–84 hostility toward Hoklo, 13 Hsiau A-chin Japanization, 13 Chinese Cultural Renaissance maternal Hakka identity as a way to Movement, 144 deflect stigmatization of paternal generation for-itself, 129, 240 mainlander identity, 224 generation in-itself, 129 native Taiwanese, 15 return-to-reality generation, 112, 129, prejudice against local aborigines, 114 155, 240 Halbwachs, Maurice, 26 Hu Shi, 101, 106 Han Kuo-yu, 270 Hu Tai-li Hartman, Geoffrey, 25 ethnographic fieldwork, old soldiers in He Zhizhang, 168, 199–200 eastern Taiwan, 247 Hobsbawm, Eric. See memory: collective/ old soldiers as a subethnic group among social memory: invented traditions the mainlanders, 54 Hokkien, 12, 114, 116, 159, 219, 223 Huaihai Campaign, 45 Hoklo colonial expansion in Taiwan, Qing Imamura Hosaku. See Taylor, Jay: Japanese dynasty, 12 martyrs at Taiyuan ethnic label, 15 indigenization. See Taiwanization hostility toward Hakka, 13 Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 149 Hsiushui Township, 159 Institute for Historical Studies, University Japanization, 13 of Texas at Austin, 267 native Taiwanese, 15 iron ballot troopers. See military families’ prejudice against local aborigines, 114 villages: electoral support for the Taiwanization as restorative justice, 219 Nationalist Party Holocaust as a universal symbol of human rights, 268 Jacobs, J. Bruce commemoration, 27 Chiang Ching-kuo, not a democratic Israeli–Palestinian conflict, 270 reformer, 181 testimonies, 25 Taiwanization, 16 writing and representation, 8, 272 Janet, Pierre, 25 Hong Kong Japanese colonialism, Taiwan 2019 protests, 277 assimilation programs, 13 exodus to Taiwan via Hong Kong, 17, 43 early postwar local politics, influence historical works, refugees, post-WWII, 20 of, 100 Hong Kongese, 277 general history, 12–13 illegal and clandestine returns to China via semi-Japanized native Taiwanese, 13, 17, Hong Kong in 1980s, 163, 171, 178 34, 42, 44, 90, 114, 269 mainland refugees, 3, 19, 54 Taiwanese identity meeting mainland relatives in Ching, Leo, 13 Hong Kong, 197 Dawley, Evan, 13 Nationalist refugees, Rennie’s Mill Taiwanese soldiers, imperial army, 13, Refugee Camp, 139 76, 266 one country, two systems, 176 Ji Fu (Yu Yunping), 204 Phoenix Satellite Television, 216 Ji Jicai, 108 reception, 1958 Sino-American Joint Jian Bucheng, 55 Communiqué, 123 Jiang Gui, 229 reception, Big River Big Sea 1949,2 Jiang Mengdie, 86–88

Index 301

Jiang Sizhang Thinking about My Buddies in the Military abducted by the Nationalist army, 55, Families’ Village (1985), 254 169–170 clandestine return to China, 171, 183 LaCapra, Dominick considering Taiwan as home, 213, 255 acting out vs. working through, 26, false name, 191 272–273 imprisonment by the Nationalists, 171 critique of Cathy Caruth, 26, 272 rally at Jinhua Junior High School, 186 empathic unsettlement, 11, 272 social traumas of homecomings, 213 ethical responsibility of those who are upbringing, 168–169 born later, 274 Veterans’ Homebound Movement, 55, secondary trauma, historians, 259 171–172, 183–187 Lai Tse-han, 14 Jiang Wenbiao. See Jiang Sizhang Lai, Stan, 254 Jiangjin, Sichuan Province, 206 laobing. See old soldiers Jing County, Anhui Province, 241 Lary, Diana juancun. See military families’ villages abduction of civilians by the military, 56 civil war historiography in the PRC, Kaohsiung politicization and limitations, 275 attacks on New Party candidates, 1994 graveside rituals, 204 elections, 222 mentality, Chinese war refugees, 101 city’s controversial mayor in 2019, 270 need to consider Chinese civil war’s Kaohsiung Incident, 180 aftermath outside of China, 24 number of civil war exiles, 66 pain of leaving family behind in Keelung China, 192 cenotaph for the Paciﬁc shipwreck, 216 social fallout, Chinese civil war, number of civil war exiles, 66 Taiwan, 74 port of entry, 1949 exodus, 62, 87, 214 Laub, Dori, 25 pre-1949 arrivals, 60 Lee Kuan Yew, 177 Taiwanese identity, Japanese Lee Teng-hui colonialism, 13 internal power struggle, Nationalist kidnapping of civilians by the Chinese Party, 221 Communist army, 56 interview with Shiba Ryotaro, 222 kidnapping of civilians by the Nationalist presidency, 219, 265 army revise travel ban to China, 187 depression and suicides, 1950s, 71 tension with second-generation mainlan- Dongshan Island, Fujian Province, 42, 55 der elites, 222 Hainan Island, 55 Third Taiwan Strait Crisis, 225 Qingdao, Shandong Province, 41 Legislative Yuan Zhoushan Islands, Zhejiang Province, 42, compensation for White Terror vic- 55, 169–170 tims, 111 Ko Meishu, 224 concerns for soldiers, 71, 76, Ko Wen-je, 269 182, 245 Korean War party politics, early 2000s, 226 Chinese People’s Volunteer Army retirement of “ten-thousand-year POWs, 43, 192 parliament,” 221 Korean War and Taiwan Strait, Lei Zhen 92, 120 arrested by the Nationalists, 107 separated Korean families, 19 editor-in-chief of Ziyou Zhongguo, Koxinga/Zheng Chenggong, 161 106–107 Ku Chi, 61 mainlanders looked down on Ku Ling Taiwanese, 115 bio, 209 Levin, Herbert, 116 My Home Country Oh My Mother Lew, Christopher, 23 (1994), 209 Leys, Ruth. See trauma: mimetic and anti- short story on Li Shike, 245 mimetic poles in clinical literature

302 Index

Li Kuang-chün Lu, Annette, 227 intermarriage and effectiveness of Luckhurst, Roger, 31 masking, 224 Luo Lan, 195 mainlanders’ identity dilemma, 220 Luo Yuanyi, 60 masking/impression management, 37, 224 Ma Hui, 45, 199 Li Shike’s bank robbery Ma Ying-jeou, 188, 227 Li’s arrest and execution, 245 Ma, Laurence, 33 Li’s background, 244 Macao social impact, novels and movies, one country, two systems, 176 245–246 retrocession, 276 Li Tiancheng. See exodus, China to MacKinnon, Stephen Taiwan: traumatic stories: exiled Chinese refugees, lack of reliable students, Shandong Province statistics, 62 Li Xiaoling, 166 refugees’ optimism and survivor Li Xuchu, 73 guilt, 101 Li Youning, 246 relief efforts by tongxianghui in Lianhe bao Wuhan, 137 ads for adoptive parents, 67 maids anti-communist propaganda, 93 native Taiwanese maids, 117–119 background information, 44 newspaper ads, mainlander maids, 68 billeting soldiers in schools, 82 mainlander native-place associations classified ads, 66 associations’ leadership, 135 literary supplement, 94 collective amnesia, contemporary mainlander crimes, news reports, 79 Taiwan, 137 Lin Guoxian, 144 financial difficulties in 1950s, 141, 149 Lin Hsiao-ting internal divisions, 141–142 accidental state, 42 local history and culture projects revisionist take on Chiang Kai-shek’s educating younger generations, strategic thinking, 1950s, 120 131, 165 Lin Ping, 210, 212 funding, 152 Lin Shengwei, 65 local references, 143 Lin Tongfa, 63, 64 magazines publication. See mainlander Lin Xian, 72 native-place associations, magazines Lin, Syaru Shirley, 276 and publications Liu Chenghui rebuilding communities in background, 45 Taiwan, 131 homecoming experience, 198 localization of first-generation Rennie’s Mill Camp, Guangxi mainlanders native-place associations, 139 building temples, 157 Liu Qian, 60 comparison with the 1970s nativist Long Huaisheng, 40 cultural movement, 130, 155 Long Wanxiang, 199 constructing communal grave- Long Yingtai yards, 157 Big River Big Sea 1949 (2009) erecting cultural museums, 158 China’s ban on the book, 2, 276 reconnecting fellow natives in negative response, native Taiwanese, Taiwan, 155 268 search for local roots. See mainlanders, juancun, 2, 248 search for local roots in Taiwan mother Ying Meijun’s escape from Taiwan-based family genealogies, China, 40–42 156, 159 universality of human suffering in war, relationship with the exiled Nationalist 259, 268 regime Lu Yilu, 207 laws governing tongxianghui, 134, 140 Lu Yixin, 199 partial autonomy, 135

Index 303

tension between provincialism and mainlander Taiwanese, 6, 36, 218, 258 nationalism, 136, 153 mainlanders, memory resettling mainland refugees, 138–140 absence, negative effects of the exodus on second-generation mainlanders local society, 44, 74, 84 apathy toward tongxianghui, 136, mnemonic regimes/memory booms 166–167 an overview, 29 Society for the Study of Chinese Local cultural nostalgia, native-place References, 144, 151–153 memories, 5, 18 statistics, number of associations trauma of great exodus, democratized formed, 138 Taiwan, 3–4, 37, 257, 260 Taipei Ningbo native-place association wartime sojourning, Resistance War association’s magazine, 148 memories, 5, 18, 89, 97 members, age cohorts, 166 mainlanders, prejudice members, benefits, 141 against semi-Japanized native Taiwanese mainlander native-place associations, anachronistic view of local culture, 114 magazines and publications aversion toward the locals speaking a list of publications, 1960s–1980s, Japanese, 116–117 148–149 coachable compatriots, 114 as storehouses of nostalgic memories of enslavement by the Japanese and the native places in China, 154–155 re-Sinicization, 115 donors and content contributors, 151 exoticism and “positive comments,” 117 fund shortage and stoppages, 153 Sinocentrism, 90, 114 gazetteers and other documentary writings about Taiwanese maids, sources, 149 117–119 local references magazines, 145 mainlanders, relationship with the Sichuan wenxian Nationalist Party history and origin, 144, 145–146 1950s anti-communist witch hunt, 104, popular reception, 148 109–111 Sichuan References Research discontent with official corruption, Club, 146 108–109 Yearbook of identification, postliberalization, 258, Sichuan–Xikang–Chongqing 261, 262 Cultural Museum, 158 reservations about the exiled regime’s Zhou Kaiqing, 146–148, 151, 152, ability to return to China, early 154, 157 1950s, 120 Mainlander Taiwanese Association, 257–258 unholy alliance, 102–103, 104 mainlanders, identity mainlanders, search for local roots in as part of the larger Taiwanese Taiwan identity, 276 early Hebei migrants in Chutang, 164 diasporization vs. Taiwanization, fallen Hunanese Qing soldiers in 37–38, 220 Cholan, 164 ethnic label identification, limited Shaanxi Village success, 5, 258, 263 Black-Faced General, 161 formation in democratized Taiwan, 5, 19, discovery of the village in Hsiushui, 36–37, 38–39, 130, 217–218, 159–160 255–258 Ma Xin, 161 identification with Chinese Shaanxi Cultural Museum, 161 culture, 261 Xu Bingyan, 159–160, 164–165 identification with the Nationalist Party/ Taiwan independence fallacy, 165 ROC, 258, 261, 262 mainlanders, sojourner mentality identification with the PRC, minority deepening preexisting rift between the position, 260 mainlanders and the Taiwanese, 18, identity dilemma/crisis under 90, 113, 117 Taiwanization, 16, 36, 38, 220–221, end of wartime sojourning, 18, 90, 222–228 119–120, 125–126, 129, 130

304 Index

mainlanders, sojourner mentality (cont.) social trauma of the homecoming in forging a bond between the mainlanders Taiwan and the Nationalist regime, 18, 90, 1997 textbook controversy, 226 103, 112–113 Chen Shui-bian’s presidency, hanging on bitterly and waiting for 226–227 a change, 101 Chinese pigs go back to influence on marriage, parenthood, and China, 223 economic decisions, 88 diasporic feeling of displacement, 220 longue durée of wartime displacement, discontent with Lee Teng-hui, 222 89, 100, 101, 104, 112, 230 inability to speak Hokkien fluently as Resistance War memories, 18, 89, 94–95, a mark of shame, 223 96–100 stigmatization, being associated fear of air raids, 97–98 with the Nationalist dictatorship/ mainlanders, trauma colonialism, 6, 34, 36, 87, 217, 219, cultural trauma 225, 256 narrating exodus memories Third Taiwan Strait Crisis, 225 to forge a Taiwan-based identity, Mao Zedong 5–7, 9, 19, 36, 37, 44, 218, 228, campaign against the “four olds,” 204 255–258 CCP victory, 1 role played by Taiwan-born death of Mao, 20, 174 mainlanders, 218, 256–258 founding of the PRC, top of The Day We Left the Mainland Tiananmen, 2 (1987), 255 Jiangxi Soviet and the Long March, 51 victim narrative, problems, 263 persecution of former KMT ethical considerations, writing personnel, 43 mainlander trauma, 11, 259, shelling of Quemoy (1958), 122 263–265 slay Zhu and pluck Mao, 192 social trauma of the diminishing hope Margalit, Avishai, 17 (for return) Maryland, 11 alleviation through the production of May Fourth Movement, 101, 106, 129 native-place memories, 31, 136, 145 McKeown, Adam collective shock, 1958 crisis, 18, 130 diaspora-as-exile, 34 mitigating effects, Bo Yang’s Alien reconceptualize Chinese diaspora(s) as Land, 240 transnational networks, 33 social trauma of the exodus memory alleviation through evoking Resistance collective/social memory War memories, 89, 99–100 Halbwachs, Maurice, influence of, 26 dispossession and atomization, 17, 44, invented traditions, 26 66–70, 90 scholarship, an overview, 26–27 mental illness, 44, 72–73 mnemonic community, 276 pressure produced by sudden mnemonic practices relocation and change, 72 contemporaneity and suicide rates, 44 instrumentalism, 228 suicides in the army, 70–72 diversity at any given time, 29, 236 social trauma of the homecoming in selectiveness and self-centeredness, China 43, 85 elongation of temporality, 173, 188 selectivity and internal end of mainland-centered nostalgia contradictions, 258 and start of Taiwan-based identity mnemonic regime (salience of a social formation, 18, 174, 213 memory production or a memory reverse culture shock, first-generation boom) mainlanders, 18, 32, 173, 188–189, against homogenization and 199, 201–204, 212 reification, 29 second-generation mainlanders, definition, 5 173, 207 path dependence, 228

Index 305

privileging the use of “social memory” Luo Yuanyi’s story, 60–61 over “collective memory,” 29 Nanjing Decade (1927–1937), 134 social memory Nanjing tongxun, 149 anachronistic sense of time, exiles, 24 Nankang District, Taipei City, 157 critique of purely instrumentalist National Assembly, 146, 221 position, 271 national identity surveys, contemporary definition, 4, 43 Taiwan, 261 history and memory, 51, 84 National People’s Congress, PRC, 176 therapeutic function, mitigating National Taiwan University Hospital, trauma, 8–9, 29, 34, 271 72, 138 Meyer, Mahlon Nationalist Army Command attachment to the Nationalist Party, Headquarters, 51 mainlanders, 102 Nationalist Customs Administration identification with the PRC, Office, 54 mainlanders, 260 Nationalist Military Police mainlanders under Chen Shui-bian’s Headquarters, 51 presidency, 220 native Taiwanese, trauma personal affect, writing mainlander beiqing (grief/sadness), 269 trauma, 263–265 cultural trauma population size, mainland exodus to 228 Incident and White Terror, Taiwan, 63 84, 269 third-generation mainlanders, 224 social trauma of receiving the mainland Meyer-Fong, Tobie, 24, 76, 232 exodus military families’ villages collective anxiety, 79 Chinese Women’s Anti-Communist and crimes committed by mainland soldiers Resist Russia League, 249 and vagrants, 76, 77–78 demolition and reconstruction massive social disruptions, 74–75, controversies, 250 80–82 different translations, 2 shattered world, 44, 73, 74 electoral support for the Nationalist Zhou Wanyao, a lost generation, 73 Party, 102 native-place associations heritage sites preservation, 250 Belsky, Richard illegal villages, 249 native-place lodges, 132 lack of construction, 1950s, 82 symbiotic relationship between low-interest state loan program, 250 imperial authorities and provincial Madame Chiang’s charity drive, 249 elites, 134 Nationalist control through self- big natives and small natives, 139 governing committees, 249 critique of the Weberian paradigm, 133 origins in China, 249 debate on Chinese capitalism and civil second-generation mainlanders society coming-of-age stories, 253 Max Weber, He Bingdi (Ho Ping-ti), juancun-based nostalgia, 253 and William Rowe, 133 literary and cultural productions, 218, definition, tongxianghui, 132 227, 229, 241, 248, 253–254 demise of tongxianghui in Mao’s social issues, 221 China, 134 upbringing, 252 early tongxianghui in Taiwan, Ministry of the Interior, 151–152, 194, pre-1945, 137 198, 199 Emperor Yongle, 132 Minnanhua. See Hokkien gongsuo, 132 Myers, Ramon, 14, 102, 179 Goodman, Bryna associations’ relationship with the Nanjing state, 134, 135 evacuation, Nationalists, 51–52 origin of the “tongxianghui” label, 132 Han Xiaoli’s story, 45–48 refugee relief, Shanghai, 137 Japanese invasion, 95 huiguan, 132, 135

306 Index

native-place associations (cont.) commemorative cenotaph at Keelung, multiple social functions performed, 132 216–217 native-place identities and national comparison with the Titanic identity, 134, 136 shipwreck, 217 refugees and native-place networks, 54, documentary film, 216 66, 132–133, 134, 137 John Woo’s epic romance The Crossing New Party, 222 (2014, 2015), 216 Non-Aligned Movement, 121 media coverage, 216 Nora, Pierre, 27 sinking of the ship, 214–216 Warramunga, 215 offshore islands, Taiwan Strait Pai Hsien-yung Dachen Islands, 43, 248 cultural nostalgia, 126–128, 156 Matsu, 122, 175 Modern Literature, 127 Quemoy, 110, 122, 175 Modernist genre, 127, 129 old soldiers Taipei People, 128–129 as embodiment of mainlander suffering pain of others. See Sontag, Susan and displacement, 75 Painting of Chicken Plumage. See Zhang encounters with young male adults, 246 Dachun Fan, Joshua, China’s homeless Pan Lei, 229 generation, 4, 54 Pan Renmu, 229 fictional works by second-generation Peng Ge, 229 mainlanders, 246–247 Peng Ruijin, 229 fighters’ farmland certificates, 182 People’s Liberation Army, 22, 58, 175, 214 honored citizens, 247 Philippines, 266 Hu Tai-li, 54, 247 Phillips, Steven laser tattoo removal, 191 socioeconomic impact, mainland exodus Li Shike. See Li Shike’s bank robbery on Taiwanese society, 80 marriage problems, 55, 212 Taiwanese elites and the Nationalist negative view of soldiers, 1950s, 75, state, 100 183, 246 Pingtan Island, Fujian Province, 179 old taro, pejorative term, 246 Prince, Morton, 25 protest against the Nationalist regime, 1980s, 180, 182 Qing dynasty Taiwan, 12 public sympathy for retired soldiers, 183, Qingming Festival/tomb sweeping, 241, 245, 246 157, 204 second-generation mainlanders literary and cultural productions, Ranger, Terence. See memory: collective/ 218, 241 social memory: invented traditions self-sustaining old soldiers, 181–182, 244 Rankin, Karl, 83, 90–91 sexual molestation of young females and realms of memory. See Nora, Pierre mentally challenged, 246 Rechtman, Richard, 270 Olick, Jeffrey Red Cross Society, ROC, 187, 189–190 mnemonic practices, 29 refugee statistics, global, post-WWII, 19–20 social memory vs. collective memory, 29 Rennie’s Mill Refugee Camp, 139 the politics of regret, 270 Resistance War oral history. See all entries under “memory” historiography, turmoil and refugees, 22 and “mainlanders, memory” impact of war on society, 22, 54, 191, orphan army. See Burma: Nationalist 194, 244 guerrilla group in the China– mainlanders’ view on the 1958 Burma–Thailand border region communiqué, effect of Resistance Osaka World Exposition, 178 War memories, 125 overseas connections, PRC, 195 mainlanders’ view on the semi-Japanized Taiwanese, effect of Resistance War Pacific disaster (shipwreck) memories, 114, 116–117 Central United Shipping Corporation, native-place associations, 137 214, 216 refugee mentality, 101

Index 307

refugee movements, 31, 133, 148 Stafford, Charles, 194 relationship between the mainlanders and strategic ambiguity, 91 the Nationalist state, war’s effect on, structures of feeling. See Williams, 104, 113 Raymond wartime sojourns and refugee Su Weizhen, 253 experiences, 5, 17, 89, 90, 94–95, Su’ao, 94 96–101, 130, 230 Sun Weimang, 247, 253 Rigger, Shelley, 103 Sun Yat-sen righteous anti-communist fighters. See Memorial Hall, 184 Korean War: Chinese People’s Moscow Sun Yat-sen University, 176 Volunteer Army POWs revolution for nationalism, democracy, Rothberg, Michael and socialism, 180 competing victimization, 270 Sun Zhesan, 205 critique of the Freudian event-based Sunflower Student Movement, 269 model, trauma studies, 8 Szonyi, Michael, 110 decentering the Holocaust, 268 Sztompka, Piotr, 6 decolonizing trauma, 30 multidirectional memory, 11, 268, 273 taibao. See Taiwanese compatriots/Taiwan Roy, Denny tongbao use of Japanese by Taiwanese, 117 Taichung view on Chinese Cultural Renaissance author’s upbringing, 265 Movement, 144 number of civil war exiles, 66 White Terror, mainlanders, 109, 111 rape and death of Wu Jinying in Shalu Township, 78 Said, Edward, 10, 31 violent crimes, deserted mainland Schoppa, R. Keith soldiers, 77 refugee mentality, 101 Tainan relief efforts, tongxianghui, Zhejiang a rumor of rape and murder, 79 Province, 137 number of civil war exiles, 66 reluctance of Chinese to become Taiping Civil War. See Meyer-Fong, Tobie refugees, 31, 133 Taiwan Political Review, 158 Shen Shiau-Chi, 261 Taiwan Provincial Police Administration, Shih Shu-mei, 32 69, 75 Sichuan–Xikang–Chongqing Cultural Taiwan Railways Administration, 95 Museum, 158 Taiwan Strait Crises siege of Wuhan, 101 first crisis, 43, 92, 106, 120 Sima Zhongyuan, 229 second crisis, 18, 90, 92, 101, 106, 119, Simon, Scott 122, 123, 175 duality of first-generation third crisis, 225 mainlanders, 263 Taiwan-born mainlanders in contemporary mainlander identity as a diasporic identity China, 210–211 in construction, 38, 220 Taiwanese compatriots/Taiwan tongbao, 21, mainlanders, comparison with 115, 116, 174, 179, 200, 206, 213 post-apartheid South Africa, 38 Taiwanization Singapore, 177, 179, 236, 254 fomentation period, 1970s, 240 Sino-American rapprochement, 175 localization of (first-generation) main- Sino-Dutch co-colonization, 12 landers, 38, 155, 221 Sino-French War (1884–1885), 164 mainlander reactions Sinophone studies. See Shih Shu-mei 1994 elections, 222 Smelser, Neil, 6 1997 textbook controversy, 226 Social Affairs Bureau, Taipei, 137 against Chen Shui-bian’s presidency, social protests, 1980s Taiwan, 180 226–227 sojourner mentality, Chinese overseas, 89 anxiety, insecurity, and shame, 220 Sontag, Susan, 265 claiming maternal ethnic identity, Spence, Jonathan, 231 224–225

308 Index

Taiwanization (cont.) trauma great exodus memories, 37 affect identity negotiation, 218 Meyer, Mahlon, 263–264 inability to speak fluent Taiwanese, of evoking historical trauma, 9, 85, 223–224 267, 274 intermarriage factor, 224 centrifugal trauma vs. centripetal trauma. original sin, mainlanders, 220 See Berry, Michael provincial native places to ethnic cultural trauma, definition. See differences, 36–37 Alexander, Jeffrey: cultural trauma radical postcolonial historiography, 37 theory second-generation mainlanders decolonize trauma shared concerns 1970s and 1980s. See Eurocentric bias, 8, 30 old soldiers and military families’ historically specific and culturally villages diverse research, 30 Taiwan-centered paradigm vs. deconstruction and post-structuralism. China-centered paradigm, 219 See Caruth, Cathy: aporia Taiwanese perspective, 37, 219 ethical issues, writing trauma, 263–267 Taiwanization of mainlanders, 38–39, Freud, Sigmund 261–263, 264 event-based model, 8, 30 the rise of Taiwanese power, 222 forced exile, 31 use of the term in instead of Moses and Monotheism,27 indigenization/bentuhua,16 psychoanalysis, father of, 25 Taiyuan, siege and martyrdom. See Chinese historically informed empathy and critical civil war historiography: Taiyuan’s distance, 271 five hundred martyrs Holocaust as a unique “limit Tamsui River, 96 event,” 268 Tan Chee-Beng, 33 Holocaust testimonies/representations, Tang dynasty, 199 Fortunoff Video Archive at Yale Tanner, Harold, 23 University, 25 Taylor, Jay Lacanian psychoanalysis. See Caruth, assessment, 1958 Chiang–Dulles Cathy: aporia meeting, 122 mimetic and anti-mimetic poles in Japanese martyrs at Taiyuan, 235 clinical literature, 28 purge in the Nationalist military, moral economy of trauma, 270 1950s, 109 multiple-event trajectory, 8, 29–30, 259 revisionist take on Chiang Kai-shek’s post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), strategic thinking, 1950s, 120 8, 25 stranded 1949 refugees in China, 52 psychoanalytic approach vs. sociological view on Chiang Ching-kuo’s plan to approach engage China, 176 “access” to vs. “excess” of traumatic Templeman, Kharis, 226 memory, 8, 28 Ten Thousand Year Longevity Temple. See Caruth, Cathy vs. Alexander, Jeffrey, 7 Xuzhenjun convergence on the single-event Teng, Emma, 12 model, 29 The Search for Modern China. See Spence, different views on etiological origin and Jonathan latency of traumatic memory, 27–28 third-force political parties, Taiwan, 269 respective problems, 9, 28 Tiananmen Square Massacre, 2, 275 views on affect, 27, 267 Tibetans, 277 reconciliation and healing Tienmu, 86 author’s subject position, 263–267 Time Story (2008–2009). See Wang boundary-crossing “working through” Weizhong process, 274 Tongxianghui. See native-place associations human agency and cultural diversity, 9 Toronto, 265 multidirectional empathic Tozer, Warren, 144 unsettlements, 11, 26, 272–275, 276

Index 309

psychoanalytic perspective, problems, cordial family relations after the reunions, 267–268 198–199 single-event model, critique of, 8–9, difficulties in reestablishing initial 29–30, 259 contacts, 191 social trauma vs. cultural trauma, experiences of Taiwan-born mainlanders, categorical difference, 6 207–210 social trauma, definition, 6 false identities and name changes, 191 sociological approach, collective/social family troubles in Taiwan, 192–194 memory scholarship laser tattoo removal, 192 critique of psychoanalytic method, 28 making career sacrifices, 194 overview, 26–27 relatives persecuted in socialist transitional justice, 271, 275 campaigns, 195 victim consciousness, 269–271 returnees died from exhaustion and Truman, Harry S., 92 illnesses, 201 Tseng, Yen-fen, 211 roadblock due to “three noes policy,” 189 Tucker, Nancy Santa Claus phenomenon, 192, 194–197 1954 defense treaty, 120 sense of alienation being called Chiang Ching-kuo, motive to “Taiwanese compatriots,” 206–207 democratize, 181 statistics, 190, 194, 198, 199 Tungning, Kingdom of, 12 unhappy family reunions, 197–198, 207 two Chinas, 21, 121, 123 unpleasant travel experiences, 200 visiting relatives fever, 187 Uighurs, 277 widespread destruction of family United Daily News. See Lianhe bao graves, 206 University of British Columbia, 265 Vogel, Ezra, 176 US Seventh Fleet, 43, 92 voting for democracy. See Rigger, Shelley

Vancouver Island, 11 waisheng tongxianghui. See mainlander Veterans Affairs Council native-place associations Chiang Ching-kuo’s role, 180 waishengren. See all entries under discontented soldiers, 108, 181–182 “mainlanders” founding of, 79 Wan Yaohuang, 150–151 housing and accommodations for Wang Daren, 108 retirees, 103 Wang Fu-chang statistics mainlander-Taiwanese marriage and civil war exiles in Nationalist acculturation process, 114 military, 64 mainlander-Taiwanese marriage and veterans who migrated back to Taiwanization, 224 China, 211 second-generation mainlander elites, VAC in Taiwan’s contemporary politics, 80 1970s, 221 Veterans’ Homebound Movement Taiwan-centered paradigm vs. demonstration on Mother’s Day, 184 China-centered paradigm, 15 Freedom to Return Home Movement Wang Gungwu, 32 Manifesto, 183 Wang Hanzhuo, 94 Mainlander Homebound and Visiting Wang Horng-luen, 274 Relatives Promotion Society, 183 Wang Lan, 229 rally at Jinhua Junior High School, 185 Wang Weizhong, 254 Vietnam Wang Xijue, aircraft hijacking, 179 repatriation of mainland Chinese soldiers Wang Youhua, 247 and refugees, 17, 43, 247 Wang, Ban, 232 scattering, mainland exodus, 2 Wang, David Der-wei the division of, 121 anti-communist literature, 1950s Vietnam War, American veterans, Taiwan, 229 PTSD, 25 comment on Bo Yang’s Alien Land, 240 visiting relatives in China, mainlanders the monster that is history, 25

310 Index

Wang, Zheng, 275 Yang Tao, 202 war mobilization, 1950s Taiwan, 91–92 Yangtze River Delta, 168, 214 wartime atmosphere, 1950s Taiwan, 92–93 Ye Chaopeng, 77 Wei Wou, 14 Ye Jianying, 176 wenxian. See mainlander native-place Ye Shitao, 229 associations, magazines and Yeh, George, 123 publications: local references Yilan, 94, 209, 266 magazines Yin Haiguang, 106 White Snow, Red Blood. See Chinese civil war Ying Fenghuang, 229, 238 historiography: Zhang Zhenglong You Jianming, 118 White Terror Young, James E., 27 1950s anti-communist witch hunt, 103 Yu Guangzhong, 129, 156 blacklist, 177 Yu Wuyuan, 86, 125, 131 Bo Yang, 237–238 Yuan Yifang, 60 Compensation Foundation, 111–112 yuanzhumin. See Aborigines effect on the mainlanders, 109–112 Yunnan Province Green Island, 266 homecoming experience, 199 joint guarantee, 68 Resistance War memories, 97 political prisoners, numbers, mainlanders Yunnan wenxian, 149 vs. Taiwanese, 111–112 Yuqian, Zhejiang Province, 204 post-authoritarian historiography and social memory, 15, 74, 84, 269 Zhang Dachun, 247 Taiwanese elites, 73 Zhang Dianwan, 4 Williams, Raymond, 269 Zhang Foquan, 106 Wu Hsin-yi, 228 Zhang Qijiang, 253 Wu Nai-teh Zhang Shixiong. See Zhang Tuowu Chiang Ching-kuo, not a democratic Zhang Tuowu reformer, 181 background, 241 national identity surveys in contemporary experience in the Nationalist military, Taiwan, 261 242 patron–client relations, 103 homecoming experience in China, 202 Wu Sanlian, 40, 80 Notes of a Foot Soldier circulation and popularity, 242 Xi Jinping Echo’s praise, 243 Asian Infrastructure Investment reasons for writing, 243 Bank, 276 Zhang Zhen, 51 Belt and Road Initiative, 276 Zhao Yanning (Antonia Chao) Chinese Dream, 276, 277 atypical refugee stories of 1949, 58 coercive methods to incorporate ﬁrst-generation mainlanders as “Chinese Taiwan, 277 diaspora,” 37, 220 Xia Daoping, 106 suppression of women’s narratives/ Xia Gongquan, 65 memories, 87 Xiamen, Fujian Province, 62, 87 Zheng Zhenqian, 77 Xie Xiuru, 110 Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 197, 206 Xin Yu, 201 Zhongyang ribao Xu Xiangqian, 175 administration of Taipei, 80 Xue Huayuan, 106 anti-communist propaganda, 93 Xun Zhi, 197, 206 background information, 44 Xuzhenjun, 157 classiﬁed ads, 66 literary supplement, 94 Yan Xishan mainlander crimes, news reports, 79 escape from Taiyuan, 231 search for missing person notices, 67 fabrication of the heroics at Taiyuan, 235 Zhoushan Islands relationship with Chiang Kai-shek, 231 Daishan Island, 168, 170, 183, 191, 213 Yang Congrong, 144 Japanese invasion, 169

Index 311

Nationalist withdrawal, 40, 42, 55, 169 Zhuang Yan, 189 Putuoshan, 168 Zhuang Yin, 189 shipwreck, Paciﬁc, 215 Ziyou Zhongguo (Free China) magazine Zhu Foding, 138 corruption, Nationalist authorities, Zhu Tianwen 108–109 Growing Up (1983), 254 division, mainlanders and return to China experience, 208–209 Taiwanese, 115 The Story of Little Bi (1982), 253 establishment of the magazine, 104–106 Zhu Tianxin impossible to retake China, 121 “Ancient Capital” (1997), 228 limitations and its political legacy, 112 “Thinking about My Brothers in the readers’ letters, 107 Military Families’ Village” (1991), response to 1958 Sino-American Joint 227, 253 Communiqué, 123 Never-ending (1981), 253 today’s problems series editorials, 121 Zhu Xiang, 206 White Terror, 1950s Taiwan, 109–110 Zhu Xining, 208, 229 Zwigenberg, Ran, 270