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Co-Management Approach and Perceived Ecotourism Impacts at Lawachara National Park in Bangladesh

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Co-Management Approach and Perceived Ecotourism Impacts at Lawachara National Park in Bangladesh CO-MANAGEMENT APPROACH AND PERCEIVED ECOTOURISM IMPACTS AT LAWACHARA NATIONAL PARK IN BANGLADESH Wageningen University & Research Center Department of Environmental Sciences Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group Socio-Spatial Analysis Group MSc thesis Submitted by: Md. Wasiul Islam Registration no.: 760912383010 Thesis code: FNP-80436 July 2009 Examiners Dr. ir. B.H.M. (Birgit) Elands Wageningen University & Research Center, the Netherlands and Dr. V.R. (René) van der Duim Wageningen University & Research Center, the Netherlands Acknowledgement Studying abroad and performing research in tourism at Wageningen University and Research Centre is a great achievement in my life. It has been possible by the grace of almighty Allah. In this regard, I am really indebted to Nuffic, the funding organization for my MSc study in The Netherlands. I will cherish their contributions in my core of heart forever for providing me the financial supports to study in this famous university of the world. I am exceptionally indebted, grateful and thankful to my esteemed supervisor Dr. ir. B.H.M. (Birgit) Elands, Assistant Professor, Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group of Wageningen University and co-supervisor Dr. V.R. (René) van der Duim, Assistant Professor, Socio-Spatial Analysis Chair Group of Wageningen University, the Netherlands for their cordial guiding, constructive and critical comments, suggestions and patience. Both of them inspired me immensely from the very beginning of writing the proposal for the thesis. I have learnt a lot from their guidance and suggestions. I desire to extend my thanks and gratification to Bangladesh Forest Department especially to Mr. Istiaq Uddin Ahmed, Project Director, Nishorgo Support Project and Mr. Md. Tarikul Islam, Assistant Chief Conservator of Forests for the permission to conduct my field work at Lawachara National Park in Bangladesh. I am grateful to Mr. Md. Modinul Ahsan, ACF, Srimangal for his continuous and very jovial field supports and assistance while I was at the study area for field work. I am also thankful to the whole NSP family (FD, IRG, RDRS and NACOM) for providing me supports in different levels in different time. I want to mention the nice names of Mr. Suchian (CMC member), Mr. Raihan, Mr. Jalil, Mr. Pasha (RDRS), Mr. Nasim, Mr. Sazzad (NACOM), and also others who supported me in different occasions. I should also be indebted to the eco-guides of LNP for their pleasant and friendly company. I am also ever grateful to all the respected respondents of the nine villages surrounding Lawachara National Park and CMC members for allowing me their volunteer and valuable time by providing necessary information for this research work. I also want to extend my thanks and gratefulness to Mr. Mohammad Ohid Ullah, PhD Student, NMG Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University for his cordial supports and assisting in analyzing the field data. I thank to Basu, Swapan vai, Bapon, Kamrul, Arif vai, Deen vai and Naheed apa for their company while staying at Wageningen. I am also indebted to my job provider Khulna University, Bangladesh for providing me the study leave and other necessary supports for this higher study. I express my due gratefulness to my dear parents and last of all but not least to my loving and caring wife Dr. Peea and my cute daughter Sumat for their encouragement and great sacrifice for my study in abroad. Md. Wasiul Islam July 2009 1 Consecrated to My beloved wife and daughter 2 Table of content Chapter No. Contents Page No. Acknowledgement 1 List of boxes and tables 6 List of figures 7 List of abbreviations and acronyms 8 Executive summary 9 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background of the study 13 1.2 Problem statement 15 1.3 Outline of the thesis paper 17 Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework 2.1 Introduction 18 2.2 Tourism, ecotourism and community-based tourism 18 2.3 Impacts of tourism 20 2.3.1 Sustainability in tourism 20 2.3.2 Prism of sustainability 21 2.3.3 Indicators 22 2.3.4 Calculation of expected outcomes of ecotourism by the perceived 24 impacts 2.3.5 Importance-performance analysis 25 2.4 Co-management 26 2.5 Community 27 2.6 Conceptual framework 28 2.7 Research questions and research objectives 30 Chapter 3: Methodology 3.1 Rationale of selecting the study area 31 3.2 Study area 31 3.2.1 Location and area 31 3.2.2 Administration 33 3.2.3 Legal status 33 3.2.4 Forest type and biodiversity 33 3.2.5 Soil and topography 33 3.2.6 Climate 34 3.3 Methods 34 3.3.1 Interview 34 3.3.1.1 Sampling design, samples and sample size 34 3.3.1.2 Questionnaire design and structure 36 3.3.1.3 Data collection 38 3.3.1.4 Data handling and analysis 39 3.3.2 Field observation 39 3.3.3 Informal discussion 39 3 Chapter No. Contents Page No. 3.3.4 Literature review 40 3.4 Limitations of the study 40 Chapter 4: Ecotourism Impacts and Local Communities of Lawachara National Park 4.1 Introduction 41 4.2 Characteristics of the respondents 41 4.3 Involvement of the respondents in tourism practice 41 4.4 Perceptions on ecotourism, community-based tourism and co-management 45 4.5 Scale-wise responses of the community people 46 4.6 Impacts of ecotourism at LNP 47 4.6.1 Socio-cultural impacts 49 4.6.2 Economic impacts 50 4.6.3 Environmental impacts 50 4.6.4 Institutional impacts 51 4.6.5 Comparative study on relative satisfaction of ecotourism impacts 52 4.7 Role of co-management in satisfaction 53 4.8 Relationships between the rating types and dimensions of ecotourism impacts, 53 levels of stake, sex and education 4.9 Expected outcomes of ecotourism and the perceived impacts by local 57 community 4.9.1 Socio-economic benefits to local people through forward and backward 58 linkages 4.9.2 Biodiversity conservation awareness and education among the visitors 58 and locals 4.9.3 Alternative Income Generation opportunities 59 4.9.4 Human resource development 59 4.9.5 Improvement of living standards of local communities 60 4.9.6 Infrastructure development 60 4.9.7 Development of ecotourism and community-based tourism 60 4.9.8 Empowerment of local communities 61 4.10 Some observations regarding ecotourism impacts 61 4.11 Linking with the other (Minor Thesis) study 63 Chapter 5: Ecotourism Impacts and Official Actors of Nishorgo Support Project and a Comparative Study on Perceived Ecotourism Impacts 5.1 Introduction 65 5.2 Characteristics of the respondents 65 5.3 Perceptions on ecotourism, community-based tourism and co-management 66 5.4 Scale-wise responses of NSP officials 67 5.5 Impacts of ecotourism at LNP 69 5.5.1 Socio-cultural impacts 71 5.5.2 Economic impacts 71 5.5.3 Environmental impacts 72 5.5.4 Institutional impacts 73 5.5.5 Comparative study on ecotourism impacts 74 5.6 Role of co-management in satisfaction 75 4 Chapter No. Contents Page No. 5.7 Relationships between the rating types and dimensions of ecotourism impacts, 76 levels of stake, sex, education 5.8 Importance-performance analysis 79 5.9 Factor analysis of ecotourism impacts 80 5.10 Cluster analysis of ecotourism impacts 81 5.11 Expected outcomes of ecotourism and the perceived impacts by NSP 85 officials 5.11.1 Socio-economic benefits to local people through forward and 87 backward linkages 5.11.2 Biodiversity conservation awareness and education among the 87 visitors and locals 5.11.3 Alternative Income Generation opportunities 88 5.11.4 Human resource development 88 5.11.5 Improvement of living standards of local communities 88 5.11.6 Infrastructure development 88 5.11.7 Development of ecotourism and community-based tourism 88 5.11.8 Empowerment of local communities 89 5.12 Impediments on getting ecotourism benefits from LNP 89 5.13 Some observations regarding ecotourism impacts 90 5.14 Linking with the other (Minor Thesis) study 91 5.15 Linking with similar studies carried out at ONP (Finland) and BNP (Poland) 92 Chapter 6: Discussions, Conclusions and Recommendations 6.1 Introduction 94 6.2 Discussions 94 6.2.1 Co-management and ecotourism impacts 94 6.2.2 Role of ecotourism impacts on the local communities of LNP 95 6.3 Conclusions 96 6.4 Recommendations 100 Bibliography 102 Appendix 105 5 List of boxes and tables Table No. Contents Page No. Box 1.1 Objectives of Management Plan for Lawachara National Park 14 Box 1.2 Expected ecotourism outcomes 15 Box 4.1 Some basic information of the respondents of local community 42 Box 4.2 The respondents of local community, LNP and tourism: some findings 44 Box 5.1 Some basic information of the respondents of NSP officials and some findings 66 Table 1.1 Some important events of Lawachara forests 15 Table 2.1 Framework of perceptions of the key stakeholders on the impacts of ecotourism at 23 LNP and its relationship with dimensions of sustainability with suggested indicators Table 2.2 Expected outcomes of ecotourism and the corresponding perceived ecotourism 25 impacts Table 3.1 Different response scale for three different types of ecotourism impact rating 37 Table 3.2 Operationalisation the conceptual framework into questionnaire questions 37 Table 4.1 Dimension-wise importance, satisfaction rating, relative satisfaction and 48 contribution of co-management in satisfaction rating of different ecotourism impacts perceived by local community respondents (n=90) Table 4.2 Expected outcomes of ecotourism and its achievements by perceived impacts of 57 local communities (n=90) Table 4.3 Perceived expected outcomes of ecotourism and their extent of achievement at LNP 63 under NSP (n=29) Table 4.4 Comparison of the expected ecotourism outcomes achievement between the two
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