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Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen

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Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen A Tale of Two Factions SUNY series in the Social and Economic History of the Middle East Donald Quataert, editor A Tale of Two Factions Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen JANE HATHAWAY STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK PRESS Published by State University of New York Press, Albany © 2003 State University of New York All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatso- ever without written permission. No part of this book may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, eletrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the publisher. For information, address State University of New York Press, 90 State Street, Suite 700, Albany, NY 12207 Production by Kelli Williams Marketing by Anne M. Valentine Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hathaway, Jane. A tale of two factions : myth, memory, and identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen / Jane Hathaway. p. cm. — (SUNY series in the social and economic history of the Middle East) Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-7914-5883-0 (alk. paper) — ISBN 0-7914-5884-9 (alk. paper) 1. Egypt—History—1517–1882. 2. Egypt—Economic conditions— 1517–1882. 3. Egypt—Social conditions. 4. Yemen—History. 5. Yemen—Economic conditions. 6. Yemen—Social conditions. I. Title. II. Series. DT97.H38 2003 962’.03—dc22 2003055622 10987654321 In Memoriam Ulrich Haarmann Cem Taylan Jeanette Wakin Marilyn Waldman Contents Abbreviations ix Note on Transliteration xi List of Illustrations xiii Acknowledgments xv Introduction 1 Appendix: Origin Myths of the Factions 21 Chapter 1 Bilateral Factionalism in Ottoman Egypt 25 Chapter 2 Bir Varmıs¸, Bir Yokmus¸: Folklore and Binary Oppositions in the Factional Origin Myths 45 Chapter 3 Sa˜d and Haram: The Factions’ Bedouin Equivalents 61 Chapter 4 The Yemeni Connection to Egypt’s Factions 79 Chapter 5 Red and White: The Colors of the Factions’ Banners 95 Chapter 6 The Knob and the Disk—The Factions’ Standards 111 Chapter 7 Selim and Sudun in the Origin Myths 123 Chapter 8 The Mulberry Tree in the Origin Myths 135 vii viii Contents Chapter 9 The Competitive Feasts of Qasim and Dhu’l-Faqar Beys 143 Chapter 10 Qasimi Genesis? Qansuh’s Slave Troop and Ridvan’s Circassian Genealogy 149 Chapter 11 Faqari Genesis? ˜Ali Bey’s Mosque and the Ottoman Dhu’l-Faqar Sword 165 Conclusion 185 Notes 193 Bibliography 253 Index 277 Introduction ix Abbreviations BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies EI1 Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1st edition EI2 Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition ix Note on Transliteration I have omitted diacritical markings, except for ˜ayn and hamza, in Arabic and Turkish proper nouns and in Turkish common nouns not derived from Arabic, as well as in personal names, such as Ismail and Osman, commonly written without diacriticals. Otherwise, the transliteration system used for both Arabic and Ottoman Turkish is that employed by the International Journal of Middle East Studies. Names and titles of Ottoman officials and provincial grandees, as well as titles of literary works in Ottoman Turkish and the names of their authors, are rendered in Turkish; Egyptian and Yemeni place names, literary titles in Arabic, and the names of their authors are rendered in Arabic. Provincial offices, with the exception of defterdar, are rendered in Arabic. Terms that can be found in English dictionaries, such as “mamluk,” “reaya,” “Sufi,” and “ulema,” retain the spellings found there. xi Illustrations Figure 3.1. Map of Egypt, showing major towns and provinces 68 Figure 4.1. Map of Yemen in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries 80 Figure 6.1. An Ottoman tu¶—eighteenth century 113 Figure 6.2. A Mamluk calem—sixteenth century 115 Figure 6.3. The Battle of Chaldiran, 1514 120 Figure 11.1. An Ottoman Zülfikar banner—sixteenth century 173 xiii Acknowledgments I love historical mysteries, and this book is the product of my obsti- nate desire to solve one of the more perplexing ones within my own specialty, the study of Ottoman Egypt. Egyptian society in the seven- teenth century was riven by the rivalry between two factions, the Faqaris and Qasimis, whose origins no one could explain. This book results from my search for their origins and the unexpected things I found along the way. The search has been marked by epiphanies that I would not have found credible had I not experienced them myself. Twice I was led to major revelations by happening to open books lying on conference exhibit tables. I learned about a major primary source, the S¥rat al-Z. åhir Baybars, while listening to a conference paper by Professor Linda Northrup, an expert on the Mamluk sultanate. The sources on which I have drawn in writing this book have been wildly eclectic, and the people who have contributed to its ges- tation have been similarly numerous, diverse, and far-flung. I have tried to acknowledge most of them in the endnotes. Here, I will limit myself to mentioning only major debts of gratitude; if I have omitted anyone, it is through absentmindedness alone. Research for this book was facilitated by a grant from the American Research Institute in Turkey, whose pleasant Istanbul facilities I enjoyed during the sum- mers of 1997 and 1999 and whose library I used extensively during revisions in the summer of 2002. I am particularly grateful to ARIT- Istanbul’s director, Dr. Anthony Greenwood, for locating a fairly ob- scure source after I had left Istanbul. I must also thank the Turkish Ministry of Culture for granting me research permission; the staff of the Topkapı Palace Library and the director of the Topkapı Palace Museum, Dr. Filiz Ça¶man; and the directors and staff of the Süley- maniye Library and the Bas¸bakanlık Archives. Ohio State’s College of Humanities awarded me two one-quarter Special Research Assign- ments that gave me time to pursue this research. For research assis- tance during the early stages of the project, I thank Bo¶aç Ergene, xv xvi Acknowledgments Ays¸e Koço¶lu, and Vincent Wilhite. I accomplished much of the writ- ing at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton during the first part of 2000, when I was supposed to be working on a different project. For providing extremely congenial environments in which to under- take final revisions, I am grateful to the staff of the Atatürk Institute at Bosphorus University, and to its director, S¸ evket Pamuk, and Asso- ciate Director, Asım Karaömerlio¶lu, as well as to the Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale in Cairo, above all Christian Velud, Hoda Khouzam, and Richard McGregor. Thanks to Martha Mundy for moral support and guidance on Yemeni place names, to Leslie Peirce for useful advice on practical matters connected with preparation of the manuscript, and to Amalia Levanoni for providing some last minute Mamluk sources. Thanks to Donald Quataert for his encouragement and for accepting this book as part of the series he edits. My col- leagues Stephen Dale, Barbara Hanawalt, and Geoffrey Parker read an earlier version of the manuscript and offered valuable comments, as did Gabriel Piterberg and an anonymous reader for the State Univer- sity of New York Press. Thanks to John Tully of the Goldberg Center in Ohio State’s Department of History and to Cord Camera for their help in producing the illustrations for this book. When I started research for this book, I decided that I would dedi- cate the final product to the memory of my late colleague Marilyn Waldman, who died in 1996. In the intervening years, three more friends and colleagues have died, all prematurely. Although they lived in widely separated places and worked in different fields, all enriched my profes- sional and personal life. All four, as well, were strikingly similar in their empathy, generosity, and profound humanism and humanity. Finally, special thanks to Beshir and Stella, and above all to my husband, Robert “Mimar Bob” Simkins. May we never be the subject of similar origin myths. Introduction Centuries ago, in the land of Egypt, there were two factions: the Faqaris and the Qasimis. They had always been enemies; anything one faction got, the other had to acquire. Hence, they divided all the subprovinces of Egypt, along with all the wealth that the subprovinces produced, between them. In those days, Egypt was the largest province of the Ottoman Empire; the Ottoman governor would arrive in Cairo from Istanbul and divide up all the provincial offices between the two fac- tions. This started sometime around 1640 and continued until about 1730, when the Faqaris finally vanquished the Qasimis. But some claimed that the factions really originated with the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517. The paragraph you have just read is a précis of the conventional scholarly wisdom regarding the Faqaris and Qasimis, two large, rather diffuse military and political factions whose rivalry divided Egyptian society during the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries of the Common Era. With a few contextual changes, however, it could just as easily describe the Blues and Greens of the late Roman Empire, the Guelphs and Ghibellines of medieval Tuscany, or even the Hatfields and McCoys of the postbellum United States. The bilateral character of this instance of factionalism differentiates it from earlier and later forms of multilateral rivalry in Egypt and elsewhere, leading one to suspect that the same sorts of factors that led to the emergence of better-studied two-faction systems also contributed to the appearance of the Faqaris and Qasimis.
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