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Demokratski Otpori Normalizaciji Autoritarizma U Evropi

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Demokratski Otpori Normalizaciji Autoritarizma U Evropi DEMOKRATSKI OTPORI NORMALIZACIJI AUTORITARIZMA U EVROPI DEMOCRATIC RESISTANCE TO AUTHORITARIAN TRENDS IN EUROPE TODAY Udruženje za političke nauke Srbije Univerzitet u Beogradu – Fakultet političkih nauka Urednik: Marko Simendić DEMOKRATSKI OTPORI NORMALIZACIJI AUTORITARIZMA U EVROPI Democratic resistance to authoritarian trends in Europe today ZBORNIK RADOVA sa redovne međunarodne konferencije Udruženja za političke nauke Srbije Proceedings of the 2017 Serbian Political Science Association Annual Conference Beograd, 2017. Izdavači: Udruženje za političke nauke Srbije Beograd, Jove Ilića 165 Univerzitet u Beogradu – Fakultet političkih nauka Beograd, Jove Ilića 165 Za izdavače: Nebojša Vladisavljević Dragan R. Simić Urednik: Marko Simendić Dizajn korica: Jelena Šušnjar Lektura i korektura: Olivera Veličković Recenzenti: Milan Podunavac, Univerzitet Donja Gorica – Humanističke studije Đorđe Pavićević, Univerzitet u Beogradu – Fakultet političkih nauka Naučni odbor: Milada Vahudova (University of North Carolina, Chappell Hill), Ana Krasteva (Novi bugarski univerzitet, Sofija), Cirila Toplak (Fakultet za društvene nauke, Ljubljana), Dejan Jović (Fakultet političkih znanosti, Zagreb), Asim Mujkić (Fakultet političkih nauka, Sarajevo), Keići Kubo (Waseda University, Tokio), Miodrag Jovanović (Pravni fakultet, Beograd), Radmila Nakarada, Snježana Milivojević, Jovan Teokarević, Đorđe Pavićević i Dušan Spasojević (Fakultet političkih nauka, Beograd). Tiraž: 200 primeraka ISBN: 978-86-6425-039-9 Priprema i štampa: Čigoja štampa, Beograd Sadržaj I Populizam i demokratija Alpar Lošonc Da li „populizam” objašnjava otpor spram autoritarizma? ................................ 9 Vedran Obućina Populizam i religija: dvije strane iste medalje i uloga klera u smanjivanju autoritarnosti ........................................................29 Slaviša Orlović Populistički izazov demokratiji ....................................................... 45 Duško Radosavljević i Tamara Gajić Populizam, elitizam i demokratija: slučajevi Poljske, Mađarske i Srbije .................... 59 Dušan Spasojević Može li populizam biti vladajuća ideologija? ...........................................75 II Komparativna razmatranja Anna Jagiełło-Szostak Migration as a security issue in Poland and Serbia. Political parties and society towards immigration in Poland and Serbia – a comparative perspective .....................................93 Tatiana N. Litvinova i Tatiana V. Yarovova Political transformation in Russia and the federalism development (the case of republics) ............................................................. 109 Dimitri A. Sotiropoulos Corruption, anti-corruption and democracy in the Western Balkans ...................... 121 III Izazovi neoliberalizma Branko Bošković Reformizam države blagostanja u Evropi: egalitarizam protiv neoliberalizma . .143 Jasminka Simić Preispitivanje razmišljanja o neoliberalizmu .......................................... 159 Zoran Stojiljković Neoliberalni populizam lokalnih stabilokrata iliti kako da korporativni vukovi ne parališu strahom (sindikalne) ovce? .....................175 IV Demokratija i autoritarizam Radivoje Jovović Italijanska demokratija između autoritarnih obrazaca vlasti i opozicije: osnovi, ideje i perspektive rencizma i grilizma ..............................199 Goran Kaluđerović Voјvodina između demokratiјe i autoritarizma na prelazu u XXI vek ...................... 219 Ivan Mladenović Ideja kontestatorne demokratije i suprotstavljanje političkoj dominaciji . .239 V Evropska unija i demokratizacija Ivana Radić Milosavljević Sukob stabilnosti i demokratiјe u procesu evropske integraciјe Republike Srbiјe .................................................................257 Janja Simentić Sud pravde Evropske unije kao akter u zaštiti prava tražilaca azila u Evropskoj uniji ...................................................................273 I DEO POPULIZAM i demokratija UDK 329.4:321.7(4-11+4-191.2) 329.12:321.64 ; 316.46.058.4 Alpar Lošonc1 Univerzitet u Novom Sadu Fakultet tehničkih nauka Da li „populizam” objašnjava otpor spram autoritarizma? SAŽETAK Rad kritički tematizuje tumačenje populizma kao načina objašnjenja za ot- por protiv autoritarizma. Sastoji se iz tri dela: prvi deo se bavi konceptualnim haosom u odnosu na artikulaciju populizma oslanjajući se istovremeno na tumačenje tranzicije; drugi deo se odnosi na interpretaciju tri izdvojene kon- kretne situacije koje se standardno tumače iz vidokruga populizma; treći deo predlaže povratak preinačenoj paradigmi socijalnih pokreta u cilju razumeva- nja otpora protiv autoritarizma. Spram standardnih radova, rad pokazuje da je pitanje populizma moguće analizirati s obzirom na a) multiplikaciju nejed- nakosti na osnovu patrimonijalnih determinacija, b) neoliberalni autoritari- zam. Obnovljena paradigma socijalnih pokreta se ne može adekvatno tumačiti u kontekstu populizma, nego kao nova sinteza materijalnih i nematerijalnih aspekata u otporu spram autoritarizma. KLJUČNE REČI: Populizam, neoliberalni autoritarizam, otpor, socijalni pokreti. 1 Kontakt: [email protected] 10 Demokratski otpori normalizaciji autoritarizma u Evropi | I DEO: Populizam i demokratija U poslednjim decenijama umnožavaju se kritičke lamentacije u odnosu na fe- nomen populizma. Upozoreni smo da je populizam jedna od najvećih opasno- sti naše epohe. Kada se ova stanovišta uzmu u obzir, onda se populizam mora tretirati kao patološko ispoljavanje demokratije, ili kao oblik antipolitičke de- formacije sadašnjih političkih sistema. Populizam se tretira kao suprotnost u odnosu na liberalna prava sa dodatnom tvrdnjom da on otvara vrata sumnjivoj mobilizaciji naroda kao projektovane imaginarne/fiktivne zajednice i da podu- pire korumpiranje zajedničkog života. Populizam se, prema tome, predstavlja kao puka demagogija i kao neposredni destruktor liberalnog raison-a. Kritičke ocene variraju na širokoj skali: one se izriču i od strane visokih po- litičkih predstavnika Evropske unije, ali i od strane značajnih teoretičara. Tako je Manuel Barozo (Manuel Barroso) izjavio da danas samo razulareni populi- zam koji lomi liberalni poredak predstavlja pretnju za stabilnost evropskih in- tegracija; isti populizam poziva na neposrednu narodnu mobilizaciju preska- čući proceduralne ograničenosti (Barroso 2011). Uticajni mediji apostrofiraju određene političare-pobunjenike kao populiste koji reprezentuju negodovanje protiv nasilne štednje, i alarmiraju javnost: tako su političari grčke Sirize bili žigosani ne samo kao populisti nego i kao reprezentanti anti-Evropskog ra- spoloženja, što je značilo da je čak i reflektirani populista apriori protiv Evrope (Spiegel 2012). Ista senka sumnje prati i konceptualna ispoljavanja Pabla Iglesiasa u Španiji (mada bi se njegova nastojanja pre mogla tumačiti kao izve- sna vrsta kontrapopulizma, Mouff 2017). Tvrdi se da prizivanjem apstraktne pravednosti i adresiranjem etabliranih elita (koje su uspešne u robnom prome- tu) kao neprijatelja populizam podriva liberalne temelje EU. Stoga populizam koji nipodaštava logiku boljeg argumenta i onemogućava diskurzivno obrazo- vanje javnosti treba sankcionisati. Teorijska ispoljavanja pokazuju luk koji se rasprostire od tvrdnje o „populizmu kao izazovu” (Mair 2002) do opisa „speci- fičnog populističkog momenta”, odnosno do „populizma kao horizonta epo- he” (Krastev 20112; Rupnik 2007). Populizam se, najzad, pokazuje kao neugo- dan „izazivač liberalne demokratije” (Pappas 2016). Na osnovu ovakvih ocena populizam je već stekao praktičnu silu, te reprezentuje elementarnu opasnost u odnosu na građansko razumevanje slobode. Populizam u današnjem diskursu označava standardno: a) neposredno obraćanje narodu od strane političkih subjekata ignorišući sistem reprezentacije, b) kritičku lamentaciju u odnosu na političke i ekonomske elite u smislu toga da se one više bave sopstvenim interesima nego interesima države ili za- jednice, odnosno „naroda”, što znači da se određeni antagonistički momenti pojavljuju u populističkim apelima, 2 Dotični komentator izvodi ocenu na osnovu toga što više ne postoji zid između demokratije i autokratije, te se moramo baviti internim protivrečnostima same demokratije. Alpar Lošonc | Da li „populizam“ objašnjava otpor spram autoritarizma? 11 c) retoriku identiteta na osnovu straha od stranaca i drugih (tako, barem delimično, navodi Rancière 2016, 101). Istraživači populizma, međutim, skoro uvek upozoravaju: usled heteroge- nosti značenja populizam je zapravo klizajući označilac, da se poslužimo jednim strukturalističkim terminom. Tako, značajni istraživač populizma kao Ernesto Laklau (Ernesto Laclau) dovešće u pitanje fiksiranost značenja populizma i tvr- diće da se pre radi o „seriji diskursivnih ispoljavanja” (Stavrakis, Katsambekis 2014, 136). Populizam izmiče zahvatu koji ima ambiciju da bude sveobuhva- tan. Skepsa spram pojma je redovna. Mada se tretira i kao ideologija, pitanje je da li populizam raspolaže aspektima koji su nužni za ideološku koherentnost. Korišćenje populizma se mnogo puta plaća cenom slepoće u odnosu na diver- gentna značenja dotičnog pojma. Nama, međutim, ovde nije stalo do purifikacije pojma populizma, mada se moramo oslanjati na određene definicije i na izvesna određenja. O samom pojmu je ionako mnogo pisano, čak se i danas mnogo piše, jer se smatra da su npr. takvi događaji, kao što je istupanje Velike Britanije iz EU, povod za rekon- ceptualizaciju populizma kao ideološke matrice (Freeden 2017). Po tome, čak bi se moglo govoriti o drugoj deceniji XXI veka kao o
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