Development of Community-Based Monitoring System in Ghana

Title: Development of Community-Based Monitoring System in Ghana

DESIGN PAPER

Wilhemina Quaye Paul Boadu Adelaide Agyeman Mavis Akufobea

Nana Yamoah Asafu-Adjaye

CSIR-Science and Technology Policy Research Institute P.O Box CT 519 Accra-Ghana

August 2018

This work was carried out with financial and scientific support from the Partnership for Economic Policy (PEP), with funding from the Department for International Development (DFID) of the United Kingdom (or UK Aid), and the Government of Canada through the International Development Research Centre (IDRC).

Contents List of Tables and Figures ...... 3 List of Acronyms ...... 3 1. Background and Rationale ...... 4 2. Review of Related Literature...... 5 2.1 Review of Existing Monitoring Systems ...... 6 3. Features of the CBMS Design/Methodology ...... 7 3.1 Key Features ...... 7 3.1.1 It involves a census of all households in a community ...... 7 3.1.2 Local government unit (LGU)-based while promoting community participation ...... 7 3.1.3 Taps existing LGU-personnel/community members as monitors...... 9 3.1.4 Generates a core set of indicators that are being measured to determine the welfare status of the population...... 9 3.1.5 Uses freeware customized for CBMS-data collection, processing and poverty mapping ... 10 3.1.6 Establishes database at each geopolitical level ...... 10 3.2 Core Indicators of poverty, SDG monitoring, and Other Data generated...... 10 3.3 Data Collection ...... 12 3.3.1 Process/Steps for CBMS Field Data collection in Ghana ...... 12 3.3.2 Selected Sites covered by CBMS ...... 13 3.3.3 Data collection Instruments/Designing Questionnaires ...... 17 3.3.4 Training and Data Collection using the Community-Based Monitoring System in Ghana ...... 18 3.4 Data Processing ...... 20 3.5 Data Validation ...... 20 3.6 Establishment of Database ...... 21 3.7 Dissemination ...... 21 4. Recommendations for Scaling Up and Institutionalization of CBMS in Ghana ...... 24 References ...... 25 Annex A.1 CBMS Core Indicators ...... 27 Annex A.2 SDG Indicators using CBMS Data ...... 32 Annex B.1. Ghana Household Profile Questionnaire...... 38 Annex B.2. Rider Questionnaire on C:AVA Programme and Women Empowerment ...... 50 Annex B.3. Community Profile Questionnaire ...... 55 Annex C.1. Enumerator’s Manual on the HPQ and Rider Questionnaire ...... 62

List of Tables and Figures Table 1: Core Poverty Indicators ...... 11 Table 2: Timelines for Data Collection ...... 13 Table 3: Communities covered by the CBMS implementation in Atebubu District ...... 14

Figure 1: Map of Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana Showing the Study District ...... 5 Figure 2: Planning Structure in Ghana showing the stage of CBMS Application ...... 9 Figure 3: Project Team and Responsibilities ...... 12

List of Acronyms BMGF Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

C:AVA Cassava: Adding Value for Africa

CBMS Community-Based Monitoring System

FASDEP Food and Agriculture Sector Development Policy

GPS Global Positioning System

GSS Ghana Statistical Services

MOFA Ministry of Food and Agriculture

QGIS. Geographic Information System

SDGs Sustainable Development Goals

WAAPP West Africa Agricultural Productivity Improvement Project

1. Background and Rationale Ghana has a population size of approximately 29 million as of 2017 with estimated population growth rate of 2.2%. In 2016, the GDP was estimated at GHC 36, 072.3Million (ISSER 2017). Although Ghana is a lower-middle income country is still battling with issues of poverty, unemployment, housing deficit, inequalities, equity and inclusive growth among others. About 57% of the Ghanaian population are under the age of 25 years and the unemployment rate was estimated at 5.2% with more than a third of the working population underemployed (GSS 2014). Cooke et al (2016) reported that inequality worsened in Ghana as evidenced in rise in Gini coefficient of 42.3 in 2013 as compared to 37 in 1992. From the 6th Ghana Living Standards Survey Report (GSS 2014), about 56.3% of the adult population in Ghana was literate in English but 20% of the adult population had never attended school. About 60.6% of the households in Ghana lived in compound houses. In the current project, the overall objective was to design and implement the CBMS in the Ghanaian context (Research Paper 1). Additionally, the project also aims to showcase the different uses of the CBMS data. Some of the uses include drafting the SDG report in which the CBMS was used to localize the SDGs (Research Paper 2) as well as to assessing the effectiveness of The Cassava: Adding Value for Africa (C:AVA) project using the CBMS methodology as an assessment tool (Research Paper 3). A rider questionnaire was used for research paper 3 which include issues to address gender gaps, women empowerment and livelihoods of C:AVA beneficiaries vis-à-vis non C:AVA beneficiaries. The C:AVA project seeks to reduce poverty and improve access to markets by cassava value chain actors. The C:AVA project targets farmers and processors of cassava and consciously empowering women in selected communities in the Brong Ahafo and Volta Regions of Ghana. Implementation of C:AVA in the Brong Ahafo Region started in 2009-2014 (Phase 1) and 2015-2018 (Phase 2) covering 112 communities and total of 70 active groups. C:AVA project is funded by Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) and has strong relevance for the Agriculture sector in Ghana. The agriculture sector employs about two thirds of its population but the sector is challenged with issues of low productivity levels, post-harvest losses and low value addition along the commodity value chains (FASDEP II, 2013). Undoubtedly, women play very significant roles in the Ghanaian Agriculture Sector but receive little attention in the provision of agricultural services and inputs (Quaye et al 2014, MOFA/WAAPP 2014). The Community-Based Monitoring System (CBMS) was implemented in selected communities in a planning unit in Atebubu-Amantin District in the Brong Ahafo Region (see Figure 1). 20 communities were covered in the 2018 CBMS and had a total population of 10647 with males constituting 50.2% and Females 49.8%. The average household size was approximately 5.2. Only 1 out of the 20 communities covered was considered to be peri- urban as per definition of urban location in Ghana. Majority of the population (71.4%) were Christians, Muslims (21.3%) and Traditionalist and other religion (7.3%). Regarding ethnicity, about 59% of the population were Akans and Kokombas constituted 21%. Majority (74.5%) of the working population were into agriculture. Crops cultivated include cassava, maize, yam, rice, groundnut and cowpea. Some of the livestock reared include goat, cattle and chicken.

Overall, the expected outcomes from the implementation of the current CBMS methodology are capacity improvements at the district and planning unit levels in data collection, processing and analysis for effective planning of programs and policies. The target users are the District Planning Officers, Unit Committee leaders and Assemblymen at the community level. However, some outcomes of the CBMS implementation are as follows:

 The research undertaken has provided a road map for the Municipal to tread on in terms of basic developmental needs.  The Municipal Planning Office is now well-equipped in terms of knowledge of using the CBMS tool.  Local leaders at the communities have accepted the CBMS for effective monitoring of their poverty indicators. For instance, the communities were enlightened on the SDGs which revealed that poverty was a problem in the Municipality. Also it was seen that Sanitation is a big challenge. However, there is a link between poverty and sanitation. In other words, the indigenes are more cautious about their sanitation in other to safe money for hospital treatments whilst reducing their poverty levels.

Figure 1: Map of Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana Showing the Study District 2. Review of Related Literature The CBMS methodology is an institutionalize system for monitoring the various dimensions of poverty, develop a database useful for local governance and prioritization of interventions at the local level. Poverty profiles and poverty maps for the study sites are generated for planning and local policy development process. As part of the CBMS methodological approach, one of the uses of the CBMS is to provide inputs for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Report. The SDG Report is generated at the local

5 level thus localizing the SDGs for effective targeting of tailored interventions. The CBMS methodology helps in building local capacity in contextualized analysis and assist in local planning for innovative solutions and interventions.

The CBMS Methodology has been tested and proven. There is evidence to show the local and national relevance particularly in the Philippines (Reyes and Alba 1994, Reyes and ILarde 1998) and elsewhere. CBMS Methodology has also been used in Ghana before (Asante 2005). Other areas where the CBMS have been applied include Uganda, Kenya and Togo among others. Asante (2005) used the CBMS Methodology in the Ga Dangme West District of the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. The objectives were to generate relevant data at the community level for designing and prioritizing programs and policies that best address local needs and for evidence-based policy making in general. Asante (2005) and his team developed a Core Welfare Indicator Questionnaire as the data collection instrument. From this experience, some members of the community preferably teachers were used as enumerators to collect data from about 6000 households. Using community-based people for data collection created some sense of ownership at the local level. District Planning Officers were also involved in the supervision of the data collection. Data were collected on households’ characteristics, education, political participation, employment, health, child mortality, housing, lighting, water and sanitation, income and livelihood, peace and order, access to social community services, and access to social programs. Asante (2005) conducted the CBMS in three towns (Dodowa, Prampram and Ningo) of the Dangme West District of Ghana. Validation of findings was done at a joint meeting with the District Chief Executive, District Planning Officers, and Traditional Authorities, Representatives of Area Councils, Assembly members and enumerators. Key lessons drawn from the implementation of the CBMS was the need to build capacity of the local stakeholders and create sense of ownership. According to Moses (2006), the CBMS methodology implemented in Ghana afforded local planners the opportunity to deepen their understanding of poverty issues such as who are the poor, where do they live, why are they poor and what can be done for them given the available data on welfare status collected with the CBMS tools. Moses (2006) confirmed that the CBMS tool could be used for planning, programme design and implementation on poverty reduction, governance and provision of information for resource allocation among others. 2.1 Review of Existing Monitoring Systems Information on living conditions, demographic characteristics, education, health, employment and time use, migration and tourism, housing conditions, access to financial services, agriculture, perceptions of governance, peace and security have been generated through the Ghana Living Standard Surveys. The most recent being the sixth round of survey (GLSS6). Data from the GLSS have been used to prepare reports such as the Poverty Analysis Report, Labour Force Module and Child Lab reports. The GLSS has emerged as a tool used for welfare monitoring with other surveys like Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire

(CWIQ) and Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys (GDHS). The GLSS have been conducted in 1987, 1988, 1991/92, 1998/99, 2005/06 and 2012/13.The GLSS uses key questionnaire instruments including household Questionnaire, Community Questionnaire, Governance, Peace and Security Questionnaire and Prices of Food and Non-Food Items Questionnaire. It is important to note that the GLSS, although conducted nationwide, is a survey using nationally and regionally representative sampling and not a census data collection methodology. The last population and housing census conducted in Ghana by the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) was done in 2010 and data published in 2012. Population census occurs at long term intervals. Census information is needed for effective planning of the provision of infrastructural amenities, helps in tracking poverty indicators such as education, access to health care, employment and housing among others. Generation of community- based census data for effective planning on developmental agenda at the local level rarely happen in Ghana. The GLSS gloss over community details. Census information at the community level is needful for planning developmental activities particularly at the local level but this is not done due to lack of resources to collect census data at the lowest possible level needed. Ghana operates a 4-year planning cycle at all levels, meaning that ideally census data requirement should align with the planning cycles. This is where the Community-Based Monitoring System (CBMS) methodology comes in to fill in the data gaps that exist at the community level. The CBMS methodology also incorporates data needs for context-specific SDG indicators which makes it unique compared with the existing national level data collection methodologies.

3. Features of the CBMS Design/Methodology The objectives of implementing the current CBMS in the Atebubu-Amantin District of Ghana were (i) to identify the CBMS core indicators of poverty applicable at the community level in Ghana (ii) to capacitate staff of the District Planning unit in data collection of poverty indicators at the community level using the CBMS data collection instruments (iii) to use the core welfare indicators and SDGs to assess the poverty status of the communities in the selected planning unit and (iv) to use the CBMS methodology to assess the effectiveness of programs (for example the C:AVA Project) in the communities. 3.1 Key Features 3.1.1 It involves a census of all households in a community The data collection in the Atebubu Municipal took the form of a census. In other words, every single household in each community was interviewed during the period of enumeration. In addition household were given reference codes to indicate their involvement in the census process. Some of the communities were very small and could be described as farming settlement with as low as 5 households these were covered to ensure that no one is left behind in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3.1.2 Local government unit (LGU)-based while promoting community participation Ghana operates a decentralised governance system which is enshrined in the 1992 constitution (Article 35 (6d)) and established by an Act of parliament. The National Planning

(Systems) Acts 1994, Act 480 stipulates that planning at all levels must be participatory, providing opportunities for all diverse and interest groups to be engaged in planning, implementation and monitoring of national and local development plans. The planning system is decentralized from the national level to the sectoral, regional, district and sub- district/community levels and requires collaboration between district-level departments, public agencies, private sector entities as well as civil society organizations. Academic and research institutions, traditional authorities and other identifiable groups are also key stakeholders in the planning process. Ghana operates a 4-year planning cycle.

The Planning Ministry, National Development Planning Commission (NDPC) and the Local Government Service are jointly mandated to manage the decentralized planning system. The current local government system, as enshrined in the Local Government Act, 1993 (Act 462) is a four-tier structure as shown in Figure 2. It consists of 10 Regional Coordinating Councils (RCCs) at the regional level; 216 Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies (MMDAs) at the sub-regional level at the time of implementing the CBMS.

The classification of administrative divisions in Ghana is done based on the population size, demographic characteristics and infrastructural needs for development. With the local government system, the first level of administration is at the regional level. The second-level administrative subdivisions of Ghana is the Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies. The District Assemblies are either Metropolitan consisting of over 250.000 population, Municipal (over 95,000) or District consisting of over 75,000 population size. The third level of administration is the urban/town/area and zonal councils while the unit committee is the fourth-level. The unit committee comprises of 500-1000 population size for rural areas and up to 1500 population size for urban areas. The Atebubu District has 8 area councils. From the planning structure in Figure 2, the area council is the smallest planning unit at the district level. The unit committees are for electoral processes. The Konkrompe area council in the Atebubu-Amantin District is selected for the CBMS census because it has communities participating in C:AVA project including Mem, Watro, Sanwakyi, Old Konkrompe and New Konkrompe. New konkrompe community (town) is peri-urban while Mem, Sanwakyi, Watro and Old Konkrompe are rural communities. Statically data on the district planning unit is lacking; that is a significant planning data gap that will be filled by the CBMS data collection.

Ministry & NDPC Sector Agencies (National Coordination Body)

RCC (RPCU)

Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies

Planning Guidelines

Urban / Town / Area & Zonal Council Development Plans CBMS

Unit Committees Implementation at this level of planning

Figure 2: Planning Structure in Ghana showing the stage of CBMS Application The Municipal assembly rely on information from the central government to aid planning and administration as such that the CBMS data collected together with the assembly will go a long way to support planning and administration of the district and the communities. Also, data collected by the Ghana Statistical Services are usually analysed at regional level, this puts limitations to available community level information to aid planning. Table 4 shows the Characteristic of Atebubu Amantin District and the New Konkrompe Area Council where the CBMS were conducted. 3.1.3 Taps existing LGU-personnel/community members as monitors The community members and local government staff in the Municipal Assembly were employed in the implementation of the CBMS tool. In other words localizing the CBMS tool is very essential for the direct uptake and assimilation of the results that would be generated. This is because persons in the Municipal and communities would better appreciate the developmental issues to address and improve upon. 3.1.4 Generates a core set of indicators that are being measured to determine the welfare status of the population. The Ghana CBMS Team reviewed the previous indicators developed by Dr. Asante’s team to capture the multidimensional aspects of poverty among communities within Municipals and District assembly. The list of CBMS core indicators were finalized and localized to capture the local Ghanaian context. For this round of CBMS implementation, the same indicators were adopted. Also, an additional indicator was computed: The multi-dimensional poverty index which uses data on housing, assets, sanitation, water, electricity, nutrition, child mortality, school attendance and schooling. The Multi-dimensional Poverty Index (MPI) reflects the synergies among the target indicators clearly demonstrating interlinkages among SDG1, 2,3,4,6 and 7. Again, the current study covered indicators on gender specific differences on household decision-making on access to productive assets (Land, Seeds, extension services among others) as well as socio-cultural limitations to participation in programs, projects and interventions

3.1.5 Uses freeware customized for CBMS-data collection and poverty mapping With the assistance of the CBMS Network, the CBMS Scan, a tablet-based data collection system, and the CBMS Portal were used by the enumerators of the Ghana CBMS Team in collecting household-level, individual-level and community-level data. This is the first time that a tablet-based data collection system was used to collect a census household-level information in Ghana. One of the many uses of the CBMS data is the use of data as inputs to have SDG report. Included in this report are indicator maps which used QGIS—an open-sourced software used by the CBMS in producing SDG and poverty maps.

3.1.6 Establishes database at each geopolitical level The CBMS tool provide a database for Municipal and District Assembly that would be a useful tool to track interventions of projects and programmes which are conducted in communities and therefore the essence of the CBMS.

3.2 Core Indicators of poverty, SDG monitoring, and Other Data generated Per the research design, data were collected on the core poverty indicators including Health, Education, Housing, Water and Sanitation, Energy, Income, Employment and Nutrition. Table 1 shows the Core CBMS poverty Indicators representing the different dimensions of poverty and their operational definitions. The complete data requirements matrix for the CBMS core indicators are attached as Annex A.1. The CBMS SDG indicators, carefully selected from the broad list of SDG indicators, were identified and included in the CBMS questionnnaires. The list of CBMS SDG indicators, definitions and details are in Annex A.2. The data collection also covered questionnaire instrument for the research theme: investigating the extent of effectiveness of C:AVA Project in addressing gender inequalities and women empowerment which is being presented as a separate research paper. The questionnaire can be seen in Annex B.3 while the Data Requirements Matrix (DRM) are attached as Annex A.3.

Table 1: Core Poverty Indicators

Sector Number Indicator Disaggregation

Health 1 Proportion of children under 5 Community/ Village Member; By sex and related years old who died household characteristics

2 Proportion of women who died due Village Member; By age and related to pregnancy-related causes household characteristics

Education 3 Proportion of children aged 6-11 Community/Village Member; By sex, ethnicity and years old who are not attending related household school characteristics e.g. income

Housing 4 Proportion of households living in Community/Village Household; By urbanity, and makeshift housing/ informal related household settlements characteristics e.g. income etc. Water and 5 Proportion of households without Community/ Village Household; By urbanity, and Sanitation access to safe drinking water related household characteristics e.g. income etc.

6 Proportion of households without Community/Village Household; By urbanity, and access to sanitary toilet facilities related household characteristics e.g. income etc. Energy 7 Proportion of households without Community/Village Household; By urbanity, and access to improved cooking fuel related household characteristics e.g. income etc.

Income 8 Proportion of households with Community/Village Household; By urbanity, and income below the poverty level related household characteristics e.g. income etc. Employment 9 Proportion of persons in the labor Village Member; By urbanity, and force who are unemployed/job related individual or household poor characteristics e.g. educational attainment, hh size, income, etc. Nutrition 10 Proportion of children 0-5 years old Community/Village Member; By sex, ethnicity, and who are moderately or severely related household underweight characteristics 11 Proportion of children 0-5 years old Region/District/Community/ Village Member; By age and related who have low height compared to household characteristics their age

12 Proportion of children 0-5 years old Region/District/Community/ Village Member; By age and related who have low weight compared to household characteristics their height

3.3 Data Collection 3.3.1 Process/Steps for CBMS Field Data collection in Ghana Data Collection of the current CBMS Methodology in the Atebubu-Amantin District Assembly Ghana involved local stakeholders. The Ghana-CBMS team made an initial visit to the Atebubu-Amantin District to introduce the objectives of the CBMS research design. With the help of the District Planning Officer, a list of communities and contact details of their respective Assemblymen were obtained for planning and preparation towards the CBMS Data collection. In addition, a list of National Service Persons (University graduates who had finished their first degree) residing in the District, Assemblymen and Teachers was obtained with the help of the District Planning Officer and the C:AVA Contact person for screening as enumerators. Key players and activities undertaken regarding field data collection and timelines were as follows:

 Visit to the Atebubu-Amantin District and some communities by the CBMS Research team to brief the District Assembly about the CBMS Methodology and the implementation process and also to obtain listing of communities. This was done first week in December 2017;  A tentative list of households from the community leaders which was supposed to be led by the District Planning Officer before actual listing of households. But the list of households was not available at the community level and had to be generated along the data collection;  Finalization of questionnaires and drafting of training manuals by the CBMS Research team led by Paul Boadu;  Recruitment of Enumerators from the study area led by Paul Boadu and District Planning Officer (Thomas Atibila) – December, 2017;  Training of selected enumerators in Atebubu – February, 2018  Assigning of zonal (cluster of Communities) to Supervisors and enumerators; and  Field data collection – February - March, 2018

Below is an organogram showing activities and responsibilities of the CBMS Team in Ghana

SUPERVISOR Oversight Responsibility – CBMS Team (Dr Paul Boadu & Dr Wilhelmina Quaye) Facilitator Community Engagement, Data Collection & Listing operations Analysis - District Planning Officer CBMS Team (Dr Adelaide Agyeman, Mrs (Thomas Atibila) & Nash Mavis Akufobea and Dr Paul Boadu) Anson

Lead Enumerators Enumerators Enumerators Enumerators Enumerators

Figure 3: Project Team and Responsibilities

Table 2: Timelines for Data Collection

Activities Timelines (21-01-18 to 31-03-2018) 11 Weeks Responsibility/Lead Person 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Firm - up on Recruitment Wilhelmina, Paul of Enumerators and Thomas (screening)

Test Trail of Data Paul, Adelaide, Collection Instrument Nana, Wilhelmina (Tablets) and Mavis

Train Supervisors Paul, Nana, Wilhelmina and Adelaide

Train Enumerators Paul, Nana, Wilhelmina and Adelaide

Zone out Communities Thomas, Paul, Nana, to be surveyed (Listing Adelaide Mavis operations)

Assign communities for Paul, Nana, data collection Wilhelmina and Adelaide

Engage with Community Mavis, Thomas, leaders Nash, Wilhelmina

Conduct Household Thomas, Nana, Listing with Enumerators Assemblymen

Actual data collection Nana, Enumerators, (Average of 5 Thomas households & 2 hours for a complete interview in a day)

Data Cleaning and data Paul, Adelaide, Management Mavis and Wilhelmina

3.3.2 Selected Sites covered by CBMS The Atebubu-Amantin district has five area councils including Nyoamoase, Tato Zongo, Garidema, Duabone and Konkrompe. Table 4 shows the communities (to be covered) obtained from the District Planning Office.

Table 3: Communities covered by the CBMS implementation in Atebubu District

No. Planning Unit Community Estimated Coverage from : Atebubu District Planning Office, Actual coverage (2018 CBMS implementation)

Population Number of C:AVA No of C:AVA Total Number of Households Participating groups HH Population Households

1 Atebubu Kokofu 1213 233 Yes 6 150 Urban Council 1,034 248

2 Konkrompe New 4573 772 Yes 2 50 Area Council Konkrompe 2,173 589

3 Konkrompe Afrefreso 1067 207 Yes 1 25 Area Council 676 145

4 Konkrompe Sawakye 484 88 Yes 1 25 Area Council 371 77

5 Konkrompe Old 474 106 Yes 1 25 Area Council Konkrompe 321 99

6 Konkrompe Mem 757 159 Yes 1 25 Area Council 385 103

7 Konkrompe Watro 547 131 Yes 5 125 Area Council 455 138

8 Nyomoase Praprabon 1623 Area Council 209 Yes 1 25 761 174

9 Kumfia- Fakwasi 2267 Fakwasi Town 468 Yes 3 75 1,238 347 Council

10 Kumfia- Bompa 589 Fakwasi Town 93 Yes 3 75 303 70 Council

11 Kumfia- Kumfia Fakwasi Town 2581 494 Yes 3 75 1,714 479 Council

12 Akokoa Area Famfour 464 79 Yes 2 50 Council 289 55

13 Konkrompe Seanti 331 52 No Area Council 182 28

14 Konkrompe Seneso 354 78 No Area Council 211 52

15 Konkrompe Kumkumso 125 26 No Area Council 26 11

16 Konkrompe Boniafo 385 70 No Area Council 292 56

17 Konkrompe Abrewanko 112 16 No Area Council 39 11

18 Konkrompe Dagatiline 183 34 No Area Council 13 4

19 Konkrompe Ali Kuraa 203 30 No Area Council 117 16

20 Konkrompe Kwabena Gyan 106 16 No Area Council 47 11

Total 3410 725 10,647 2,713 Source: Atebubu District Planning Office & Field Survey (2018)

3.3.3 Data collection Instruments/Designing Questionnaires The research involved the use of 3 sets of questionnaires and a training manual attached as appendices including:

 CBMS Household Questionnaire to collect data on poverty dimensions at the household level;  CBMS Community level Questionnaire to collect data on poverty dimensions at the community level; and  Rider Questionnaire.

The Ghana CBMS Household questionnaire had sections on (i) housing and Household Characteristics (ii) Demography (iii) Education and Literacy (iv) Economic Activity and Sources of Income (v) Health and Nutrition (vi) Water and Sanitation (vii) Waste Management (viii) Energy (ix)Calamity, hunger, disaster preparedness and death (x) Interventions and Programs. The Ghana CBMS Household questionnaire was aligned to a data requirement matrix under the supervision of the CBMS International Network Coordinating Team. The Ghana CBMS Household questionnaire was pre-tested at the project site before the actual data collection. The pre-tested questionnaires were downloaded onto a tablet using the CBMS APP tools (CBMS Scan software and CBMS Portal) for the data collection exercise with technical backstopping from the CBMS International Network Coordinating Team. Using a tablet- based data collection system to collect household-level information in Ghana was beneficial as the CBMS Scan installed in Android tablets was used for hands-on-demonstration to collect data in the field during the training session organised for enumerators and the supervisors. The CBMS Scan tablet was also designed to pick the Global Positioning System (GPS) of all the households in the survey communities. The community profile questionnaire was administered by lead enumerators during the survey to the opinion leaders/District Assembly/area council leaders. The community profile questionnaire solicit for information and data on physical and demographic characteristics of the community including land area, number of households, population, economic activities, infrastructure and service institutions such as health and educational facilities, financial institutions, police station, post office, agricultural facilities such as mills, markets, input supply, others are water supply, sources of energy, waste disposal system, disaster and risk management, significant events and decision making arrangement. The rider questionnaire has been designed to collect supplementary data and information relating to research questions on participation in the C:AVA project. The questions cover incomes, market access, intra-household decision making and access to production resources also regarding empowerment and barriers to participation in intervention programs by gender. Others are extension services and support received under the C:AVA project. Both the rider questionnaire was administered together with the household profile questionnaire to one respondent of the household.

3.3.4 Training and Data Collection using the Community-Based Monitoring System in Ghana A 5-day training including hands-on-demonstration on the field was organized for 20 enumerators for the Community-Based Monitoring System (CBMS) data collection in Ghana. Enumerators were selected based on level of education and residence in the district. The training for the CBMS enumerators was conducted in World Vision Training Conference Room, Atebubu in the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana from 5th February 8th February 2018. On the 9th of February 2018, the enumerators were given the day for field trials. The actual data collection exercise started on the 10th February, 2018 and ended 8th March, 2018. Although 20 enumerators were trained, 19 enumerators were used for the actual data collection. One of the trained enumerators who was an Assemblyman had to be dropped because he was not very good at the use of Tablet for data collection. In all a total of 2751 (but cleaned to 2713) were collected from 20 communities including New Konkrompe, Afrefreso, Sawakye, Old Konkrompe, Mem and Watro in the Konkrompe Area Council in the Atebubu District (See Table 2). Day one activities concentrated on presentations of general introduction to the PEP Project, the CBMS objectives, and communities to be surveyed. This was followed by presentation of the Households and Community Questionnaires (Paper HHQ and CPQ). Day two was devoted for the demonstration of the data collection Tablets (HHQ and CPQ). On Day three and Day Four, the training team focused on Test-Trial among enumerators in the classroom, field trials using the CBMS Scan tablet and feedbacks by the enumerators. The CBMS targeted 3410 households but actual number of households covered was 2713 using 19 enumerators.

CBMS Enumerators Joseph Adu and Emmanuel Fosu-Busia Interviewing household heads in New Konkrompe and Fakwasi, respectively

CBMS Enumerators Emmanuel Fosu-Busia and Daniel Kwadwo Interviewing in Fakwasi and Mem respectively

CBMS Enumerators Israel Jangban & Thomas conducting interview in Praprabon and Fakwasi communities respectively

Some of the challenges encountered were capacities to handle data collection tablets, improper demarcation of community settlements that made questionnaire administration difficult, long distance travels and sometimes frequency of visit to households to be able to complete administration of questionnaires. However, the challenges were solved which the following remedies

 Tablets were handed over to lead enumerators at the end of every day to ensure proper check-up of the tablets.  Enumerators were assisted by unit committee’s chairpersons and assembly persons with the concern of the chief in each community to determine the proper demarcations of settlements.  The elders in the communities assisted enumerators by spreading out the information about the census to all populace at each community.

3.4 Data Processing The CBMS data collected using CBMS Scan and downloaded through the CBMS portal were converted to STATA files. Descriptive and inferential analyses were done using the STATA Statistical Software version 15. CBMS HH IDs were cleaned to remove duplicate household data resent by enumerators to ensure uniqueness of household data. With technical support from the CBMS Network Team in the Philippines, data was processed to generate the CBMS core indicators and SDGs profiled for the study area (See SDG Report Adelaide et al 2018). Data collected with the CBMS Scan was also used to analyse the theme paper assessing the effectiveness of C:AVA as an intervention tool to address gender gaps, empower women and improve on the livelihood situation of its beneficiaries. Data processing was led by Paul Boadu and Adelaide Agyeman. Poverty maps were generated using QGIS software. GPS readings of household locations were gathered with the CBMS data thus making it possible to generate CBMS indicator maps included in the SDG report. This activity was spearheaded by Adelaide Agyeman and Paul Boadu.

3.5 Data Validation After data processing and generation of the CBMS core and SDG indicators, there was a community-based validation workshop in November 2018. During this workshop, preliminary findings were presented to the stakeholders at the community level for them to validate and appreciate the results of the CBMS. The participants for the validation comprised of the Municipal Assembly staff and representatives from each community as well as the Deputy Coordinating Director of the Municipal being present. In this activity, the participants also discussed the underlying reasons from the CBMS results. They were also consulted on how to put the data to many uses at the community planning level. The Data validation activities of the Ghana-CBMS implementation were led by Adelaide Agyeman and assisted by Mavis Akufobea-Essilfie and Nana Yamoah Asafu- Adjaye. Policy Recommendations by the Municipal Planning and Co-Ordinating Unit (MPCU) as a result of the Validation Activity 1. The combined rate of unemployment and potential labour force was about 3.95%, according to the results of the CBMS, the MPCU recommended that, the Municipal Assembly, Partnership for Economic Policy (PEP) and Central Government should

create business enabling environment to increase employment opportunities in the municipality especially the deprived areas. 2. The results revealed that, about 75% of the municipality population is estimated to be living in poverty which affects their living standards and basic needs. In combating this to achieving the SDG 1 as ending poverty in all forms, the MPCU recommended that, a programme should be rolled out such as training workshops and sensitizations on economic empowerment for women groups and the youth in selected communities to enable them improve their economic activities to earn them daily income. 3. The results also revealed that, below 50% of the population did not have access to basic services such as adequate toilet facilities, potable water and electricity. In other to achieve goal 6, 7 and 11 of the SDGs the MPCU and key stakeholders of selected communities recommended that, a program should be rolled-out to provide and sustain potable water (borehole) and household latrines for selected deprived communities in the municipality. 4. A support from International Organizations to Municipal Assembly to subsidize the cost of construction of household latrines in deprived communities within the municipality. 5. According to the results, about 3% of the population has access to internet and less than 50% did not have mobile phones. In other to have access to information communication and technology in the deprived areas, a recommendation was made that, communication network providers should provide and improve access to information, communication and technology and if possible communication mask should be constructed at the deprived areas to provide them with access to communication, Information and Technology. 6. The CBMS results further indicated that, about 20% of children aged ≤5 years are in pre-schools in the communities in the municipality .The MPCU recommended that, Partnership for Economic Policy (PEP) - UKaid and other Development partners should facilitate a program that will help increase the number of children in pre- school in all deprived communities.

3.6 Establishment of Database Database will be available to the local stakeholders for practical use on how to reach the poor with tailored development related interventions. Data processed in STATA will be presented in tabular form in word documents for use by the local stakeholders. Particularly for this study, the Municipal Assembly will have the opportunity to appreciate the need to monitor the effectiveness of development interventions and also monitor the SDGs locally. 3.7 Dissemination Dissemination of the findings from the CBMS involved the following: Local Workshop

A 1-day local workshop was organized at Atebubu Municipal. The local workshop served two purposes: validation of research findings and Feedback/sharing of lessons learnt to stimulate demand for evidence based development related policies among local stakeholders. The workshop targeted the local people including C:AVA project management and beneficiaries particularly the women and youth groups, the District Agricultural Development Officials and District Planning Officers and District Director of the ministry of Food and Agriculture. Others are Traditional Authorities, Community Based Organisations and Civil Society Organisations as well as the enumerators. This was done in Atebubu and 55 participants were present.

Group Photo of Participants at the Local Workshop

Presentation by the Deputy Municipal Coordinating Director

National Policy Symposium A 1-day National Policy Symposium was organized in Accra in December 2018 with 30 participants present. Participants present were Policy Makers from the Ministry of Food and Agriculture, The Ministry of Planning, representatives from Trade and Industry Ministry, Gender Children and Social Protection Ministry, The Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development, The Ghana Statistical Service, The Ministry of Environment Science Technology and Innovation, The United Nations Development Commission and Researchers. The ultimate goal is to improve the accessibility and utilisation of locally relevant research evidence to inform development policy and practice.

Group Photo of National Workshop in Accra

Discussions among Participants at the National Workshop

4. Recommendations for Scaling Up and Institutionalization of CBMS in Ghana Institutionalization of the CBMS methodology in Ghana is one of the ultimate desired impacts of this project. CSIR-STEPRI having built in-house capacity in the use of the CBMS methodology will champion this noble cause by carrying out the following strategies:

 Further use and analysis CBMS data focusing on SDGs, poverty and other thematic concerns. Localization of the SDGs was a way of transformation the global agenda of the SDGs to local actions at the district or municipal levels, households as well as individuals within communities. Therefore research institutions must play a key role in the face of the SDGs by way of conducting effective and efficient research with Municipals and Districts Assemblies to better inform policy makers about precise and smart policy recommendations towards development in line with the SDGs.

 Recommend the use of CBMS data to National Stakeholders and Relevant ministries such as Ministry of Planning and Ministry of Local Government and Rural development as they could be leverage on to incorporate the CBMS tool in their projects and programmes at the Municipal and District levels.  Advocate the CBMS to other traditional Authorities and community leaders. Involvement of local people as enumerators (with at least First degree qualification- University Graduates) and involvement of community leaders in listing of households. The local stakeholders must be involved from the beginning when the CBMS project is conceptualised particularly getting staff of the Municipal Assembly to be part of the project team helps a lot;  Resource mobilization to replicate the CBMS in other planning units. The cost of the current CBMS was estimated at $50,000 comprising of 44% Research expenses, 34% personnel cost, 10% Institutional charges and 12% dissemination expenses. From the current CBMS it has been realised that more money is needed for the data collection. Costs also includes travel expenses.

 Evidence of SDG report on the planning units disseminated to the in-charge of SDGs reporting at the national level; and  Expand the pool of CBMS trainers. In house training on the use of the CBMS methodology can be done to other CSIR-STEPRI staff as well as collaborate with the University of Ghana (UG) since ISSER of UG has had the CBMS Experience.

In terms of the CBMS implementation, here are our recommendations:  Using CBMS APP technology i.e. tablets in data collection sent to a centralized CBMS portal in data collection and monitoring should be used and adopted for more efficient collection of pertinent data  The CBMS should be linked to the Medium term development goals of Municipals and Districts in the country. In other words, the CBMS tool can be incorporated into the district or municipal guidelines and be used as a monitoring tool to monitor and measure development goals.  Also the CBMS approach must be channelled through the National Decentralization Policy for actualization. This is because CBMS would become an action area once it is incorporated in the policy. In other words, CBMS would be taken into account for development partners to support it.  Localizing the CBMS goes beyond the district or municipal and extended to the community level for better decentralization of the tool. For instance, developmental challenges such as high unemployment can be addressed right from the community level with the CBMS tool with the necessary partnerships in place.  Upon adopting the CBMS tool, the instruments must be reviewed and aligned to the changes in the National Statistic system of the administrative data collection.  The District Assembly’s common fund, the Assembly’s internally generated fund, the Proposed National Research fund as well as other development partners could be leveraged to support the CBMS tool in Ghana.  Scheduled capacity training at districts or municipal levels can be used to train local experts on the CBMS tool as well as popularizing the usage of the tool.  Districts or municipal governments could tap students from research educational institutions conducting research in their communities by way of incorporating the CBMS tool in the research design of the institutions. In other words, building better partnerships with educational institutions that conduct day to day data collection exercises in their communities could help extend the CBMS implementation in many areas.

References

1. Asante F (2005) Ghana’s Experience in Using CBMS. A working paper presented during the 4th PEP Research Network General Meeting June 13-17, 2005 Colombo, Sri Lanka 2. Boadu, P., Quaye, W., Asafu-Adjaye, N. Y., Agyeman, A. and Akuffobea-Essilfie M. (2019) Does addressing gender inequalities and empowering women improve development programme outcomes? The Case of C:AVA project in Ghana. Unpublished Paper

3. Cooke E, Hague S and Mckay A (2016) Ghana Poverty and Inequality Report Using the 6th Ghana Living Standards Survey. A report prepared for UNICEF 4. FASDEP II (2013) Food and Agricultural Sector Development Policy, Ministry of Food and Agricultural, Ghana 5. GSS (2014) Ghana Living Standards Survey Round 6. Report by Ghana Statistical Service 6. ISSER (2017) The State of the Ghanaian Economy. Report by Institute of Statistical Social and Economic Research, University of Ghana, Legon. Moses JK (2006) Use of CBMS for Governance in Ghana: A case study of Dangme West District. A paper presented at 5th PEP Research Network Annual General Meeting, June 18-22 in Addis Abba, Ethiopia 7. MOFA/WAAPP (2014) Gender Analysis of Agricultural Sector in Ghana (2014) Report of the MOFA under West African Agricultural Productivity Improvement Project (WAAPP) 8. MOFA (2013). Agriculture in Ghana, Facts and Figures 2013, Ministry of Food and Agriculture 9. Quaye, W., Okai, M., Dowuona, S.N. and Dziedzoave, N. (2014). Gender dimensions of decision making and production assets and challenges facing women in making decisions regarding production and processing activities. Development in Practice, 26(1):77-90 10. Quaye, W., Agyeman, A., Boadu, P., Akuffobea-Essilfie, M. and Asafu-Adjaye, N.Y. (2019) Localizing the Sustainable Development Goals in Ghana using the CBMS. Unpublished Paper 11. Reyes, C. and Alba, I. (1994). Assessment of Community-Based Systems Monitoring Household Welfare. 12. Reyes, C. (1996). Monitoring Systems for Poverty Tracking. MIMAP Research Paper No. 30. 13. Reyes, C. and Ilarde, K. (1996). A Community Based Monitoring System for Poverty Tracking. MIMAP Research Paper No. 24. 14. Reyes, C. and Ilarde, K. (1998). Indicators for Monitoring Poverty. MIMAP Research Paper No. 37

Annex A.1 CBMS Core Indicators Sector Indicator Definition Variables Disaggregation

Official Conceptual Definition/Source Operational Definition Source Computation Questions

Health 1 Proportion of Under 5 Mortality Rate - The probability of Proxy: Total number of Ghana mdeadage, mdeadage>=0 and What is __'s sex? Community/ Member; children under 5 dying between birth and age five, expressed children aged 0 to less than 5 Health mdeadsx mdeadage<5, mdeadsx What was __'s Village By sex and years old who died as the number of deaths below age five per years old who died divided Services age at the related 1,000 live births during a given period [Ghana by the sum of total number time of death? household Health Services (GHS)] of children aged 0 to less characterist than 5 years old plus the ics total number of child deaths 0 to less than 5 years old (multiplied by 100) 2 Proportion of Maternal Mortality refers to the death of a Proxy: Total number of Ghana mdeadage, mdeadage>=15 and What is __'s sex? Village Member; women who died woman while pregnant or within 42 days of women who died due to Health mdeadsx, mdeadage<= 49, What was __'s By age and due to pregnancy- termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the pregnancy related causes Services mdeady mdeady=8, mdeadsx age at the related related causes duration and the site of the pregnancy, from divided by the total number time of death? household any cause related to or aggravated by the of children less than 1 year What was characterist pregnancy or its management, but not from old plus the total number of the cause of __'s ics accidental or incidental causes. Maternal women who died due to death? Mortality Rate - The ratio between the pregnancy related causes number of women who died (for reasons of (multiplied by 100) (Adopted pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium) to the from CBMS) number of reported livebirths in a given year, expressed as the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. Educa 3 Proportion of The ratio of the enrolment for the age group Total number of children 6- Ghana age, sex, age_yr>=6 and Is __ male or Community/V Member; tion children aged 6-11 corresponding to the official school age in the 11 years old who are not Statistical educational age_yr<=11, educind=1, female? In what illage By sex, years old who are elementary level to the population of the attending elementary school Service indicator, gradel>=11 and month, day and ethnicity not attending same age group in a given year (Ghana over total number of grade/level gradel<=16, sex year was __ and related school Education Service -GES) and Ghana Statistical children 6-11 years old born? Is ___ household Service currently characterist attending school? ics e.g. income Housi 4 Proportion of Total number of households living in housing Total number of households Ghana type of walls, wall=1&2 or roof=1&2 What type of Community/V Household; ng households living with makeshift roof and/or walls over total living in housing with Statistical roof construction illage By in makeshift number of households (Ghana Statistical makeshift roof and/or walls Service materials are the urbanity, housing/ informal Service) over total number of the walls made and related settlements households of? What type of household construction characterist materials are the ics e.g.

roof made of? income etc.

Water 5 Proportion of Percentage of the population whose main Total number of households Ghana without water=8 or water=9 or What is your Community/ Household; and households source of drinking water is a household without access to a) own use Statistical access to water=10 household's main Village By Sanita without access to connection (piped), public tap or standpipe, piped water system; b) Service water source of urbanity, tion safe drinking tubewell or borehole, protected dug well, Public Stand pipe; c) own use water supply? and related water protected spring, or rainwater collection tubed/piped deep well; d) household (GSS). shared tubed/piped deep characterist well; or e) tubed/piped ics e.g. shallow well over total income etc. number of households

6 Proportion of Percentage of the population whose Total number of households Ghana without toilet facility=5 or toilet What type of Community/V Household; households household has flush toilet, ventilated without access to water- Statistical access to facility =6 or toilet toilet facility does illage By without access to improved pit latrine, pit latrine with a slab, or sealed toilet or closed pit Service proper facility =7 or 8 the household urbanity, sanitary toilet composting toilet and does not share its over total number of sanitary toilet use? and related facilities facility with other households (GSS). households facilities household characterist ics e.g. income etc. Energ 7 Proportion of Total number of households without access to Total number of households Ghana without cooking fuel=4 or 6 or 7 What type of Community/V Household; y households improved cooking fuel by the total number of without access to improved Statistical access to or 8 cooking fuel does illage By without access to households, expressed as a percentage (GSS). cooking fuelover total Service improved the household urbanity, improved cooking number of households cooking fuel use? and related fuel household characterist ics e.g. income etc. Incom 8 Proportion of Total number of households with income Proportion of households Ghana Household income _ < GHS10/day total household Community/V Household; e households with below poverty line of $1.9 a day living below the $1.9 (Cedis Statistical income; income from all illage By income below the equivalent)a day poverty line Service household sources of urbanity, poverty level size economic and related activities household including characterist remittances ics e.g. income etc.

Emplo 9 Proportion of The total number of persons age 15 and above The total number of GLSS age, sex, age_yr>=15 & ofw!=2 Did ___ do any Village Member; yment persons in the who are not engaged in any work, had no persons age 15 and above http://ww employment AND work for at By labor force who attachmet to a job or business and was who are not engaged in any w.statsgha indicator, ((jobweek=2&havejob=2 least 1 hour urbanity, are potentially looking for job. The potential work, had no attachmet to a na.gov.gh/ availability, ) during the past and related unemployed/job labour force include those who were seeking job or business and was docfiles/gls willingness to week? Although individual poor but unavailable, those who were available but potentially looking for job. s6/GLSS6_ work, looked __ did not work, or not seeking, as well as those who were not The potential labour force Main%20R for job, did __ have ajob household seeking and not available but unemployed include those who were eport.pdf reason for or characterist (GLSS6) seeking but unavailable, not looking business during ics e.g. those who were available for work the past educational but not seeking, as well as week? Did ___ attainment, those who were not seeking look for hh size, and not available but work or try to income, unemployed (GLSS6) establish etc. business during the past week? Why did __ not look for work? Had opportunity for work existed last week or within two weeks, would __ been available? Was ___ willing to take up work during the past week or within 2 weeks?

Nutriti 1 Proportion of Underweight - The percentage of children Total number of children 0-5 Ghana age, sex, age_yr<5, mnutind>=3, Health Records at Community/V Member; on 0 children 0-5 years under five years old where the child's weight years old who are Statistical nutrition sex the Community illage By sex, old who are relative to age is lower than that of a normal moderately or severely Service Clinic ethnicity, moderately or child. It is measured using weight-for-age as underweight over total (GSS) DHS and related severely the index number of children 0-5 years www.statsg household underweight old hana.gov.g characterist h/docfiles/ ics publication s/2014%20 GDHS%20% 20Report.p df 1 Proportion of Stunting: height for age < –2 SD of the WHO Total number of children 0-5 Ghana age, sex, (Height of child - median Based on data Region/Distri Member; 1 children 0-5 years Child Growth Standards median years old who are do not Statistical height/length height of reference from Ghana ct/Communit By age and old who have low have the required height per Service population)/(Standard Demographic and y/ Village related height compared their age as compared to (GSS) DHS deviation of reference Health Survey household to their age WHO standard www.stats population) , age_yr<5, (DHS) characterist ghana.gov. sex ics gh/docfiles /publicatio ns/2014%2 0GDHS%20 %20Report .pdf UN http://ww w.un.org/e sa/sustdev/ natlinfo/ind icators/met hodology_s heets/healt h/nutrition al_status.p df

1 Proportion of Wasting- weight for height < –2 SD of the Total number of children 0-5 Ghana age, sex, Based on data Region/Distri Member; 2 children 0-5 years WHO Child Growth Standards median years old who are do not Statistical weight, from Ghana ct/Communit By age and old who have low have the required weight per Service height Demographic and y/ Village related weight compared their height as compared to (GSS) DHS Health Survey household to their height WHO standard www.stats (DHS) characterist ghana.gov. ics gh/docfiles /publicatio ns/2014%2 0GDHS%20 %20Report .pdf UN http://ww w.un.org/e sa/sustdev/ natlinfo/ind icators/met hodology_s heets/healt h/nutrition al_status.p df

Annex A.2 SDG Indicators using CBMS Data SDG Goal No. Indicator Operational Definition Disaggregation

1. No Poverty 1 1.2.1 Proportion of population living below the national poverty Proportion of households living below the $1.9 Sex, age, income line, by sex and age (Cedis equivalent)a day poverty line Urban/Rural

1.2.2. Proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in Proportion of men, women and children of all ages poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions

2 1.4.1. Proportion of population living in households with access to Sex, age, income basic services Urban/Rural

2. Zero Hunger 3 2.1.1 Prevalence of undernourishment Total number of children 0-5 years old who are Member; By sex and moderately or severely underweight over total related household number of children 0-5 years old characteristics

4 2.1.2 Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population, based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES)

3. Good Health 5 3.2.1 Under-five mortality rate, per 1000 Proxy: Total number of children aged 0 to less than By sex and related 5 years old who died divided by the sum of total household Proxy: Total number of children aged 0 to less than 5 years old number of children aged 0 to less than 5 years old characteristics who died plus the total number of child deaths 0 to less than 5 years old (multiplied by 100)

6 Proportion of women who died due to pregnancy-related causes Number of women who died due to pregnancy- Urban/Rural related causes over total number of women

7 Number of people covered by health insurance or a public health Number of people covered by health insurance or Sex, income, age, system per 1,000 population a public health system per 1,000 population Urban/Rural

4. Quality 8 4.1.1 Proportion of children and young people: (a) in grades 2/3; Supplemental indicator: The ratio of the By sex, ethnicity and Education (b) at the end of primary; and (c) at the end of lower secondary participation for the age group corresponding to related household achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in (i) reading and the official school age in the elementary level to characteristics e.g. the population of the same age group in a given

(ii) mathematics, by sex year (Ghana Education Service -GES) and Ghana income Statistical Service)

9 Number of children in child development centers/ day care Number of children in Pre-school over total Sex, age, Income, centers (pre-school) number of children under 5 years Urban/Rural

10 Proportion of population with exposure to internet Proportion of population with access to internet Sex, age, income, Urban/Rural

5. Gender 11 5.b.1 Proportion of individuals who own a mobile telephone, by Equality sex

12 5.4.1Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care work, Proxy: Proportion of time spent on paid work by Sex, age, by sex, age and location sex, age and location income,Urban/Rural

Proxy: Proportion of time spent on paid work by sex, age and location

6. Clean Water 13 6.1.1 Proportion of population using safely managed drinking Total number of households without access to 1) Urban/Rural, and and Sanitation water services indoor plumbing 2) Inside Standpipe 3) tanker related household service; 4) Pipe in neighbouring household; 5) characteristics e.g. Private outside standpipe/tap 6) Public standpipe income 7) Borehole 8) Protected Well over total number of households

7. Affordable 14 7.1.1 Proportion of population with access to electricity Proportion of population with access to electricity Urban/Rural and Clean over total population of households Energy

8. Decent 15 8.5.2 Unemployment rate, by sex, age and persons with The total number of persons age 15 and above Sex, age, Urban/Rural Work and disabilities who are not engaged in any work, had no Economic attachment to a job or business and was Proxy: Proportion of persons in the labor force who are Growth potentially looking for job. The potential labour unemployed force include those who were seeking but unavailable, those who were available but not seeking, as well as those who were not seeking and not available but unemployed (GLSS6) over total

number of persons in the labor force

10. Reduced 16 10.2.1 Proportion of people living below 50 per cent of median Proportion of people living below 50 per cent of Urban/Rural Inequalities income, by age, sex and persons with disabilities median income, by age, sex and persons with disabilities

11. Sustainable 17 11.1.1 Proportion of urban population living in slums, Total number of households living in housing with Urban/Rural Cities and informal settlements or inadequate housing makeshift roof and/or walls over total number of Communities households (Ghana Statistical Service)

13. Climate 18 13.1.1 Number of Households with access to local disaster risk Number of Households with access to local disaster Urban/Rural Action reduction strategies risk reduction strategies

16.Peace and 19 16.1.3 Proportion of population subjected to physical, Proportion of population subjected to physical, Sex, Urban/Rural Justice psychological or sexual violence in the previous 12 months psychological or sexual violence in the previous 12 months

20 16.9.1 Proportion of children under 5 years of age whose births Proportion of children under 5 years of age whose Age, Urban/Rural have been registered with a civil authority, by age births have been registered with a civil authority, by age

17. 21 17.8.1 Proportion of individuals using the Internet Proportion of individuals using the Internet Sex, Age, Urban/Rural Partnerships for Goals

Annex A.3 Data Requirements Matrix Data Requirements Matrix - PAGE Theme Paper

Research Question Hypotheses Proposed model and Data Requirements Variables Formula Questionnaire methodology to be used for the Model needed Items to answer each research question What is the effect of HO: There is no Propensity Score Cassava Farm size. Farm size, What was the size the C:AVA Project significant Matching (PSM) Cassava Output, 2017 Output/yield of the cassava participation on farm difference on farm and 2018 production farm in 2017 and yields by gender yields by gender season (both major 2018 (hectares)? (women and men)? (women and men) and minor) What was the average yield (Kg) per hectare in 2017 and 2018? What is the effect of HO: There is no Propensity Score Cassava Farm size. Output/yield in, What was the the C:AVA Project significant Matching (PSM) Cassava Output, selling prices average yield (Kg) participation on farm difference on farm selling prices for 2017 per hectare in income by gender income by gender and 2018 production 2017 and 2018 (if (women and men)? (women and men) season (both major applicable)? What and minor) was the average selling prices for 2017 and 2018? HA: There is significant difference on farm yields and income by gender (women and men) 2. Is there association HO: There is no correlation coefficient The ten indicators of Household size, Summation of variable Question items on between C:AVA project significant and Chi2 statistics progress out of source of water, scores ten poverty participation and difference poverty index type of housing, indicators poverty level of between C:AVA number of households? project mobile phones,

participation and poverty level of households.

HA: There is significant difference between C:AVA project participation and poverty level of households. 3. What is the effect of HO: There is no regression discontinuity Market access - Market access estimated parameter Where do you sell the C:AVA Project significant method/Probit linkage to specific from probit regression your cassava and participation on difference of the regression buyers in and outside model cassava products? market access by C:AVA project the community (also Who are your gender? participation on distance to major main clients? Are market access by market), Quantity of you linked to gender. produce sold, prices regular buyers? HA: There is significant difference of the C:AVA project participation on market access by gender. 4. Does women HO: Women regression discontinuity Access to credit and Access to credit estimated parameter Do you have participation in C:AVA participation in method/Probit business management and business from probit regression access to credit? project lead to C:AVA project does regression training training model Did you receive improvement in their not lead to training in cassava empowerment? improvement in processing women technologies and empowerment business development.

HA: Women Who takes participation in decisions on C:AVA project productive leads to resources at the improvement in household level? women empowerment 5. How did the Focused group qualitative Barriers to What are the community and discussion information on how women's socio-cultural families respond to families and society involvement in factors that women’s participation respond to women's project activities influence women in C:AVA project? participation in C:AVA participation in Barriers to women Project the C:AVA empowerment project? What are the socio-cultural barriers to women empowerment?

Annex B.1. Ghana Household Profile Questionnaire

Annex B.2. Rider Questionnaire on C:AVA Programme and Women Empowerment

Annex B.3. Community Profile Questionnaire

Annex C.1. Enumerator’s Manual on the HPQ and Rider Questionnaire

Introduction The Ghana household Profiling Questionnaire is designed to gather supplementary information to support the implementation of CBMS in Ghana. The questionnaire is divided into 12 pages, each containing information relating variables needed for achieving the set objectives of the survey. PAGE1: IDENTIFICATION, AND HOUSING AND HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS This section is designed to identify the household, their location as well as housing characteristics of respondents. Definitions: Household: A household consists of a person or group of related or unrelated persons, who live together in the same housing unit, who acknowledge one adult male or female as the head of the household, who share the same housekeeping and cooking arrangements, and are considered as one unit. In some cases, one may find a group of people living together in the same house, but each person has separate eating arrangements; they should be counted as separate one-person households. Remember that not all related persons living in a house form one household, and that more than one household may live in the same house but one household cannot live in two different houses. Probe well to put every person in the right household. It is not an easy task putting persons found in a house or compound into the right households. The following examples are therefore given as guidelines: 1. In general, a household consists of a man, his wife, children and some other relatives or a househelp who may be living with them. 2. In a large family houses where there may be two or more generations of relations living, care should be taken not to treat the grandfather, his married children and their families as forming one large household. Note that sharing meals with each other is not the same as sharing the same housekeeping and cooking arrangements. Probe well to separate the various households. 3. Treat as one household if a man lives with more than one wife and their children in the same house and eats successively with each of the wives in turns. 4. If a man does not live in the same house as his wife or wives, the man and his wife/wives must be considered as separate households. Any children and others must be included in the household of the one in whose house they sleep. Thus, if a man and his wife live in different houses and their two sons sleep in the father’s house after eating in their mother’s house, the children must be included in the father’s household while the mother is listed as a single-person household. 5. A lodger who sleeps and eats at least one meal with the household a day must be treated as a member of that household. 6. A house help and his family who live in a house or an out-house in the same compound as the employer must not be included in the employer’s household if they prepare their own food. However, if they eat and sleep with the employer, they should be considered as part of the employer’s household. 7. If two or more unrelated persons live together in one room or apartment, they should be considered as separate single-person households if they do not share a common catering arrangement.

Head of Household: This is the person acknowledged as such by members of the household and who is usually responsible for the upkeep and maintenance of the household. The head of household will be identified by the household members themselves. He is the person who is named in reply to the question ‘Who is the head of this household?’ Most often, but not always, it will be the person who is the main provider and who is familiar with all the activities and occupations of household members. The head of household can be male or female. Dwelling: The dwelling is the structure or group of structures (rooms or buildings), separate or contiguous, occupied by the members of the household. It can be:  A single-family house/hut,

 A flat/apartment (self-contained);  Rooms (compound house);  Several huts/buildings (same compound);  Several huts/buildings (different compound).

Tenant: A tenant is someone who pays for boarding and/or lodging. If a tenant lives in the dwelling being interviewed but does not eat with the rest of the household, then he/she is not a member of that household being interviewed and should therefore be considered as a separate single person household together with his/her spouse(s) and children if any. However, if the tenant eats with the family, then by definition (above) he/she is part of the household and should be included in the household roster. A. Physical Characteristics This section is designed to capture the names of the region, province, and municipality are already default values pre-filled out, depending on the LGU implementing CBMS APP. Use the GPS machine to take the coordinates of the location of the household upon arrive and identification(I). Only the Brong Ahafo needs to be selected. Choose from the dropdown list the specific Brong Ahafor being surveyed (II). To select the Brong Ahafo, screen tap the field and the sScan will then present the Brong Ahafo in the Region. Click the Brong Ahafo. Follow the same process to select the district, town/community. Also fill in the building number provided during listing/house number and household/unit number. Fill in the information as required in VI-XII. B. Housing and Household Characteristics This section aims at measuring the quality of housing occupied by the household. In this regard, it seeks information on the type of dwelling, occupancy status of the dwelling and amenities as well as the physical characteristics of the dwelling.

Rent Free: Means that no rent is paid, either in cash or in kind. House Number/Building Number: This is the house number of the building. In communities where all houses are numbered, it is the number written on the house. However, in communities where houses are not numbered, the team will generate house numbers by listing (numbering all house) in the community before the survey begins. Household control number/household number: This is the number given to each household in a given house. The households in a given house should be numbered serially. Question 1: Seeks to find out about the type of construction materials are the roofs of the building occupied by the household. In the roofs is made up of a mixture of varied materials then select the predominant roof material. Question 2: Seeks to find out if a single household is made up of more than one nuclear family. Question 3: Asks about the number of household members. PAGE 2: DEMOGRAPHY

The section provides household roster which must be filled with the greatest care. A summary of the following instructions is on page 2 of the questionnaire.

The respondent is asked to give the names of all the people who normally sleep in the dwelling and take their meals together. The order in which people are to be recorded is laid down in the instructions above the table: a. The first person must be the head of household, even if he or she is not the respondent and even if he or she is absent; b. Next come the members of his or her immediate family (wives/husband/and children) who sleep in the dwelling and take their meals together; c. Where the respondent has more than one wife record the name of the first wife followed by her children then the second wife followed by her children in that

order; d. Other persons related to the head of household and his/her husband/wife who sleep in the dwelling and take their meals together; e. Unrelated persons who sleep in the dwelling and take their meals with the household; f. Last are those people who have slept under the same roof during the night preceding the interview, even if they do not normally live with the household.

Question 4. Who is the head of the household and who are the other members of the household?

Name Full Name: Type in the space provided for the household roster, the full names of all household members/visitors. The names you put down must be such that if a second visit is paid to the house during or after the interview, the persons to whom the names refer can be easily identified. Important notes: i. Persons with more than one name: If a person has two names, one for official use and the other for use at home, write down the name(s) by which he/she is best known in the neighbourhood or village where he/she is being enumerated and then write his/her other name(s) in parenthesis. For example, Ato Safo (Charles Mensah). ii. Persons with identical names: You may also come across households where two or more persons have identical names. In such a case you must record also the nick-names, or any other names by which they are distinguished in the household or by neighbours and friends, e.g., Kofi Kyamba Panyin and Kofi Kyamba Kakraba. Filling this you must distinguished them by physical characteristics such as height or fatness or shortness. Thus, for instance, you can have Abongo Jato (fair coloured) or Kofi Dogo (tall).

Question 5. What is __'s relation-ship to the head of the household? Relationship Record how the person listed is related to the head of the household. Be particularly careful in doing this if the respondent is not the head of the household; make sure that you record the relationship of each person to the household head, not the relationship to the respondent. For example, if the respondent is the wife of the head of the household and she says that Nab is her brother, then Nab should be coded as OTHER RELATIVE not BROTHER OR SISTER, because Nab is a brother-in-law of the head of the household. If the head of the household is married to a woman who has a child from a previous marriage, that child’s relationship to the head of the household should be coded as ADOPTED/FOSTER/STEP CHILD. Question 6. Is __ male or female? Against each name you must show the sex of the person. Sex: It is important to ask for the sex of the person when information is being given to you by a third person. Do not infer the sex from the name or names of the person. Bear in mind that some names can be misleading in this respect e.g. Kafui, Sena, Kakra, Panyin, etc. Some people also use George as a short form of Georgina and Ben for Benedicta. Question 7. When is __'s date of birth? Age and exact date of birth are among the most important pieces of information for the survey. If the exact date of birth can be determined from memory recall, official documents, such as a birth certificate, affidavit of birth, national identity card, National Health Insurance Card or passport. If a person does not know the day, month, year or either, code in its place ‘99’. Example, Akua Manu says she was born in June 1980. Code ‘99’ for day and write ‘06’ for month and ‘1980’ for year. You must then ask the respondent’s age and put the reply as the answer to Question 7. Cross check to ensure that the answers given for questions 7 agree.

Age: Age is to be recorded in years and months for persons aged five (5) years and below, and in completed years only for those six (6) years and over. The age is that of the last birthday. If, for instance, the respondent’s eighteenth birthday falls on the following day, you must enter 17 as the answer. If the person does not know his/her age refer to events that have taken place in his/her life or in the Community (village, town, country) or the World such as the independence day of Ghana, World Wars, Earthquakes etc. as shown in the Calendar of Events. Question 8. Was ___’s birth registered with the civil registry office?

This question seeks to find out if the birth of ___ was registered. The enumerator could simply ask and probe whether ____has a birth certificate.

Question 9. What is ___'s marital (civil) status?

For 10 years old and above only Present marital status applies to the day of the interview. You must read out each category to the respondent; otherwise, he will reply for example, that he is a bachelor instead of divorced or separated. MARRIED includes all types of marriages, e.g. civil, traditional, or common law (a couple living together, several wives) but not loose unions. A Loose Union is a sexual relationship contracted by two consenting adults without civil or traditional recognition.

Question 10. What is __'s ethnicity by blood? Enter the ETHNICITY of the respondent Question 11. What is ____ religious affiliation? Enter the religious affiliation of the respondent Question 12. What is ___'s nationality? Indicate weather ___ in a Ghanaian of non-Ghanaian and specify the nationality if non-Ghanaian Question 13-14. Seeks to find out if name is an oversee worker and country of work For 10 years old and above Question 15: Where was __ residing 3 years ago? The question seeks to find out the migration status of household member above 3 years Question 16-18: Seeks to find out if ___ is a member of the nuclear family based on our definition. The probe question seeks to find out if name if part of the nuclear family PAGE 3. D. EDUCATION AND LITERACY The objective of this section is to measure the level of education or formal schooling of all household members aged three (3) years or more. It is also intended to measure how much was spent on education of household members during the past 12 months. Questions are also asked to obtain information on the type of school (public or private) attended and the highest qualification achieved, including short training course. The section also collects information on literacy levels and apprenticeship of members including those who have never attended school. Respondents Each member of the household should respond for him/her self, but parents may answer for younger children. This section is a continuation for all household members aged 3 years or more. Ask all the questions for all household members aged three years and over. Definition Schooling

Formal schooling refers to attendance of either a pre-school (day care), Primary, Middle/JSS or Secondary school, Vocational/Technical or Professional school or Training or an Apprenticeship course. Attendance at a Koranic school, for no matter how many years, is to be included only if the person attended no other school. Question 19. Is ___ currently attending school? This question seeks to find out if the ____ is currently attending school (Yes --- 1 or No --- 2). See definition of schooling above. Enter the proper code and note carefully the skip pattern. Question 20. What grade or year is ___ currently attending? The HIGHEST LEVEL (or GRADE) currently attending is the full grade name is currently attending. It is the one attended during the current school year. For instance, if the person is now in JSS2, then JSS2 is the current grade. Please enter the appropriate code. TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL TRAINING includes, for example, courses in accounting, secretarial courses, training in the POLYTECHNICS, I.S.S.E.R. School of Journalism, and so on. This does not include on-the-job training. A TECHNICAL OR PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATE, refers to a certificate received from such types of training institutes like technical and advanced/specialist colleges. Certificates awarded by such training institutes include the following: an advanced/diploma, a state registered nurse’s certificate and others. A TECHNICAL OR PROFESSIONAL DIPLOMA refers to a diploma received for the successful completion of the appropriate level of training, for example, a diploma in statistics, etc. Question 21. Where does __ attend school? The question seeks to obtain information on the type of school (public or private) attended. Question 22. Why is __ not attending school? This seeks to find out the reason for name not attending school Question 23. What is the highest educational attainment completed by___? The HIGHEST QUALIFICATION achieved is that attained after completing an educational level or course. A student who dropped out from school will not achieve the qualification for that level. For instance, if one dropped out in FHS 2 then one would probably have achieved the BECE if he/she has finished Junior High School. Question 24. If senior high school graduate, what is ______'s track/strand? This question seeks the current grade in SHS. Question 25. If at least college graduate, what is _____'s college course? Please select the course that name is pursuing Question 26-28. For 10-64 years old The questions seek to find out about any training programme name is currently attending Question 29. Can ___ read and write a simple message in English? The interviewer should administer the FLASH CARDS in arithmetic, and English. Question 30: Can ___ read and write a simple message in any language or dialect? Ask of the ___ can read a phrase or sentence in any local language apart from English

Question 31 -32 Seeks to find out if name is registered for voting and whether name voted during the last elections PAGE 4: E. ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

This section is designed to gather information on employment, time use and the various sources of income for household members aged 7 years and older. Respondents must be assured that their responses will be treated with utmost confidence. Where a respondent, for some reasons is reluctant to disclose his/her income in the presence of other household members, the interviewer should ask other members of the household to excuse them. This section concerns all household members aged 7 years or over. You should endeavour to find each household member to respond to questions personally. If the children are not present, however, someone else (e.g. parents) could answer on their behalf. Where some household members are absent, proceed with the interview for all those present but make the necessary arrangements to come back and continue the interview with absentee members after ascertaining the appropriate time that they could be found at home. Definitions Main Occupation: This is the work to which most time is devoted when a respondent has several jobs. For instance, the main occupation for the past 12 months of a respondent who farms mostly but often goes fishing during the dry season is farming. Secondary Occupation: This is the work to which much of the respondent's time is devoted after the main occupation. In the example given above, fishing would be the secondary occupation of the farmer in the past 12 months. Other Occupations: These refer to other works done in order of importance according to time devoted to each after the main and secondary occupations. So we could talk about third, fourth and fifth occupations, etc. Self - Employment: This is the work done by the person on his own account; that is she/he pays all expenses and controls all income she/he generates. Examples are a trader, fisherman, carpenter, etc. Semi Public/Parastatal: An industrial organisation some political authority and serving the state indirectly. e.g.

A Family Worker: A person who helps in a family enterprise (farm or non-farm). She/he may or may not receive remuneration or payment for this work. A Business: This may be some kind of trade (selling gari, bananas, or other types of goods) or a profession (doctor, lawyer, accountant, etc) or an industrial activity (mining & quarrying, construction, manufacturing, etc). The Past 12 Months: This refers to the period of 12 consecutive months just before and including the interview day. During the interview you should be specific. For example, if the interview takes place on September 10, 1998, then we are referring to all preceding months down to September 11, 1997.

The Last 7 Days: Refer to the seven consecutive days immediately preceding the day of interview. For example, if the interview takes place on September 10, the interviewer should specify that it is the period between September 3 and September 9 inclusive that is being referred to. Questions 33-34: These determine whether a respondent is eligible to answer further questions from this section. A 'Yes' answer to any of these questions means that respondent must answer to this section. Note: If answers to questions 1-2 are all 'No', skip to Part F Questions 35-40: Help to establish the number of different occupations that a respondent has held in the past week and the industry of work. Questions 41-51: Seeks information about the additional job done by household member age 5 Questions 52-52: Seeks to find out about the Health insurance status of respondents PAGE 6. F. OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS The section seeks information on health and nutritional characteristics including exposure to crime of household members. PAGE 7. G. HEALTH AND NUTRITION This part should be administered to each member of the household, but parents or guardians can answer for young children.

Question 66: During the past 12 months, did you or any member of the household avail of medical treatment for any illness? This question seeks to find out whether the respondent made a visit to a health practitioner to be examined for treatment. The reference period here is the past 12 months. Question 67: During the last illness of any member of the household, where did you go to avail medical treatment? This question seeks to find out whether the respondent made a visit to a health practitioner to be examined for treatment. "Public" Public health institutions are made up of establishments that are largely regulated, owned or controlled by the central or local government.

"Private Religious" These are health establishments that are mainly owned and managed by private religious organisations. Examples include Holy Family Hospital at Nkawkaw, and Nalerigu Baptist Hospital. "Private non-religious" These are health establishments that are owned and controlled by private persons. PAGE 7. H. WATER AND SANITATION Questions 68-69: Deal with the source(s) of drinking water for the household. The distance of the source(s) from the dwelling and monies paid in respect of bills are covered. Questions 70: Deal with sanitation in the dwelling, particularly use of toilet facility. PAGE 7. I. HOUSING Question 71: Deals with present occupancy status of respondent (e.g. whether respondent is a tenant, house owner, etc). Question 72: Asks for the imputed rent per month? Where the occupancy is free, help respondent to estimate the amount that would have been paid of rented. Question 73: What is the main construction material used for the outer wall? Seeks information on the main construction material for the outer wall. Where the out wall is made of various materials, indicate the dominant one. Question 74: What is the household's main source of cooking fuel? Question seeks information about the main sources of cooking fuel, please select only one.

Questions75-76: The question seeks information on access and use of electricity. Ask about lighting and its source.

Questions 77-80: Seeks information about the characteristics of house occupied by the household.

Questions 81-86: Seek information about household assets/possessions and its estimated value in Ghana cedis.

PAGE 7. J. WASTE MANAGEMENT

Questions 87-89: Seeks information about waste management. Ask about the process and mode of waste disposal

PAGE 8. K. SOURCES OF INCOME

This section seeks information on all sources of income to the household including agricultural and none-agricultural incomes. You should help respondents to estimate the income obtained from such activities. Only items actually sold should be taken into consideration. Note should be taken of the fact that income from these activities may constitute the main/major source of income of the household. The amount should be recorded in cedis.

The respondent is the head of the household or the person best informed about the household income generating activities. PAYMENT IN KIND: This can be in the form of foodstuffs, cooked food, drinks, etc. The value of any payments in kind must be estimated and added to any cash payments and the total recorded. K.1. ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIES/SUSTENANCE ACTIVITIES This section asks about all income generation activities household engaged in during the past 12 months. It includes the estimated value of payment in kind. K.2 SALARIES AND WAGES FROM EMPLOYED MEMBERS This section seeks information of net salary for the past 12 months received by household members. PAGE 9. L. AGRICULTURE-FARMING The purpose of this section is to collect data on the household's agricultural activities. It covers agricultural assets such as land, livestock and equipment. Furthermore, it provides data on agricultural production, technology, processing, marketing, income and consumption patterns. Questions 115 – 116: The land referred to in this section covers all land owned by the household whether for agricultural or non-agricultural purpose. This includes land rented out to other persons. Land under cultivation by household members but owned by government or other households should be excluded. Question 117- 118. The questions seek information on crops harvested over the past 12 months and quantity in kilometres. Question 119-120: Takes stock of agricultural equipment owned by the household. PAGE 9. M. AGRICULTURE-LIVESTOCK AND/OR POULTRY RAISING Question 121-122. Seek information of livestock raised over the past 12 months and the volume of their product generated (including those sold and consumed). PAGE 9-10. O. CLIMATE CHANGE AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT This section seeks information of climate change and disaster risk management by households on their income generating activities. O.1. CROP FARMING Questions 123-129. Seeks information on climate change observations by households on crop farming activities O.2. LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY Questions 131-135. Seeks information on climate change observations by households on livestock and poultry farming activities O.3. FISHING Questions 136-140: Seeks information on climate change observations by households on fishing and fish farming activities Questions 141-154: Seeks information on observed effect of climate change temperature, electricity supply, water levels, water supply, flood, drought and evacuations over the past 3 years. PAGE 11. P. CALAMITY Questions 155- 158: Seeks information about calamities bestowed to households due to climate change. Page 11.Q. DISASTER PREPAREDNESS Questions 157-159: Ask respondents about the possession of disaster preparedness kits in households. PAGE 11. R. HUNGER Questions 160-162: Ask about household experience of hunger in the past 3 months. S. DEATH Questions 163-167: Ask about experience of death of household member in the past 12 months and the course of death. T. PROGRAMS Questions 168-172: Ask whether household members have benefited from any social protection programme in the past 12 months