Breedon Cement LTD (formally Hope Cement)

Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report September 2017

THIS PAGE IS LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY

Document Control Sheet

Issue/Revision Issue 1 Issue 2 Remarks Draft for comment Final Date July 2017 September 2017 Robert Hough Robert Hough Submitted to (Environmental Development (Environmental Development Technician) Technician) Hannah Smith Hannah Smith Prepared by (Senior Consultant) (Senior Consultant)

Signature

Jamie Clayton Jamie Clayton Approved by (Principal Consultant) (Principal Consultant)

Signature

Project number 6429027 6429027

Disclaimer

This Report was completed by Bureau Veritas on the basis of a defined programme of work and terms and conditions agreed with the Client. Bureau Veritas confirms that in preparing this Report it has exercised all reasonable skill and care taking into account the project objectives, the agreed scope of works, prevailing site conditions and the degree of manpower and resources allocated to the project. Bureau Veritas accepts no responsibility to any parties whatsoever, following the issue of the Report, for any matters arising outside the agreed scope of the works. This Report is issued in confidence to the Client and Bureau Veritas has no responsibility to any third parties to whom this Report may be circulated, in part or in full, and any such parties rely on the contents of the report solely at their own risk. Unless specifically assigned or transferred within the terms of the agreement, the consultant asserts and retains all Copyright, and other Intellectual Property Rights, in and over the Report and its contents. Any questions or matters arising from this Report should be addressed in the first instance to the Project Manager.

Bureau Veritas UK Limited Telephone: +44 (0) 207 6610700 Registered Office Parklands Fax: +44 (0) 207 6610741 Suite 308 Fort Dunlop 825a Wilmslow Road, Didsbury Registered in England 1758622 Fort Parkway M20 2RE www.bureauveritas.co.uk Birmingham B24 9FD

THIS PAGE IS LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY

Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Table of Contents

Executive Summary ...... 1 Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Scope of Study ...... 2 2 Dispersion Modelling Methodology ...... 4 2.1 Process Emissions ...... 4 2.2 Meteorology...... 6 2.3 Surface Characteristics ...... 8 2.4 Buildings ...... 10 2.5 Modelled Domain and Receptors ...... 10 2.6 Terrain ...... 15 2.7 Deposition ...... 16 2.8 Other Treatments ...... 19

2.9 Conversion of NO to NO 2 ...... 19 3 Background Pollutant Concentrations ...... 21 3.1 Sensitivity Analysis and Uncertainty ...... 22 3.2 Local Air Quality Management ...... 23 4 Relevant Legislation and Guidance ...... 24 4.1 EU Legislation ...... 24 4.2 UK Legislation ...... 24 4.3 Local Air Quality Management ...... 25 4.4 Environmental Permitting Regulations (EPR) ...... 26 4.5 Other Guideline Values ...... 27 4.6 Criteria Appropriate to the Assessment ...... 27 4.7 Critical Levels and Critical Loads Relevant to the Assessment of Ecological Receptors ..... 28 5 Dispersion Modelling Results ...... 30 5.1 Human Receptors ...... 30 5.2 Ecological Receptors ...... 45 6 Conclusions ...... 50 6.1 Dispersion Modelling Results ...... 50 Appendices ...... 52 Appendix A: Pollutant Concentration Isopleths ...... 53 Appendix B: Average Emission Rate Results ...... 59

List of Tables Table 2.1 – Model Input Parameters ...... 5 Table 2.2 – Quality Check on Meterological Data ...... 8 Table 2.3 – Typical Surface Roughness Lengths for Various Land Use Categories...... 8 Table 2.4 – Modelled Buildings ...... 10 Table 2.5 – Assessed Human Receptors ...... 11 Table 2.6 – Details of Modelled Ecological Receptors ...... 14 Table 2.7 – Recommended Deposition Velocities ...... 17 Table 2.8 – Deposition Conversion Factors ...... 18 Table 2.9 – Acidification Conversion Factors...... 18 Table 2.10 – Estimated Background Deposition Rates ...... 19 Bureau Veritas 6427468 i Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Table 3.1 – Background Annual Mean Concentrations used in the Assessment ...... 22 Table 4.1 – Air Quality Standards, Objectives and Environmental Assessment Levels ...... 28 Table 4.2 – Summary of Relevant Air Quality Standards and Environmental Assessment Levels for Ecological Receptors ...... 29 Table 4.3 – Typical Habitat and Species Information Concerning Nitrogen Deposition from APIS ..... 29

Table 5.1 – NH 3 Emission Rates ...... 30

Table 5.2 – NH 3 Impacts at Human Receptors – Annual Mean EAL ...... 30

Table 5.3 – NH 3 Impacts at Human Receptors – Hourly Mean EAL ...... 32

Table 5.4 – NO 2 Impacts at Human Receptors – Maximum Emission Rate...... 33

Table 5.5 – SO 2 Impacts at Human Receptors – Maximum Emission Rate ...... 35 Table 5.6 – CO Impacts at Human Receptors – Maximum Emission Rate ...... 37 Table 5.7 – PM Impacts at Human Receptors – Maximum Emission Rate ...... 38 Table 5.8 – TOC Impacts at Human Receptors – Maximum Emission Rate ...... 40 Table 5.9 – HCl Impacts at Human Receptors – Maximum Emission Rate ...... 41 Table 5.10 – Heavy Metal Impacts at Worst Case Receptor – Maximum Emission Rate ...... 42 Table 5.11 – Hg Impact at Worst Case Receptor – Maximum Emission Rate ...... 43 Table 5.12 – PAHs (as Benzo[a]pyrene) Impacts at Worst Case Receptor – Maximum Emission Rate ...... 43 Table 5.13 – PCBs Impacts at Human Receptors – Maximum Emission Rate ...... 44 Table 5.14 – Dioxins and Furan Impacts at Worst Case Receptor – Maximum Emission Rate ...... 44 Table 5.15 – Cadmium & Thallium Impacts at Worst Case Receptor – Maximum Emission Rate ...... 44 Table 5.16 – HF Impacts at Human Receptors – Maximum Emission Rate ...... 45

Table 5.17 – NH 3 Impacts at Ecological Receptors ...... 45

Table 5.18 – NO x Impacts at Ecological Receptors – Maximum Emission Rate ...... 46

Table 5.19 – SO 2 Impacts at Ecological Receptors – Maximum Emission Rate ...... 46 Table 5.20 – HF Impacts at Ecological Receptors – Maximum Emission Rate ...... 47 Table 5.21 – Nitrogen Deposition Rates at Ecological Receptors – Maximum Emission Rate ...... 47 Table 5.22 – Nitrogen Component of Acid Deposition Rates at Ecological Receptors – Maximum Emission Rate ...... 48 Table 5.23 – Sulphur Component of Acid Deposition Rates at Ecological Receptors – Maximum Emission Rate ...... 48 Table 5.24 – Chlorine Component of Acid Deposition Rates at Ecological Receptors – Maximum Emission Rate ...... 49

Table B.1 – NO 2 Impacts at Human Receptors – Average Emission Rate ...... 60

Table B.2 – SO 2 Impacts at Human Receptors – Average Emission Rate ...... 61 Table B.3 – CO Impacts at Human Receptors – Average Emission Rate ...... 62 Table B.4 – PM Impacts at Human Receptors – Average Emission Rate ...... 63 Table B.5 – TOC Impacts at Human Receptors – Average Emission Rate ...... 64 Table B.6 – HCl Impacts at Human Receptors – Average Emission Rate ...... 65 Table B.7 – Heavy Metal Impacts at Worst Case Receptor – Average Emission Rate...... 67 Table B.8 – Hg Impacts at Worst Case Receptor – Average Emission Rate ...... 67 Table B.9 – PAHs (as Benzo[a]pyrene) Impacts at Worst Case Receptor – Average Emission Rate . 67

Bureau Veritas 6427468 ii Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Table B.10 – PCBs Impacts at Worst Case Receptor – Average Emission Rate ...... 67 Table B.11 – Dioxins and Furan Impacts at Worst Case Receptor – Average Emission Rate ...... 67 Table B.12 – Cadmium & Thallium Impacts at Worst Case Receptor – Average Emission Rate ...... 68 Table B.13 – HF Impacts at Worst Case Receptor – Average Emission Rate ...... 68

Table B.14 – NO x Impacts at Ecological Receptors – Average Emission Rate ...... 68

Table B.15 – SO 2 Impacts at Ecological Receptors – Average Emission Rate ...... 68 Table B.16 – HF Impacts at Ecological Receptors – Average Emission Rate ...... 69 Table B.17 – Nitrogen Deposition Rates at Ecological Receptors – Average Emission Rate ...... 69 Table B.18 – Nitrogen Component of Acid Deposition Rates at Ecological Receptors – Average Emission Rate ...... 69 Table B.19 – Sulphur Component of Acid Deposition Rates at Ecological Receptors – Average Emission Rate ...... 70 Table B.20 – Chlorine Component Acid Deposition Rates at Ecological Receptors – Average Emission Rate ...... 70

List of Figures

Figure 2.1 – Emission Point Visualisation and Buildings ...... 6 Figure 2.2 – 2016 NWP Hope Data ...... 7 Figure 2.3 – Location of Modelled Human Receptors ...... 13 Figure 2.4 – Location of Modelled Ecological Receptors ...... 15 Figure 2.5 – Terrain Data Input to the ADMS 5 Model ...... 16

Figure A.1 – Annual Mean NO 2 process contribution isopleth assuming the maximum emission rate (µg/m 3) ...... 54 th Figure A.2 – 99.79 Percentile of 1 Hour Mean NO 2 process contribution isopleth assuming the maximum emission rate ( µg/m 3) ...... 55

Figure A.3 – 24 Hour Mean SO 2 process contribution isopleth assuming the maximum emission rate (µg/m 3) ...... 56

Figure A.4 – 1 Hour Mean SO 2 process contribution isopleth assuming the maximum emission rate (µg/m 3) ...... 57

Figure A.5 – 15 Minute Mean SO 2 process contribution isopleth assuming the maximum emission rate (µg/m 3) ...... 58

Bureau Veritas 6427468 iii Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Executive Summary

Bureau Veritas have been commissioned by Breedon Cement LTD (formally Hope Cement LTD) to undertake a detailed operational dispersion modelling assessment of emissions to air from the cement kilns at the Breedon Cement Works site. A previous assessment was carried out by Bureau Veritas in 2011 and focused on the implications of potential revisions to emissions limits that may be implemented at the site in 2013 following transposition into UK regulations of the European Industrial Emissions Directive IED (IPPC recast), which came into force in January 2011.

The Environmental Agency (EA) issued a Notice under regulation 60(1) of the Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2010 (a Regulation 60 Notice) on 30 April 2014 requiring the operator to provide information to demonstrate where the operation of their installation currently meets, or how it will subsequently meet, the revised standards described in the relevant Best Available Technique (BAT) Conclusions document. Breedon Cement LTD submitted their response on 8 January 2015 with further information provided up to June 2016. As a consequence of the response, a variation notice was issued to ensure the Breedon Cement operations continue to comply with all relevant legal requirements. The notice included two improvement conditions relating to air quality.

In order to meet the requirements of condition IP13 and establish an appropriate ammonia (NH 3) limit value the study has:

° Ascertained background NH 3 levels at nearby sites in the National Ammonia Monitoring Network;

° Analysed Continuous Emission Monitoring (CEM) data from the Breedon Cement site to ascertain examples of different rates of NH 3 slip emissions during a variety of operational conditions and;

° Assessed impacts of three different NH 3 emission rates using dispersion modelling in order to allow for an Emission Limit Value (ELV) for NH 3 to be proposed to the EA.

In order to meet the requirements of the condition IP14, emission rates during maximum clinker production have be calculated using CEM and bi-annual monitoring data for the following pollutants:

° Particulate Matter (PM 10 and PM 2.5 );

° Oxides of Nitrogen (NO 2 And NO x);

° Carbon Monoxide (CO);

° Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2);

° Total Organic Compounds (TOC);

° Hydrogen Chloride (HCl);

° Hydrogen Fluoride (HF);

° Cadmium (Cd), Thallium (Tl) and their compounds (total);

° Mercury (Hg) and its compounds;

Bureau Veritas 6427468 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

° Antimony (Sb), Arsenic (As), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni) and Vanadium (V) and their compounds;

° Dioxins / Furans;

° Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs); and

° Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs).

Detailed dispersion modelling was undertaken for the cement kilns emissions to air from the Breedon Cement Works site using the dispersion model ADMS 5.

The dispersion modelling demonstrated that even when the emission rate was calculated to be twice the measured maximum rate of release, NH 3 concentrations did not exceed the annual mean EAL of 180µg/m 3, or the 1-hour EAL of 2,500µg/m 3 at any of the human receptors assessed. Furthermore, at all ecological sites considered the Predicted Environmental Concentrations (PECs) were below the NH 3 annual mean Environmental Assessment Level (EAL) of 3µg/m 3, assuming twice the measured maximum emission rate. Therefore it is predicted that the proposed ELV of 110mg/Nm 3 will not cause significant impacts to the surrounding environment.

The dispersion modelling demonstrated that assuming the maximum emission rate for all pollutants assessed, the predicted environmental concentrations at human receptor locations will not be significant, and consequently emissions to air from the cement kilns are not expected to cause adverse effects upon the health of the local population. At all ecological sites considered, the PECs are below the NO x, NH 3 and SO 2 long-term and NO x short-term assessment metrics, assuming the maximum emission rate. As no background concentration was available for hydrogen fluoride, the Process Contributions (PCs) were compared against the daily and monthly EAL. There were no exceedances predicted at any of the ecological sites considered for HF.

The Predicted Environmental Deposition Rates (PEDRs) of nutrient nitrogen deposition exceeded the maximum critical load at all of the assessed ecological receptors. However, these exceedances were due to the background deposition rate at the ecological receptor locations already exceeding the maximum critical load. The PCs did not exceed the minimum critical load at any of the ecological sites and therefore can be regarded as not significant.

The PEDRs of the nitrogen component of acid deposition exceed the maximum critical load at all of the assessed ecological receptors. However, these exceedances were due to the background nitric acid deposition rate already exceeding the maximum critical load. The PCs did not exceed the minimum critical load at any of the ecological sites and therefore can be regarded as not significant.

The PEDRs of the sulphur component of acid deposition exceed the maximum critical load at all of the assessed ecological receptors. However, these exceedances were due to the background sulphuric acid deposition rate already exceeding the maximum critical load. The PCs did not exceed the minimum critical load at any of the ecological sites and therefore can be regarded as not significant.

As the assessment did not conclude any significant effects to either ecological or human receptors it is not necessary to undertake an ‘in-combination’ assessment as per improvement condition IP14.

It should be noted that the results in Section 5 represent the impacts derived from assuming the maximum emission rates for the pollutants. Therefore, these results are showing the worst case scenario at the Breedon Cement site. The impacts derived from the average emission rates for the pollutants can be found in Appendix B for comparison.

Bureau Veritas 6427468 i Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

1 Introduction

Bureau Veritas have been commissioned by Breedon Cement LTD (formally Hope Cement LTD) to undertake a detailed operational dispersion modelling assessment of emissions to air from the cement kilns at the Breedon Cement Works site. A previous assessment was carried out by Bureau Veritas in 2011 and focused on the implications of potential revisions to emissions limits that may be implemented at the site in 2013 following transposition into UK regulations of the European Industrial Emissions Directive IED (IPPC recast), which came into force in January 2011.

The Environmental Agency (EA) issued a Notice under regulation 60(1) of the Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2010 (a Regulation 60 Notice) on 30 April 2014 requiring the operator to provide information to demonstrate where the operation of their installation currently meets, or how it will subsequently meet, the revised standards described in the relevant Best Available Technique (BAT) Conclusions document. Breedon Cement LTD submitted their response on 8 January 2015 with further information provided up to June 2016. As a consequence of the response, a variation notice was issued to ensure the Breedon Cement operations continue to comply with all relevant legal requirements. The notice included two improvement conditions relating to air quality which will be addressed within this assessment. The conditions are as follows:

IP13: Ammonia ELV and associated environmental impact assessment

“The operator shall submit a report to the Environment Agency proposing an Ammonia Emission Limit Value (ELV) for each kilns, for written approval by the EA. The report shall include the following, as a minimum: ° Assessment of ambient (background) ammonia levels; ° Assessment of ammonia slip emissions arising from the use of SNCR (Selective non- catalytic reduction) operations and at varying operational conditions; ° Assessment of impacts (Predicted Environmental Concentration) at the proposed ELV.

The assessment of impacts shall be undertaken using emissions rates without confidence correction applied (IED chIV), and shall be calculated at the maximum production capacity, or any future maximum capacity, if a further increase is planned (in order to ensure the worst case scenario is covered). The assessment shall consider the impacts at discrete receptors, including non-statutory sites such as Local Wildlife sites and SSSIs within 2km and European sites within 10km of the installation.

Following completion of this condition, the EA will set an ELV for inclusion within Table S3.1.”

IP14: Environmental impact assessment of emissions

”The operator shall submit a report to the EA, for approval in writing, detailing the findings of an assessment of predicted impacts of emissions to air of all parameters listed in Table S3.1. The assessment shall use emission rates which: ° Are calculated without confidence correction applied (IED ch IV) ° Are based upon maximum clinker production rates (as stated within the introductory note to this notice) or any future maximum capacity, if a further increase is planned.

The report shall consider impacts at both peak concentration and discrete receptors, including non-statutory sites such as Local Wildlife sites and SSSIs within 2 km and European sites within 10km of the installation, and shall consider nitrogen and acid deposition in addition to the Predicted Environmental Concentrations. Where the impact assessment concludes a likely significant effect, the Operator shall carry out an In Combination assessment. The EA will use the data produced for an appropriate assessment, for agreement with Natural England, and may change ELVs within Table S3.1 and/or impose annual limits following completion of this condition.”

Bureau Veritas 6427468 1 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

1.1 Scope of Study

Breedon cement works is located in the Hope Valley in the Peak District, Derbyshire, 20km west of Sheffield, in the Borough of High Peak. The sites immediate surroundings are predominantly rural in character, surrounded by the villages of Hope (1km north of the site), Castleton (1.5km northwest) and Bradwell (1km south of the site). To the west, the nearest urban area is Chapel- en-le-Frith, approximately 10km from the site.

There are a number of isolated properties within 10km of the site, which have been taken into account in this assessment. There are also several protected sites within 10km of the works. Further information on nearby sensitive receptors taken into account in the assessment is provided in Section 2.5.

The assessment approach taken for each improvement condition is outlined below.

1.1.1 IP13

BAT Condition 20 specifies that when selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) is used, BAT is to achieve efficient NO x reductions, while keeping the ammonia (NH 3) slip as low as possible. This is done by ensuring an NH 3 slip BAT Associated Emission Level (BAT-AEL) of less than 30- 50mg/Nm 3 (daily average). Breedon Cement LTD initially proposed a daily average Emission Limit Value (ELV) of 110mg/Nm3 based on emissions testing undertaken in 2014. As no environmental impact assessment was carried out assuming the proposed ELV the improvement condition IP13 was issued. In order to meet the requirements of the condition and establish an appropriate NH 3 limit value the study has:

° Ascertained background NH 3 levels at nearby sites in the National Ammonia Monitoring Network;

° Analysed Continuous Emission Monitoring (CEM) data from the Breedon Cement site to ascertain examples of different rates of NH 3 slip emissions during a variety of operational conditions and;

° Assessed impacts of three different NH 3 emission rates using dispersion modelling in order to allow for an ELV for NH 3 to be proposed to the EA.

The calculation of NH 3 emission rates was undertaken using CEM data without the confidence correction outlined in Industrial Emission Directive (IED) Chapter IV being applied. Emission rates were calculated from periods of maximum production capacity and allowed for any planned increase in production capacity at the Breedon Cement site.

1.1.2 IP14

Breedon Cement LTD is working to increase clinker production capacity by 11.5% from 1.3 million tonnes per annum to 1.45 million tonnes per annum. The EA therefore require an updated environmental impact assessment to take into consideration the increase in capacity. In order to meet the requirements of the condition, emission rates during maximum clinker production have be calculated using CEM and bi-annual monitoring data for the following pollutants:

° Particulate Matter (PM 10 and PM 2.5 );

° Oxides of Nitrogen (NO 2 And NO x);

° Carbon Monoxide (CO);

° Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2);

Bureau Veritas 6427468 2 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

° Total Organic Compounds (TOC);

° Hydrogen Chloride (HCl);

° Hydrogen Fluoride (HF);

° Cadmium (Cd), Thallium (Tl) and their compounds (total);

° Mercury (Hg) and its compounds;

° Antimony (Sb), Arsenic (As), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni) and Vanadium (V) and their compounds;

° Dioxins / Furans;

° Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs); and

° Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs).

The local ambient air quality impacts of the above pollutants (in relation to human health, against ambient air quality standards and objectives) and impacts on sensitive vegetation/species based on comparison of ambient pollutant concentrations and deposition rates with critical levels and critical loads at key sites (excluding a formal Habitats Assessment) were assessed.

Bureau Veritas 6427468 3 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

2 Dispersion Modelling Methodology

Detailed dispersion modelling was undertaken to assess the pollutant emissions to air. ADMS 5 Version 5.2.1 modelling software with Surfer Version 10.7 was used for this study.

ADMS 5 is an advanced atmospheric dispersion model that has been developed and validated by Cambridge Environmental Research Consultants (CERC). The model was used to predict the ground level concentration of products emitted to the atmosphere from the cement kilns at the Breedon Cement site. The model has been used extensively throughout the UK for regulatory compliance purposes and is accepted as an appropriate air quality modelling tool by the EA and local authorities.

ADMS 5 parameterises stability and turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) by the Monin-Obukhov length and the boundary layer depth. This approach allows the vertical structure of the ABL to be more accurately defined than by the stability classification methods of earlier dispersion models such as R91 or ISCST3. In ADMS, the concentration distribution follows a symmetrical Gaussian profile in the vertical and crosswind directions in neutral and stable conditions. However, the vertical profile in convective conditions follows a skewed Gaussian distribution to take account of the inhomogeneous nature of the vertical velocity distribution in the Convective Boundary Layer (CBL).

A number of complex modules, including the effects of plume rise, complex terrain, coastlines, concentration fluctuations, radioactive decay and buildings effects, are also included in the model, as well as the facility to calculate long-term averages of hourly mean concentration, dry and wet deposition fluxes, and percentile concentrations, from either statistical meteorological data or hourly average data.

A range of input parameters are required including, among others, data describing the local area, meteorological measurements and emissions data. The data used in modelling the emissions are given in the following sections of this chapter.

2.1 Process Emissions

Details of the cement kilns at the Breedon Cement site have been provided to Bureau Veritas by Breedon Cement LTD. There are two cement kilns on site (Kiln 1 and Kiln 2) which release pollutants generated from the combustion of kilns fuel. The emissions from each kilns are fed into a single stack located above the Preheater Tower Building. The location of the stack included in the dispersion model is illustrated in Figure 2.1. Stack Parameters and emission rates used in the assessment are summarised in Table 2.1.

Bureau Veritas 6427468 4 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Table 2.1 – Model Input Parameters

Parameter Cement Kilns Stack Location (XY) a 416490, 382450 Stack Height (m) a 132.588 Stack Diameter (m) a 4.394 Efflux Velocity (m/s) b 19 Efflux Temperature (°C) c 192 Emission Rates (g/s unless Daily Maximum Average stated) d NO x 170.8 90.0 PM d 3.5 0.2 HCl d 4.4 1.6 d SO 2 304.4 95.2 d NH 3 17.3 8.6 TOC d 19.1 10.1 CO d 480.4 301.7 Cd, Tl e 0.02153 0.0116 Hg e 0.00025 0.0002 HF 0.01428 0.0081 PAHs as Benzo[a]pyrene e 0.00006 0.00002 Dioxins / Furans e (µg/s) 0.24500 0.0752 PCBs e (µg/s) 0.02881 0.0157 Heavy Metals e As 0.00009 0.00005 Co 0.00211 0.0006 Cr 0.00147 0.0006 Cu 0.00417 0.0014 Mn 0.00307 0.0009 Ni 0.00177 0.0007 Pb 0.00117 0.0005 Sb 0.00008 0.00005 V 0.00004 0.00004 a Information provided by Breedon Cement LTD b Efflux velocity calculated from actual volumetric flow rate and stack area derived from bi-annual monitoring reports c Temperature calculated from bi-annual monitoring reports for 2015 and 2016 d Emission rates derived from 2015 and 2016 CEMs data for Kiln 1 and Kiln 2 e Emission rates derived from 2015 and 2016 bi-annual monitoring reports for Kiln 1 and Kiln 2

Bureau Veritas 6427468 5 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Figure 2.1 – Emission Point Visualisation and Buildings

2.2 Meteorology

For meteorological data to be suitable for dispersion modelling purposes, a number of meteorological parameters need to be measured on an hourly basis. These parameters include wind speed, wind direction, cloud cover and temperature. There are only a limited number of sites where the required meteorological measurements are made. The year of meteorological data that is used for a modelling assessment can also have a significant effect on ground level concentrations.

Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) hourly sequential meteorological data centred at the cement works has been used. NWP datasets are based on the Unified Model operated by the UK Met Office for the purposes of forecasting weather conditions. There are a number of advantages in using NWP data:

° The data is produced to site specifically representative of the location of interest, which should allow better determination of typical wind directions in an area.

° The data has a high data capture percentage (8,167 lines of usable data, equating to 93% data capture) which can provide a better estimation when predicting percentiles.

° The data includes the Unified Model estimates of cloud cover, sensible heat flux and boundary layer depth, which are used directly by the ADMS model. This is in contrast to using observed data, which provides only cloud cover as the minimum additional

Bureau Veritas 6427468 6 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

parameter (in addition to wind patterns) that the model requires to estimate heat flux and boundary layer depths.

The use of NWP data is designed to allow the directional nature of the local winds to be taken into account. The cement works are located in the Hope Valley, and winds around the site are strongly directional, due to the influence of the surrounding terrain. The dominant wind direction at the works is from the west, due to the east-west orientation of the valley. The wind rose for the NWP 2016 meteorological data is shown in Figure 2.2, where the dominant westerly winds can be clearly identified.

The choice of 2016 NWP Hope data for the current study was informed by an earlier dispersion modelling study carried out for the Breedon Cement (formally Hope Cement) works 1. There are no weather stations operated by the UK Meteorological Office in the vicinity of the site, with the nearest station, Leek Thorncliffe, approximately 27km southwest of the works. This study concluded that the wind roses represented by the Leek Thorncliffe observational data were not representative of the wind-flows in the valley near the cement works. Moreover, the records collated by an on-site weather station at the works were found to be of inadequate quality and data capture for the purposes of air dispersion modelling.

A check on the data quality of the NWP dataset is summarised in Table 2.2. As the data are synthesised, there are no missing hours in the data set. However, the model does not include ‘calm’ meteorological data (data with wind speed at 10m, less than 0.75m/s) in the model run. As a consequence, the availability of usable hours of meteorological data is 93% for the year. This fulfils the minimum requirements for dispersion modelling as advised in best-practice guidance 2.

Figure 2.2 – 2016 NWP Hope Data

0° 2000 330° 30°

1500

300° 60° 1000

500

270° 90°

240° 120°

210° 150°

180° 180° 0 3 6 10 16 (knots) Wind speed 0 1.5 3.1 5.1 8.2 (m/s)

1 Lafarge Cement UK – UK Air Dispersion Modelling - Hope Cement Works – Report AGGX4430837/EC/2736, 2011 2 Defra Technical Guidance LAQM.TG(16), 2016

Bureau Veritas 6427468 7 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Table 2.2 – Quality Check on Meterological Data

ADMS Meteorological Input Data 2016 NWP Hope

Number of hourly meteorological lines 8,784 Number of meteorological lines with calm conditions at 10 m 617 height) less than 0.75 m/s Number of meteorological lines with inadequate data 0 Number of non -calm meteorological lines with wind speeds (at 10 8,167 m height) greater than 0.75 m/s

2.3 Surface Characteristics

The predominant surface characteristics and land use in a model domain have an important influence in determining turbulent fluxes and, hence, the stability of the boundary layer and atmospheric dispersion. Factors pertinent to this determination are detailed below.

2.3.1 Surface Roughness

Surface roughness length, z0, represents the aerodynamic effects of surface friction and is physically defined as the height at which the extrapolated surface layer wind profile tends to zero. This value is an important parameter used by meteorological pre-processors to interpret the vertical profile of wind speed and estimate friction velocities which are, in turn, used to define heat and momentum fluxes and, consequently, the degree of turbulent mixing.

The surface roughness length is related to the height of surface elements; typically, the surface roughness length is approximately 10% of the height of the main surface features. Thus, it follows that surface roughness is higher in urban and congested areas than in rural and open areas. Oke (1987) and CERC (2003) suggest typical roughness lengths for various land use categories (Table 2.3).

Table 2.3 – Typical Surface Roughness Lengths for Various Land Use Categories

Type of Surface z0 (m) Ice 0.00001 Smooth snow 0.00005 Smooth sea 0.0002 Lawn grass 0.01 Pasture 0.2 Isolated settlement (farms, trees, hedges) 0.4 Parkland, woodlands, villages, open suburbia 0.5-1.0 Forests/cities/industrialised areas 1.0-1.5 Heavily industrialised areas 1.5-2.0

Increasing surface roughness increases turbulent mixing in the lower boundary layer. This can often have conflicting impacts in terms of ground level concentrations:

° The increased mixing can bring portions of an elevated plume down towards ground level, resulting in increased ground level concentrations closer to the emission source; however; and

° The increased mixing increases entrainment of ambient air into the plume and dilutes plume concentrations, resulting in reduced ground level concentrations further downwind from an emission source.

Bureau Veritas 6427468 8 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

The overall impact on ground level concentration is, therefore, strongly correlated to the distance and orientation of a receptor from the emission source.

2.3.2 Surface Energy Budget

One of the key factors governing the generation of convective turbulence is the magnitude of the surface sensible heat flux. This, in turn, is a factor of the incoming solar radiation. However, not all solar radiation arriving at the Earth’s surface is available to be emitted back to atmosphere in the form of sensible heat. By adopting a surface energy budget approach, it can be identified that, for fixed values of incoming short and long wave solar radiation, the surface sensible heat flux is inversely proportional to the surface albedo and latent heat flux.

The surface albedo is a measure of the fraction of incoming short-wave solar radiation reflected by the Earth’s surface. This parameter is dependent upon surface characteristics and varies throughout the year. Oke (1987) recommends average surface albedo values of 0.6 for snow covered ground and 0.23 for non-snow covered ground, respectively.

The latent heat flux is dependent upon the amount of moisture present at the surface. The Priestly-Taylor parameter can be used to represent the amount of moisture available for evaporation:

α = 1 ()+ S B 1

Where:

α = Priestly-Taylor parameter (dimensionless)

s S = s + γ

de s = dT

es = Saturation specific humidity (kg H 2O / kg dry air)

T = Temperature (K)

c pw γ = λ

- c pw = Specific heat capacity of water (kJ/kg /K)

λ = Specific latent heat of vaporisation of water (kJ/kg)

B = Bowen ratio (dimensionless)

Areas where moisture availability is greater will experience a greater proportion of incoming solar radiation released back to atmosphere in the form of latent heat, leaving less available in the form of sensible heat and, thus, decreasing convective turbulence. Holstag and van Ulden (1983) suggest values of 0.45 and 1.0 for dry grassland and moist grassland respectively.

Bureau Veritas 6427468 9 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

2.3.3 Selection of Appropriate Surface Characteristic Parameters for the Site

A detailed analysis of the effects of surface characteristics on ground level concentrations by Auld et al. (2002) led them to conclude that, with respect to uncertainty in model predictions:

“…the energy budget calculations had relatively little impact on the overall uncertainty”

In this regard, it is not considered necessary to vary the surface energy budget parameters spatially or temporally, and annual averaged values have been adopted throughout the model domain for this assessment.

As snow covered ground is only likely to be present for a small fraction of the year, the surface albedo of 0.23 for non-snow covered ground advocated by Oke (1987) has been used whilst the model default α value of 1.0 has also been retained.

From examination of 1:10,000 Ordnance Survey maps, it can be seen that within the immediate vicinity of the site, land use is predominately villages and open suburbia. Consequently, a composite surface roughness length of 0.5m is appropriate to take account of the respective land use categories in the model domain.

2.4 Buildings

Any large, sharp-edged object has an impact on atmospheric flow and air turbulence within the locality of the object. This can result in maximum ground level concentrations that are significantly different (generally higher) from those encountered in the absence of buildings. The building ‘zone of influence’ is generally regarded as extending a distance of 5L (where L is the lesser of the building height or width) from the foot of the building in the horizontal plane and three times the height of the building in the vertical plane.

Sensitivity testing carried out in previous air quality modelling for Lafarge cement works 3 have shown that the inclusion of buildings within the model can lead to significant increase in predicted ground concentrations as plume dispersion is hindered by the presence of buildings and plume grounding occurs closer to the site than would otherwise be expected.

For this assessment, downwash effects were taken into account for the dominant buildings in the vicinity of the source, by setting up a set of “grouped” buildings in the dispersion model (see Table 2.4 and Figure 2.1). The building input to the model are somewhat larger than their actual size (as indicated on site plans) in order to ensure a conservative approach, allowing for smaller buildings and the complex configuration of other structures on site (which cannot be included individually into the model set-up).

Table 2.4 – Modelled Buildings

Centre Centre Height Length / Width Angle Name Easting Northing (m) Diameter (m) (m) (º) (m) (m) Preheater Tower 416509 382449 68 48 64 129

2.5 Modelled Domain and Receptors

2.5.1 Modelled Domain

A 15km x 15km Cartesian grid centred on the cement works was modelled, with an approximate receptor resolution of 350m, to assess the impact of atmospheric emissions from the site on local

3 Lafarge Cement UK – Dunbar Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling – Report AGGX0924/BV/2561 – September 2008

Bureau Veritas 6427468 10 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

air quality. The grid resolution has been selected to ensure that all local receptors are within the gridded area and the resolution is such that the maximum impact will be identified.

The height of all receptors has been assumed to be 1.5m to represent inhalation exposure.

2.5.2 Human Receptors

The receptors considered were chosen based on locations where people may be located and judged in terms of the likely duration of their exposure to pollutants and proximity to the site, following the guidance given in Section 4 of this report. Details of the locations of human receptors are given in Table 2.5 and illustrated Figure 2.3 below.

Concentrations have been predicted at 60 specific receptor locations within a radius of 10km from the site. The majority of the human receptors included are at residential locations due to the nature of the surrounding area. Camp sites, schools and caravan parks have also been considered. The guidance documents are detailed in Section 4 of this report.

Table 2.5 – Assessed Human Receptors

Distance from ID Receptor Name Easting (m) Northing (m) Category Site (km) 1 College 1 416737.9 383407.5 School 1.0 2 Caravan Park 417354.5 381952 Home 1.0 3 Pindale Farm 1 416066.3 382417.6 Home 0.4 4 Pindale Farm 2 416128.3 382457.4 Home 0.4 5 Hope Valley 1 416455.3 383435.6 Home 1.0 6 Hope Valley 2 416822.7 383379.4 Home 1.0 7 Hope Valley 3 417233.9 383745.9 Home 1.5 8 Hope Valley School 417165.7 383728.3 School 1.4 9 Laneside Farm 417916.3 383041.5 Home 1.5 10 Brough Farm 417993.3 382469.2 Home 1.5 11 Stretfield 417678.6 382067.5 Home 1.2 12 Bradwell 417231.7 381736.2 Home 1.4 13 Bradwell School 417231.7 381314.7 School 1.0 14 Bradwell 2 416686.9 381395 Home 1.1 15 Paradise Farm 416247.8 381079.1 Home 1.4 16 Castleton 415348.6 382649.2 Home 1.2 17 Castleton School 415072.3 382976 School 1.5 18 Caravan Castleton 415628.7 383424 Caravan Park 1.3 19 Fullwood Farm 417101.3 384839.4 Home 2.5 20 Borough Caravan Park 418479.3 382961.7 Caravan Park 2.0 21 Aston 418376.9 383971 Home 2.4 22 Thornhill 419754.9 383477.9 Home 3.4 23 Shatton 419873.8 382377.3 Home 3.4 24 Parkin Clough 419991.5 384926.3 Home 4.3 25 Bamford 420487.9 383306.2 Home 4.1 26 Bamford School 420799.4 383595.7 School 4.4 27 Elmore Hill Farm 418604.7 382066.9 Home 2.1 28 Abney 419756 379971.4 Home 4.1 29 Hazelbadge 417151.9 380070.4 Home 2.5 30 Grange Farm 419051.6 378598.3 Home 4.6

Bureau Veritas 6427468 11 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Distance from ID Receptor Name Easting (m) Northing (m) Category Site (km) 31 Great Hucklow 417663.7 377947.9 Home 4.7 32 Little Hucklow 416179 378777.7 home 3.7 33 Camp site 413174.3 382147.8 Camp site 3.3 34 Vale of Edale 412342.2 385278 Home 5.0 35 Edale Mill 413396.6 385395.8 Home 4.3 36 Nether Booth 414291.4 386070.4 Home 4.2 37 Fields Farm 415400.8 384083.8 Home 2.0 38 Upper Fullwood Farm 416099.7 386416 Home 4.0 39 Crookhill Farm 418680.7 386868.4 Home 4.9 40 Ashopten 419669 386492 Home 5.1 41 Crookhill Farm 422389.8 383342 Home 6.0 42 Moscar 423655.5 388186.9 Home 9.2 43 Hathersage School 423426.5 381704.3 School 7.0 44 Hathersage 422102.5 381976.1 Home 5.6 45 Grindleford 423971.4 378141.6 Home 8.6 46 Eyam 420464.8 377367.8 Home 6.4 47 Foolow 419096.7 376995.8 Home 6.0 48 Stoney Middleton 422925.8 375533.1 Home 9.4 49 Wardlow 418091.9 375667.4 Home 7.0 50 Tideswell 414990.3 376241.9 Home 6.4 51 Wheston 413407.6 376396 Home 6.8 52 Wormhill 410985.2 375015.8 Home 9.2 53 Litton 416391.4 375346 Home 7.1 54 Peak Forest 411414.4 379259.8 School 6.0 55 Sparrowpit 409043.7 380714.8 Home 7.6 56 Upperend 409032.7 376114.2 Home 9.8 57 Doveholes 407928.7 378498.2 Home 9.4 58 Chapel-en-le-Frith 406819.3 380714.8 Home 9.8 59 Malcoff 407207.8 382763.1 Home 9.3 60 Barber Booth 411346.1 384782.7 Home 5.6

Bureau Veritas 6427468 12 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Figure 2.3 – Location of Modelled Human Receptors

Bureau Veritas 6427468 13 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

2.5.3 Ecological Receptors

The Environment Agency’s Air Emissions Risk (AER) Guidance provides the following detail regarding consideration of ecological receptors:

° Check if there are any of the following within 10km of your site (within 15km if you operate a large electric power station or refinery):

o Special Protection Areas (SPAs)

o Special Areas of Conservation (SACs)

o Ramsar Sites (protected wetlands)

° Check if there are any of the following within 2 km of your site:

o Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs)

o Local Nature Sites (ancient woods, local wildlife sites, Sites of Nature Conservation Importance (SNCIs) and national and local nature reserves).

Following the above guidance, Table 2.6 provides details of ecological receptors which should be considered within this assessment.

Table 2.6 – Details of Modelled Ecological Receptors

Distance Easting Northing ID Receptor Name Type from the (m) (m) site (km) Peak District Moors (South Pennine Moors A SPA 420482 384514 4.5 Phase 1) B South Pennine Moors SAC 410777 383329 5.6 C Peak District Dales SAC 411809 378587 6.1 D Castleton SSSI 413247 382357 1.4 E South Lee Meadows SSSI 417036 382067 0.2 F Bradwell Dale & Bagshaw Cavern SSSI 417036 381011 1.2 G Dirtlow Rake & Pindale SSSI 416168 382382 0.4 Note: Coordinates represent the location of the closest point of the ecological receptor to the site, and therefore the location of the predicted maximum impact.

Bradwell Dale & Bagshaw Cavern and Dirtlow Rake & Pindale SSSIs do not have any habitat interest features listed in the UK Air Pollution Information System (APIS) database and there are no Critical Loads available for these sites. Therefore, they have not been taken into account in this assessment.

For each conservation area the predicted concentration and deposition at the closest point of the ecological receptor to the site was compared against relevant Critical Levels and Critical Loads. The location of designated sites considered in this assessment is shown in Figure 2.4.

Bureau Veritas 6427468 14 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Figure 2.4 – Location of Modelled Ecological Receptors

South Lee Meadows (SSSI)

2.6 Terrain

Complex terrain can have a significant effect on the dispersion of a stack plume. As a result, pollutant concentrations at ground level may be higher or lower than on a flat area, depending on the topography. This effect can be taken into account by the dispersion model.

As the cement works are located in a valley the local terrain could have a significant effect on the dispersion of pollutants, the terrain module operated within ADMS 5 has been used to generate a high resolution terrain file. Topographical data for the surrounding area has been obtained from Ordnance Survey (OS) OpenData, covering an area of approximately 25km × 25km centred on the cement works. The resulting terrain grid is shown is shown below in Figure 2.5.

Bureau Veritas 6427468 15 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Figure 2.5 – Terrain Data Input to the ADMS 5 Model

2.7 Deposition

The predominant route by which emissions will affect land in the vicinity of a process is by deposition of atmospheric emissions. Potential ecological receptors can be sensitive to the deposition of pollutants, particularly nitrogen and sulphur compounds as well as minor pollutants such as HCl, which can affect the character of the habitat through eutrophication and acidification.

Deposition processes in the form of dry and wet deposition remove material from a plume and alter the plume concentration. Dry deposition occurs when particles are brought to the surface by gravitational settling and turbulence. They are then removed from the atmosphere by deposition on the land surface. Wet deposition occurs due to rainout (within cloud) scavenging and washout (below cloud) scavenging of the material in the plume. These processes lead to a variation with downwind distance of the plume strength and may alter the shape of the vertical concentration profile as dry deposition only occurs at the surface.

Near to sources of pollutants (< 2 km), dry deposition is the predominant removal mechanism (Fangmeier et al. 1994). Dry deposition may be quantified from the near-surface plume concentration and the deposition velocity (Chamberlin and Chadwick, 1953);

F = v C()yx 0,, d d where:

2 Fd = dry deposition flux ( µg/m /s)

vd = deposition velocity (m/s)

C yx )0,,( = ground level concentration ( µg/m3)

Bureau Veritas 6427468 16 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Assuming irreversible uptake, the total wet deposition rate is found by integrating through a vertical column of air;

z = Λ Fw ∫ C dz 0 where;

2 Fw = wet deposition flux ( µg/m /s)

Λ = washout co-efficient (s -1)

C = local airborne concentration ( µg/m3) z = height (m)

The washout co-efficient is an intrinsic function of the rate of rainfall.

Environment Agency guidance AQTAG06 (Environment Agency, 2014) recommends deposition velocities for various pollutants, according to land use classification (Table 2.7).

Table 2.7 – Recommended Deposition Velocities

Deposition Velocity (m/s) Pollutant Short Vegetation Long Vegetation/Forest

NO x 0.0015 0.003

SO 2 0.012 0.024

NH 3 0.020 0.030 HCl 0.025 0.060 Source: Environment Agency (2014) ‘Technical Guidance on Detailed Modelling Approach for an Appropriate Assessment for Emissions to Air’, AQTAG06 Updated Version (March 2014)’

In order to assess the impacts of deposition, habitat-specific critical loads and critical levels have been created. These are generally defined as (e.g., Nilsson and Grennfelt, 1988):

“a quantitative estimate of exposure to one or more pollutants below which significant harmful effects on specified sensitive elements of the environment do not occur according to present knowledge”

It is important to distinguish between a critical load and a critical level. The critical load relates to the quantity of a material deposited from air to the ground, whilst critical levels refer to the concentration of a material in air. The UK APIS provides critical load data for ecological sites in the UK.

The critical loads used to assess the impact of compounds deposited to land which result in eutrophication and acidification are expressed in terms of kilograms of nitrogen deposited per hectare per year (kgN/ha/yr) and kilo equivalents deposited per hectare per year (keq/ha/yr). To enable a direct comparison against the critical loads, the modelled total wet and dry deposition flux ( µg/m2/s) must be converted into an equivalent value.

For a continuous release, the annual deposition flux of nitrogen can be expressed as:

Bureau Veritas 6427468 17 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

 K  T  M  =  2  ⋅⋅  N  FNTot   t ∑ Fi    K3  i=1  M i  where:

/ FNYot = Annual deposition flux of nitrogen (kgN/ha yr)

2 2 K 2 = Conversion factor for m to ha (= 1x104 m /ha)

K3 = Conversion factor for µg to kg (= 1x109 µg/kg) t = Number of seconds in a year (= 3.1536x107 s/yr) i = 1,2,3…….T

T = Total number of nitrogen containing compounds

F = Modelled deposition flux of nitrogen containing compound ( µg/m2/s)

M N = Molecular mass of nitrogen (kg)

M = Molecular mass of nitrogen containing compound (kg)

The unit eq (1 keq ≡ 1,000 eq) refers to molar equivalent of potential acidity resulting from e.g. sulphur, oxidised and reduced nitrogen, as well as base cations. Conversion units are provided in AQTAG(06).

Table 2.8 – Deposition Conversion Factors Conversion Factor Pollutant Chemical Element µg/m 2/s [of Pollutant] ‰‰‰ kg/ha/yr [of Chemical Element]

NO x (as NO 2) Nitrogen (N) 96.0

NH 3 Nitrogen (N) 259.7

SO 2 Sulphur (S) 157.7 HCl Chlorine (Cl) 306.7

Table 2.9 – Acidification Conversion Factors

Conversion Factor Chemical Element kg/ha/yr ‰‰‰keq/ha/yr Nitrogen (N) 0.07143 Sulphur (S) 0.06250 Chlorine (Cl) 0.02857

For the purposes of this assessment, dry deposition rates of nitrogen and acidic equivalents at the identified ecological receptors have been calculated by applying the ‘short vegetation’ deposition velocities (as detailed in Table 2.7) to the modelled annual mean concentrations of NO x, SO 2, HCl and NH 3. Wet deposition has not been assessed for NO x, SO 2 and NH 3 since this is not a significant contributor to total deposition over shorter ranges (Fangmeier et al. 1994; Environment

Bureau Veritas 6427468 18 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Agency, 2006). For HCl, wet as well as dry deposition needs to be considered, as it naturally accumulates in precipitations due to its very high solubility.

Estimated background deposition rates of nutrient nitrogen and total acid deposition for the UK are available via the Air Pollution Information Service (APIS) website (http://www.apis.ac.uk). Table 2.10 provides the estimated deposition rates for the ecological receptors considered in this study, as obtained from the APIS website. It should be noted that the level of uncertainty associated with these modelled estimates is relatively high and the results are presented from the model across the UK on a coarse 5 km grid square resolution.

Table 2.10 – Estimated Background Deposition Rates

Background Nitrogen Background Nitric Acid Background Sulphuric Acid ID Deposition (kgN/ha/yr) Deposition (keq/ha/yr) Deposition (keq/ha/yr) A 23.9 1.7 0.4 B 28.1 2.0 0.5 C 35.6 2.5 0.5 D 28.1 2.0 0.5 E 27.3 2.0 0.6 Source: Air Pollution Information Service (APIS) website (http://www.apis.ac.uk)

2.8 Other Treatments

Specialised model treatments, for short-term (puff) releases, coastal models, fluctuations or photochemistry were not used in this assessment.

2.9 Conversion of NO to NO 2

Emissions of NO x from combustion processes are predominantly in the form of nitric oxide (NO). Excess oxygen in the combustion gases and further atmospheric reactions cause the oxidation of NO to nitrogen dioxide (NO 2). NO x chemistry in the lower troposphere is strongly interlinked in a complex chain of reactions involving Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Ozone (O 3). Two of the key reactions interlinking NO and NO 2 are detailed below:

+ →o2 + NO 2 hv NO O3 (R 1)

+ → + NO O3 NO 2 O2 (R 2)

Where hv is used to represent a photon of light energy (i.e., sunlight).

Taken together, reactions R 1 and R 2 produce no net change in O 3 concentrations, and NO and NO 2 adjust to establish a near steady state reaction (photo-equilibrium). However, the presence of VOCs and CO in the atmosphere offer an alternative production route of NO 2 for photolysis, allowing O 3 concentrations to increase during the day with a subsequent decrease in the NO 2:NO x ratio.

However, at night, the photolysis of NO 2 ceases, allowing reaction R 2 to promote the production of NO 2, at the expense of O 3, with a corresponding increase in the NO 2:NO x ratio. Similarly, near to an emission source of NO, the result is a net increase in the rate of reaction R 2, suppressing O 3 concentrations immediately downwind of the source, and increasing further downwind as the concentrations of NO begin to stabilise to typical background levels (Gillani and Pliem 1996).

Given the complex nature of NO x chemistry, the Environment Agency’s Air Quality Modelling and Assessment Unit (AQMAU) have adopted a pragmatic, risk based approach in determining the conversion rate of NO to NO 2 which dispersion model practitioners can use in their detailed

Bureau Veritas 6427468 19 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

4 assessments . The AQMAU guidance advises that the source term should be modelled as NO x (as NO 2) and then suggests a tiered approach when considering ambient NO 2:NO x ratios:

° Screening Scenario: 50 % and 100 % of the modelled NO x process contributions should be used for short-term and long-term average concentration, respectively. That is, 50 % of the predicted NO x concentrations should be assumed to be NO 2 for short-term assessments and 100 % of the predicted NO x concentrations should be assumed to be NO 2 for long-term assessments;

° Worst Case Scenario: 35 % and 70 % of the modelled NO x process contributions should be used for short-term and long-term average concentration, respectively. That is, 35 % of the predicted NO x concentrations should be assumed to be NO 2 for short-term assessments and 70 % of the predicted NO x concentrations should be assumed to be NO 2 for long-term assessments; and

° Case Specific Scenario: Operators are asked to justify their use of percentages lower than 35 % for short-term and 70 % for long-term assessments in their application reports.

Defra recently undertook consultation relating to “reducing emissions from Medium Combustion Plants and Generators” 5. This consultation included the publishing of a “Diesel Generator short 6 term NO 2 impact assessment” by AQMAU. This AQMAU assessment details that in relation to NOx/NO 2 ratio:

“Our checks indicate that a short term conversion ratio of 15% is likely to be reasonably representative within the first few hundred meters from the source. At greater distances the conversion ratio is likely to increase as the PCs become lower and therefore larger proportions are converted. A 15% conversion is more likely to underestimate the impacts greater than 500 m from the source”

In line with the AQMAU guidance, this assessment has therefore used a NO x to NO 2 ratio of 70% for long term average concentrations, 35% for short term concentrations at receptors over 500m from the source and 15% for short term concentrations at receptors less than 500m from the source.

4 http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/static/documents/Conversion_ratios_for__NOx_and_NO2_.pdf 5 https://consult.defra.gov.uk/airquality/medium-combustion-plant-and-controls-on-generators/ 6https://consult.defra.gov.uk/airquality/medium-combustion-plant-and-controls-on- generators/supporting_documents/Generator%20EA%20air%20dispersion%20modelling%20report.pdf

Bureau Veritas 6427468 20 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

3 Background Pollutant Concentrations

The dispersion model has been used to predict the contribution of the cement kilns emissions, or Process Contribution (PC), to ambient air concentrations. Existing background concentrations have then been added to the Process Contribution in order to report total pollutant concentrations, or Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC) at specific locations and on the grid of receptors. The total concentration can then be compared against the relevant Air Quality Standard/Objective (AQS/O) or Environmental Assessment Limit (EAL) and the likelihood of an exceedance determined. In order to determine background concentration levels, local monitoring sites and the UK background maps have been considered.

For NO x, NO 2, HCl and SO 2, the Ladybower rural background from the Automatic Urban and Rural Network (AURN)7 continuous monitoring site located 7km north of the works has been used to determine the average 2016 background concentrations. The Ladybower rural background site is also part of the National Ammonia Network and was used to determine the average 2016 background NH 3 concentration. As the station does not measure particulates or CO, the Defra background maps have been used to determine the PM 10 and CO background concentrations. For the remaining pollutants, sites at the regional or national level have been used due to data scarcity:

° Data for the heavy metals (Arsenic, Cobalt, Chromium, Copper, Manganese, Nickel, Lead and Vanadium) and Cadmium were derived from the Fenny Compton Heavy Metals Network monitoring site.

° Hg background concentrations were derived from the Auchencort Moss Rural Automatic Mercury Monitoring site.

° Benzo[a]pyrene, PCBs and dioxins/furans background concentrations were derived from the Hazelrigg PAH and Toxic Organic Micro Pollutants (TOMPS) networks. The PCBs and dioxins/furans background concentrations were only available up to 2012. Therefore the 2012 concentrations have been used within the assessment.

It is not technically rigorous to add predicted short-term or percentile concentrations to ambient background concentrations not measured over the same averaging period, since peak contributions from different sources would not necessarily coincide in time or location. Without hourly ambient background monitoring data available it is difficult to make an assessment against the achievement or otherwise of the short-term AQS/O. For the current assessment, conservative short-term ambient levels have been derived by applying a factor of two to the annual mean background data as per the recommendation in EA AER Guidance for NO x, SO 2 and CO. However, in line with Box 7.13 of the Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) Technical Guidance LAQM.TG(16) a factor of two has not been applied to the background level for the 24 hour PM 10 objective.

Background annual mean concentrations used in the assessment are detailed in Table 3.1.

7 AURN = Automatic Urban and Rural Network of air quality monitoring stations in the UK

Bureau Veritas 6427468 21 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Table 3.1 – Background Annual Mean Concentrations used in the Assessment

Pollutant Background Annual Mean Units

3 NO x 9.2 µg/m 3 NO 2 7.3 µg/m 3 SO 2 2.2 µg/m 3 NH 3 0.7 µg/m 3 HCl 1.0 µg/m µg/m 3 PM 10 12.7 3 CO 100 µg/m 3 Dioxins / Furans 8.75 a fg/m 3 PCBs 28.2 a pg/m 3 Hg 0.0015 ng/m 3 Cd / Tl 0.1 ng/m 3 PAHs (Benzo[a]pyrene) 0.06 ng/m 3 As 0.9 ng/m 3 Co 0.04 ng/m 3 Cr 1.5 ng/m 3 Cu 3.2 ng/m 3 Mn 2.4 ng/m 3 Ni 0.4 ng/m 3 Pb 6.3 ng/m 3 V 0.6 ng/m a The most recently recorded background monitored data for PCBs and dioxins / furans was for the year 2012, hence this year has been used for background values of these pollutants in the assessment.

3.1 Sensitivity Analysis and Uncertainty

3.1.1 Sensitivity Analysis

Wherever possible, this assessment has used worst-case scenarios, which will exaggerate the impact of the emissions on the surrounding area, including emissions, operational profile, ambient concentrations, meteorology and surface roughness.

3.1.2 Model Uncertainty

Dispersion modelling is inherently uncertain, but is nonetheless a useful tool in plume footprint visualisation and prediction of ground level concentrations. The use of dispersion models has been widely used in the UK for both regulatory and compliance purposes for a number of years and is an accepted approach for this type of assessment.

This assessment has incorporated a number of worst-case assumptions, as described above, which will result in an overestimation of the predicted ground level concentrations from the process. Therefore, the actual predicted ground level concentrations would be expected to be lower than this and, in some cases, significantly lower.

The model is well validated with observed concentrations for a number of scenarios; however, as the complexity of the modelled domain increases, modelled concentrations deviate from observed concentrations.

Bureau Veritas 6427468 22 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

3.2 Local Air Quality Management

High Peak Borough Council, under its LAQM obligations, continually reviews and assesses concentrations of key air pollutants in the borough to ascertain the requirement, or otherwise, to declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA). No AQMAs have been declared within the borough. The Breedon Cement site is therefore not located within an AQMA. Furthermore, there are no AQMAs declared within the entire modelled domain.

Bureau Veritas 6427468 23 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

4 Relevant Legislation and Guidance

4.1 EU Legislation

4.1.1 Directive 2008/50/EC on Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe

Directive 2008/50/EC (the ‘Directive’), which came into force in June 2008, consolidates existing EU-wide air quality legislation (with the exception of Directive 2004/107/EC) and provides a new regulatory framework for PM 2.5 .

The Directive sets limits, or target levels, for selected pollutants that are to be achieved by specific dates and details procedures EU Member States should take in assessing ambient air quality. The limit and target levels relate to concentrations in ambient air. At Article 2(1), the Directive defines ambient air as:

“…outdoor air in the troposphere, excluding workplaces as defined by Directive 89/654/EEC where provisions concerning health and safety at work apply and to which members of the public do not have regular access.”

In accordance with Article 2(1), Annex III, Part A, paragraph 2 details locations where compliance with the limit values does not need to be assessed:

“Compliance with the limit values directed at the protection of human health shall not be assessed at the following locations:

a) any locations situated within areas where members of the public do not have access and there is no fixed habitation;

b) in accordance with Article 2(1), on factory premises or at industrial installations to which all relevant provisions concerning health and safety at work apply;

c) on the carriageway of roads; and on the central reservation of roads except where there is normally pedestrian access to the central reservation.

4.2 UK Legislation

4.2.1 The Air Quality Standards Regulations 2010

The Air Quality Standards Regulations 2010 (the ‘Regulations’) came into force on the 11 th June 2010 and transpose Directive 2008/50/EC into UK legislation. The Directive’s limit values are transposed into the Regulations as ‘Air Quality Standards’ (AQS) with attainment dates in line with the Directive.

These standards are legally binding concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere which can broadly be taken to achieve a certain level of environmental quality. The standards are based on the assessment of the effects of each pollutant on human health including the effects of sensitive groups or on ecosystems.

Similar to Directive 2008/50/EC, the Regulations define ambient air as;

“…outdoor air in the troposphere, excluding workplaces where members of the public do not have regular access.”

With direction provided in Schedule 1, Part 1, Paragraph 2 as to where compliance with the AQS’ does not need to be assessed:

“Compliance with the limit values directed at the protection of human health does not need to be assessed at the following locations:

Bureau Veritas 6427468 24 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

a) any location situated within areas where members of the public do not have access and there is no fixed habitation;

b) on factory premises or at industrial locations to which all relevant provisions concerning health and safety at work apply;

c) on the carriageway of roads and on the central reservation of roads except where there is normally pedestrian access to the central reservation.”

4.2.2 The Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland

The 2007 Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland Wales and Northern Ireland provides a framework for improving air quality at a national and local level and supersedes the previous strategy published in 2000.

Central to the Air Quality Strategy are health-based criteria for certain air pollutants; these criteria are based on medical and scientific reports on how and at what concentration each pollutant affects human health. The objectives derived from these criteria are policy targets often expressed as a maximum ambient concentration not to be exceeded, without exception or with a permitted number of exceedences, within a specified timescale. At paragraph 22 of the 2007 Air Quality Strategy, the point is made that the objectives are:

“…a statement of policy intentions or policy targets. As such, there is no legal requirement to meet these objectives except where they mirror any equivalent legally binding limit values…”

The AQOs, based on a selection of the objectives in the Air Quality Strategy, were incorporated into UK legislation through the Air Quality Regulations 2000, as amended.

Paragraph 4(2) of The Air Quality (England) Regulations 2000 states:

“The achievement or likely achievement of an air quality objective prescribed by paragraph (1) shall be determined by reference to the quality of air at locations –

a) which are situated outside of buildings or other natural or man-made structures above or below ground; and

b) where members of the public are regularly present

Consequently, compliance with the AQOs should focus on areas where members of the general public are present over the entire duration of the concentration averaging period specific to the relevant objective.

4.3 Local Air Quality Management

Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 requires that Local Authorities periodically review air quality within their individual areas. This process of LAQM is an integral part of delivering the Government’s AQOs.

To carry out an air quality Review and Assessment under the LAQM process, the Government recommends a three-stage approach. This phased review process uses initial simple screening methods and progresses through to more detailed assessment methods of modelling and monitoring in areas identified to be at potential risk of exceeding the objectives in the Regulations.

Review and assessments of local air quality aim to identify areas where national policies to reduce vehicle and industrial emissions are unlikely to result in air quality meeting the Government’s air quality objectives by the required dates.

Bureau Veritas 6427468 25 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

For the purposes of determining the focus of Review and Assessment, Local Authorities should have regard to those locations where members of the public are likely to be regularly present and are likely to be exposed over the averaging period of the objective.

Where the assessment indicates that some or all of the objectives may be potentially exceeded, the Local Authority has a duty to declare an AQMA. The declaration of an AQMA requires the Local Authority to implement an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP), to reduce air pollution concentrations so that the required AQOs are met.

4.4 Environmental Permitting Regulations (EPR)

The Environmental Permitting Regulations (England and Wales) 8 which came into force on 6 April 2010 (replacing the 2007 Regulations) and was amended in 2013, provide a single regulatory framework transposing EU Directives (Industrial Emissions Directive) into UK legislation, by defining the permitting and compliance system for industry and regulators. Industrial activities considered to be potentially the most polluting – Part A(1) processes – require an Environmental Permit issued by the Environment Agency (EA), the regulator for England and Wales. The Breedon Cement works site is classed as a Part A(1) process under these regulations.

The Industrial Emissions Directive (2010/75/EU) 9 came into force on 6 January 2011. The IED is a recast of the IPPC Directive, which also has an impact on 6 other existing EU Directives, namely:

° the Large Combustion Plant Directive (LCPD) 10 ;

° the Waste Incineration Directive (WID) 11 ;

° the Solvent Emissions Directive (SED) 12 ; and

° the three existing Directives on Titanium Dioxide on:

o disposal (78/176/EEC) 13 ,

o monitoring and surveillance ( 82/883/EEC) 14 ; and

o programs for the reduction of pollution (92/112/EEC) 15 .

The introduction of the IED results in a number of substantial changes, including new emission performance values (EPV) associated with the use of Best Available Techniques (BAT) that may lead to more stringent Emission Limit Values (ELVs) being stipulated in Environmental Permits.

8 The Environmental Permitting Regulations (England and Wales) 2010, Statutory Instrument No 675, The Stationary Office Limited 9 Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control) (Recast) 10 Directive 2001/80/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2001 on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants 11 Directive 2000/76/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 December 2000 on the incineration of waste 12 Council Directive 1999/13/EC of 11 March 1999 on the limitation of emissions of volatile organic compounds due to the use of organic solvents in certain activities and installations 13 Council Directive 78/176/EEC of 20 February 1978 on waste from the titanium dioxide industry 14 Council Directive 82/883/EEC of 3 December 1982 on procedures for the surveillance and monitoring of environments concerned by waste from the titanium dioxide industry 15 Council Directive 92/112/EEC of 15 December 1992 on procedures for harmonizing the programmes for the reduction and eventual elimination of pollution caused by waste from the titanium dioxide industry

Bureau Veritas 6427468 26 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

ELVs to air are set out by the regulator in the Environmental Permit as permit conditions. Although ELVs are based on limit values prescribed in the relevant EU Directives (IPPC, WID, LCPD), they can be different from site to site due to a variety of site-specific factors such as geographical location, mineralogy variations and local environmental conditions, but also technical and economic considerations.

This assessment considers the actual emission rates from the cement kilns which meet the ELVs defined for the site in the existent Environmental Permit.

4.5 Other Guideline Values

In the absence of statutory standards for the other prescribed substances that may be found in the emissions, there are several sources of applicable air quality guidelines.

4.5.1 Air Quality Guidelines for Europe, the World Health Organisation (WHO)

The aim of the WHO Air Quality Guidelines for Europe (WHO, 2000) is to provide a basis for protecting public health from adverse effects of air pollutants and to eliminate or reduce exposure to those pollutants that are known or likely to be hazardous to human health or well-being. These guidelines are intended to provide guidance and information to international, national and local authorities making risk management decisions, particularly in setting air quality standards.

4.5.2 Environmental Assessment Levels (EALs)

The Environment Agency’s AER Guidance provides methods for quantifying the environmental impacts of emissions to all media. The AER guidance contains long and short-term Environmental Assessment Levels (EALs), Ambient Air Directive (AAD) Limit Values and Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for releases to air derived from a number of published UK and international sources. For the pollutants considered in this study, these EALs, AAD Limit Values and EQS are equivalent to the AQS and AQOs set in force by the Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland Wales and Northern Ireland.

4.6 Criteria Appropriate to the Assessment

Table 4.1 sets out those AQS, AQOs, AAD Limit Values and EALs that are relevant to the assessment with regard to human receptors.

Bureau Veritas 6427468 27 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Table 4.1 – Air Quality Standards, Objectives and Environmental Assessment Levels Value Pollutant AQS/AQO Averaging Period (µg/m3) AQS Annual mean 40 Nitrogen dioxide 1-hour mean, not more than 18 (NO 2) AQS exceedances a year (equivalent of 99.79 200 Percentile) Carbon monoxide AQS 8-hour mean 10,000 (CO) EAL 1-hour mean 30,000 AQS Annual mean 40

PM 10 24-hour mean, not more than 35 AQS 50 exceedances per year (90.41 percentile) 1-hour mean not to be exceeded more AQS than 24 times a year (equivalent to 99.73 350 percentile)

Sulphur dioxide 24-hour mean, not to be exceeded more (SO 2) AQS than 3 times a year (equivalent to 99.18 125 percentile) 15-min mean, not to be exceeded more AQO than 35 times a year (equivalent to 99.9 266 percentile) EAL Annual Mean 180 Ammonia (NH 3) EAL 1-hour mean 2,500 Hydrochloric Acid EAL 1-hour mean 750 (HCl) Mercury (Hg) EAL Annual Mean 0.25 Cadmium & AAD Target Annual Mean 0.005 Thallium Value

Hydrogen Monthly Average 16 EAL Fluoride (HF) 1-hour mean 160 PAHs AQS Annual Mean 0.00025 (Benzo[a]pyrene) PCBs EAL Annual Mean 0.2 Arsenic EAL Annual Mean 0.003 Chromium EAL Annual Mean 5 Copper EAL Annual Mean 10 Manganese EAL Annual Mean 0.15 AAD Target Nickel Annual Mean 0.02 Value Lead AQS Annual Mean 0.25 Antimony EAL Annual Mean 5 Vanadium EAL Annual Mean 5

4.7 Critical Levels and Critical Loads Relevant to the Assessment of Ecological Receptors

A summary of the relevant AQS and EAL that apply to the emissions from the plant and their impact on ecological receptors are given in Table 4.2.

Bureau Veritas 6427468 28 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Table 4.2 – Summary of Relevant Air Quality Standards and Environmental Assessment Levels for Ecological Receptors

Averaging Value Pollutant AQS / EAL 3 Period (µg/m ) AQS Annual mean 30 Oxides of nitrogen (NO x) EAL Daily mean 75

Sulphur dioxide (SO 2) AQS Annual mean 20 1 (Sensitive lichen communities & bryophytes and ecosystems where lichens & bryophytes are an important Ammonia (NH 3) EAL Annual mean part of the ecosystem’s integrity) 3 (All other vegetation) Daily mean 5 Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) EAL Weekly 0.5

The APIS website provides specific information on the potential effects of nitrogen deposition on various habitats and species. This information, relevant to habitats of some of the ecological receptors considered in this assessment, is presented in Table 4.3.

Table 4.3 – Typical Habitat and Species Information Concerning Nitrogen Deposition from APIS

Habitat and Critical Species Load Specific Information Concerning Nitrogen Deposition Specific (kgN/ha/yr) Information Many saltmarshes receive large nutrient loadings from river and tidal inputs. It is unknown whether other types of species-rich saltmarsh would be sensitive to Saltmarsh 30-40 nitrogen deposition. Increase in late-successional species, increased productivity but only limited information available for this type of habitat. Increase late successional species, increase productivity increase in Littoral 20 – 30 Sediments dominance of graminoids. Coastal Foredunes receive naturally high nitrogen inputs. Key concerns of the Stable Dune 10-20 deposition of nitrogen in these habitats relate to changes in species Grasslands composition. Alkaline Nitrogen deposition provides fertilization. Increase in tall graminoids (grasses Fens and 10-35 or Carex species) resulting in loss of rare species and decrease in diversity of Reed beds subordinate plant species. Increased nitrogen deposition in mixed forests increases susceptibility to Temperate secondary stresses such as drought and frost, can cause reduced crown and boreal 10-20 growth. Also can reduce the diversity of species due to increased growth rates forests of more robust plants. The key concerns are related to changes in species composition following enhanced nitrogen deposition. Indigenous species will have evolved under conditions of low nitrogen availability. Enhanced nitrogen deposition will favour Hay Meadow 20-30 those species that can increase their growth rates and competitive status e.g. rough grasses such as false brome grass (Brachypodium pinnatum) at the expense of overall species diversity. The overall threat from competition will also depend on the availability of propagules Nitrogen deposition provides fertilization to acid grasslands, this increase Acid 10-25 Grasslands robust grass growth that may limit other species reducing diversity. Raised bog Nitrogen deposition provides fertilization, this increase robust vegetation and blanket 5-10 growth that may limit other species reducing diversity bog Increased nitrogen deposition in Oak forests increases susceptibility to Oak 10-15 secondary stresses such as drought and frost, can cause reduced crown Woodland growth

Bureau Veritas 6427468 29 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

5 Dispersion Modelling Results

This section sets out the results of the dispersion modelling and compares predicted ground level concentrations to ambient air quality standards or environmental assessment levels, if available. The predicted concentrations resulting from the process are presented with background concentrations, where possible, and the percentage contribution that the predicted environmental concentrations would make towards the relevant AQS/AQO/EAL. Ground level concentrations based on the average and maximum emission rates of each pollutant, as described in Section 2, have been modelled.

Air Quality impacts derived from the calculated average and maximum emission rates, as shown in Table 2.1, were predicted for each pollutant in order to meet the requirements of IP14. As the maximum emission rate will result in the greater impact, the results below only detail the air quality concentrations predicted based on the maximum emission rates. An additional model run was carried out for NH 3 in order to satisfy the IP13 requirements. This is detailed in Section 5.1.1.

The results based on the average emission rates can be found in Appendix B for completion.

5.1 Human Receptors

5.1.1 Ammonia Impacts

Improvement Condition IP13 states that an ELV needs to be defined for NH 3. Breedon Cement LTD initially proposed a daily average ELV of 110mg/Nm 3 based on monitoring data derived from 2014. However at the time, no environmental impact assessment was carried out assuming this proposed ELV which resulted in the Environmental Agency requesting further assessment.

Four different NH 3 emission rates were assessed using dispersion modelling in order to allow for a daily ELV for NH 3 to be proposed. The emission rates assessed were based on continuous emission monitoring data derived from 2015 and 2016. The emission rates used are shown in Table 5.1.

Table 5.1 – NH 3 Emission Rates Daily ELV (mg/Nm 3) per Cement Emission rate (g/s) (Total Release NH 3 Kiln from Stack) CEM Average Daily 38 8.6 CEM Maximum Daily 77 17.3 CEM Maximum Daily*2 153 34.5 Proposed Daily ELV 110 24.7

The calculation of NH 3 emission rates was undertaken using CEM data without the confidence correction outlined in Industrial Emission Directive (IED) Chapter IV being applied.

Table 5.2 details the annual mean predicted impacts of NH 3 on human receptors assuming the four emission rates assessed.

Table 5.2 – NH 3 Impacts at Human Receptors – Annual Mean EAL Annual Mean (µg/m3) Maximum Daily Maximum Daily Proposed Average Daily ELV ELV ELV*2 110mg/Nm 3 ELV ID EAL % % % % PEC PEC PEC PEC PC PEC PC PEC PC PEC PC PEC of of of of EAL EAL EAL EAL 1 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.9 0.5 0.1 0.8 0.5 2 180 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.9 0.5 0.1 0.8 0.5 3 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4

Bureau Veritas 6427468 30 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Annual Mean (µg/m3) Maximum Daily Maximum Daily Proposed Average Daily ELV ELV ELV*2 110mg/Nm 3 ELV ID EAL % % % % PEC PEC PEC PEC PC PEC PC PEC PC PEC PC PEC of of of of EAL EAL EAL EAL 4 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 5 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 6 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.9 0.5 0.1 0.8 0.5 7 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.9 0.5 0.1 0.8 0.5 8 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.9 0.5 0.1 0.8 0.5 9 180 0.1 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.9 0.5 0.5 1.2 0.6 0.3 1.0 0.6 10 180 0.1 0.8 0.5 0.3 1.0 0.6 0.6 1.3 0.7 0.4 1.1 0.6 11 180 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.9 0.5 0.4 1.1 0.6 0.3 1.0 0.6 12 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 13 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 14 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 15 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.8 0.4 16 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.8 0.4 17 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.8 0.4 18 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 19 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.8 0.4 20 180 0.1 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.9 0.5 0.4 1.1 0.6 0.3 1.0 0.6 21 180 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.9 0.5 0.1 0.8 0.5 22 180 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.5 0.3 1.0 0.6 0.2 0.9 0.5 23 180 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.9 0.5 0.3 1.0 0.6 0.2 0.9 0.5 24 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.9 0.5 0.1 0.8 0.5 25 180 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.5 0.3 1.0 0.5 0.2 0.9 0.5 26 180 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.5 0.3 1.0 0.5 0.2 0.9 0.5 27 180 0.1 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.9 0.5 0.4 1.1 0.6 0.3 1.0 0.6 28 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 29 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 30 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 31 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 32 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 33 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.8 0.4 34 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 35 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 36 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 37 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 38 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 39 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.8 0.4 40 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.8 0.4 41 180 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.9 0.5 0.1 0.8 0.5 42 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 43 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.9 0.5 0.1 0.8 0.5 44 180 <0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.9 0.5 0.2 0.9 0.5 45 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 46 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 47 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 48 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 49 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 50 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 51 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 52 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 53 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 54 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.8 0.4 55 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 56 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 57 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 58 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 59 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4

Bureau Veritas 6427468 31 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Annual Mean (µg/m3) Maximum Daily Maximum Daily Proposed Average Daily ELV ELV ELV*2 110mg/Nm 3 ELV ID EAL % % % % PEC PEC PEC PEC PC PEC PC PEC PC PEC PC PEC of of of of EAL EAL EAL EAL 60 180 <0.1 0.7 0.4 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.4 EAL = Environmental Emissions Limit (µg/m 3); PC = Process Contribution; PEC = Predicted Environmental Concentration (PC + Background)

Table 5.2 indicates that long-term PECs of NH 3 are below the respective assessment metric at all applicable human receptors assuming all four ELVs. The highest predicted NH 3 annual mean (PEC) was at receptor 10, approximately 1.5km ESE (East-Sortheast) from the stack, along Stretfield Road in Brough. Based on the maximum emission rate calculated for 2015/2016, the predicted concentration was 0.7% of the annual mean EAL of 180µg/m 3. The direct contribution from the kilns exhaust stack (PC) at this receptor was 0.6µg/m 3.

Table 5.3 – NH 3 Impacts at Human Receptors – Hourly Mean EAL Maximum Hourly Mean ( µg /m3) Maximum Daily Maximum Daily Proposed Average Daily ELV ELV ELV*2 110mg/Nm 3 ELV ID EAL % % % % PEC PEC PEC PEC PC PEC PC PEC PC PEC PC PEC of of of of EAL EAL EAL EAL 1 2,500 4.0 5.4 0.2 8.1 9.5 0.4 16.1 17.5 0.7 11.5 12.9 0.5 2 2,500 3.9 5.3 0.2 7.8 9.2 0.4 15.5 16.9 0.7 11.1 12.5 0.5 3 2,500 5.0 6.4 0.3 10.2 11.6 0.5 20.3 21.7 0.9 14.5 15.9 0.6 4 2,500 4.8 6.2 0.2 9.6 11.0 0.4 19.2 20.6 0.8 13.7 15.1 0.6 5 2,500 4.4 5.8 0.2 8.8 10.2 0.4 17.5 18.9 0.8 12.5 13.9 0.6 6 2,500 3.7 5.1 0.2 7.5 8.9 0.4 15.0 16.4 0.7 10.7 12.1 0.5 7 2,500 3.1 4.5 0.2 6.2 7.6 0.3 12.4 13.8 0.6 8.8 10.2 0.4 8 2,500 3.2 4.6 0.2 6.5 7.9 0.3 13.0 14.4 0.6 9.3 10.7 0.4 9 2,500 3.5 4.9 0.2 7.0 8.4 0.3 14.0 15.4 0.6 10.1 11.5 0.5 10 2,500 3.5 4.9 0.2 7.1 8.5 0.3 14.2 15.6 0.6 10.2 11.6 0.5 11 2,500 3.7 5.1 0.2 7.5 8.9 0.4 14.9 16.3 0.7 10.7 12.1 0.5 12 2,500 3.8 5.2 0.2 7.6 9.0 0.4 15.1 16.5 0.7 10.8 12.2 0.5 13 2,500 3.1 4.5 0.2 6.3 7.7 0.3 12.5 13.9 0.6 8.9 10.3 0.4 14 2,500 4.4 5.8 0.2 8.8 10.2 0.4 17.6 19.0 0.8 12.6 14.0 0.6 15 2,500 3.7 5.1 0.2 7.5 8.9 0.4 15.0 16.4 0.7 10.7 12.1 0.5 16 2,500 3.7 5.1 0.2 7.3 8.7 0.3 14.7 16.1 0.6 10.5 11.9 0.5 17 2,500 3.1 4.5 0.2 6.3 7.7 0.3 12.6 14.0 0.6 9.0 10.4 0.4 18 2,500 3.1 4.5 0.2 6.3 7.7 0.3 12.5 13.9 0.6 8.9 10.3 0.4 19 2,500 2.9 4.3 0.2 5.8 7.2 0.3 11.5 12.9 0.5 8.2 9.6 0.4 20 2,500 2.8 4.2 0.2 5.5 6.9 0.3 11.1 12.5 0.5 7.9 9.3 0.4 21 2,500 2.3 3.7 0.1 4.6 6.0 0.2 9.1 10.5 0.4 6.5 7.9 0.3 22 2,500 2.5 3.9 0.2 5.0 6.4 0.3 9.9 11.3 0.5 7.1 8.5 0.3 23 2,500 3.1 4.5 0.2 6.1 7.5 0.3 12.2 13.6 0.5 8.8 10.2 0.4 24 2,500 2.9 4.3 0.2 5.9 7.3 0.3 11.8 13.2 0.5 8.4 9.8 0.4 25 2,500 3.0 4.4 0.2 6.1 7.5 0.3 12.2 13.6 0.5 8.7 10.1 0.4 26 2,500 2.9 4.3 0.2 5.8 7.2 0.3 11.5 12.9 0.5 8.2 9.6 0.4 27 2,500 2.6 4.0 0.2 5.3 6.7 0.3 10.6 12.0 0.5 7.6 9.0 0.4 28 2,500 2.2 3.6 0.1 4.4 5.8 0.2 8.8 10.2 0.4 6.3 7.7 0.3 29 2,500 2.0 3.4 0.1 4.0 5.4 0.2 8.0 9.4 0.4 5.7 7.1 0.3 30 2,500 2.1 3.5 0.1 4.2 5.6 0.2 8.4 9.8 0.4 6.0 7.4 0.3 31 2,500 1.6 3.0 0.1 3.2 4.6 0.2 6.4 7.8 0.3 4.6 6.0 0.2 32 2,500 2.7 4.1 0.2 5.5 6.9 0.3 10.9 12.3 0.5 7.8 9.2 0.4 33 2,500 3.4 4.8 0.2 6.9 8.3 0.3 13.8 15.2 0.6 9.9 11.3 0.5 34 2,500 2.7 4.1 0.2 5.4 6.8 0.3 10.7 12.1 0.5 7.7 9.1 0.4 35 2,500 2.6 4.0 0.2 5.2 6.6 0.3 10.3 11.7 0.5 7.4 8.8 0.4 36 2,500 3.1 4.5 0.2 6.2 7.6 0.3 12.3 13.7 0.5 8.8 10.2 0.4

Bureau Veritas 6427468 32 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Maximum Hourly Mean (µg/m3) Maximum Daily Maximum Daily Proposed Average Daily ELV ELV ELV*2 110mg/Nm 3 ELV ID EAL % % % % PEC PEC PEC PEC PC PEC PC PEC PC PEC PC PEC of of of of EAL EAL EAL EAL 37 2,500 2.6 4.0 0.2 5.2 6.6 0.3 10.3 11.7 0.5 7.4 8.8 0.4 38 2,500 2.4 3.8 0.2 4.8 6.2 0.2 9.7 11.1 0.4 6.9 8.3 0.3 39 2,500 2.1 3.5 0.1 4.3 5.7 0.2 8.6 10.0 0.4 6.2 7.6 0.3 40 2,500 2.9 4.3 0.2 5.8 7.2 0.3 11.6 13.0 0.5 8.3 9.7 0.4 41 2,500 1.8 3.2 0.1 3.6 5.0 0.2 7.1 8.5 0.3 5.1 6.5 0.3 42 2,500 1.1 2.5 0.1 2.3 3.7 0.1 4.6 6.0 0.2 3.3 4.7 0.2 43 2,500 2.2 3.6 0.1 4.4 5.8 0.2 8.8 10.2 0.4 6.3 7.7 0.3 44 2,500 2.7 4.1 0.2 5.5 6.9 0.3 10.9 12.3 0.5 7.8 9.2 0.4 45 2,500 3.0 4.4 0.2 6.0 7.4 0.3 11.9 13.3 0.5 8.5 9.9 0.4 46 2,500 1.6 3.0 0.1 3.3 4.7 0.2 6.5 7.9 0.3 4.7 6.1 0.2 47 2,500 2.0 3.4 0.1 4.0 5.4 0.2 8.0 9.4 0.4 5.7 7.1 0.3 48 2,500 2.4 3.8 0.2 4.9 6.3 0.3 9.7 11.1 0.4 6.9 8.3 0.3 49 2,500 1.7 3.1 0.1 3.3 4.7 0.2 6.7 8.1 0.3 4.8 6.2 0.2 50 2,500 2.0 3.4 0.1 4.0 5.4 0.2 8.1 9.5 0.4 5.8 7.2 0.3 51 2,500 2.0 3.4 0.1 4.1 5.5 0.2 8.1 9.5 0.4 5.8 7.2 0.3 52 2,500 1.5 2.9 0.1 3.1 4.5 0.2 6.2 7.6 0.3 4.4 5.8 0.2 53 2,500 1.6 3.0 0.1 3.2 4.6 0.2 6.3 7.7 0.3 4.5 5.9 0.2 54 2,500 2.2 3.6 0.1 4.5 5.9 0.2 9.0 10.4 0.4 6.5 7.9 0.3 55 2,500 1.7 3.1 0.1 3.4 4.8 0.2 6.8 8.2 0.3 4.9 6.3 0.3 56 2,500 1.4 2.8 0.1 2.7 4.1 0.2 5.5 6.9 0.3 3.9 5.3 0.2 57 2,500 1.8 3.2 0.1 3.6 5.0 0.2 7.2 8.6 0.3 5.1 6.5 0.3 58 2,500 1.5 2.9 0.1 2.9 4.3 0.2 5.8 7.2 0.3 4.2 5.6 0.2 59 2,500 3.8 5.2 0.2 7.7 9.1 0.4 15.3 16.7 0.7 11.0 12.4 0.5 60 2,500 2.4 3.8 0.2 4.9 6.3 0.3 9.7 11.1 0.4 6.9 8.3 0.3 EAL = Environmental Emissions Limit (µg/m 3); PC = Process Contribution; PEC = Predicted Environmental Concentration (PC + Background)

Table 5.3 indicates that maximum hourly PECs of NH 3 are below the respective assessment metric at all applicable human receptors assuming all four ELVs. The highest predicted NH 3 maximum hourly (PEC) was at receptor 3, approximately 0.4km from the stack at Pindale Farm. Based on the maximum emission rate calculated for 2015/2016, the predicted concentration was 0.6% of the hourly EAL of 2,500µg/m 3. The direct contribution from the kilns exhaust stack (PC) at this receptor was 14.5µg/m 3.

Consequently, NH 3 emissions from the cement kilns are not expected to cause adverse effects upon the health of the local population even when the emission rates were assumed to be twice the maximum actual emissions emitted from the cement kilns between 2015 and 2016 (153mg/Nm 3) Therefore the proposed ELV of 110mg/Nm 3 can comfortably be assigned based on the impacts on human receptors.

5.1.2 Nitrogen Dioxide Impacts

th Table 5.4 details the predicted annual and 99.79 percentile of the one hour mean NO 2 concentrations at human receptors assuming the maximum emission rate.

Table 5.4 – NO 2 Impacts at Human Receptors – Maximum Emission Rate Annual Mean (µg /m3) 99.79 th percent ile 1 Hour Mean ( µg /m3) ID % PEC of % PEC of AQS PC PEC AQS PC PEC AQS AQS 1 40 0.6 7.86 19.6 200 20.1 34.7 17.4 2 40 0.7 8.00 20.0 200 19.4 34.0 17.0 3 40 0.1 7.38 18.5 200 1.8 16.4 8.2 4 40 0.0 7.35 18.4 200 0.8 15.4 7.7 5 40 0.4 7.66 19.2 200 20.5 35.1 17.5

Bureau Veritas 6427468 33 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Annual Mean (µg/m3) 99.79 th percentile 1 Hour Mean (µg/m3) ID % PEC of % PEC of AQS PC PEC AQS PC PEC AQS AQS 6 40 0.6 7.88 19.7 200 21.7 36.3 18.1 7 40 0.6 7.92 19.8 200 19.0 33.6 16.8 8 40 0.6 7.92 19.8 200 19.2 33.8 16.9 9 40 1.6 8.88 22.2 200 21.9 36.5 18.2 10 40 2.1 9.38 23.4 200 23.2 37.8 18.9 11 40 1.4 8.74 21.9 200 23.7 38.3 19.2 12 40 0.3 7.61 19.0 200 14.1 28.7 14.3 13 40 0.2 7.53 18.8 200 16.5 31.1 15.6 14 40 0.3 7.58 18.9 200 20.2 34.8 17.4 15 40 0.5 7.77 19.4 200 22.6 37.2 18.6 16 40 0.4 7.71 19.3 200 20.6 35.2 17.6 17 40 0.4 7.71 19.3 200 18.4 33.0 16.5 18 40 0.2 7.49 18.7 200 13.3 27.9 13.9 19 40 0.4 7.73 19.3 200 12.2 26.8 13.4 20 40 1.5 8.84 22.1 200 17.7 32.3 16.1 21 40 0.7 8.00 20.0 200 13.5 28.1 14.0 22 40 1.0 8.33 20.8 200 11.6 26.2 13.1 23 40 1.1 8.44 21.1 200 11.3 25.9 12.9 24 40 0.6 7.86 19.7 200 9.7 24.3 12.1 25 40 1.0 8.27 20.7 200 11.4 26.0 13.0 26 40 0.9 8.18 20.5 200 10.9 25.5 12.8 27 40 1.5 8.83 22.1 200 17.2 31.8 15.9 28 40 0.4 7.65 19.1 200 8.6 23.2 11.6 29 40 0.2 7.46 18.6 200 10.1 24.7 12.3 30 40 0.2 7.46 18.6 200 7.1 21.7 10.9 31 40 0.1 7.44 18.6 200 7.0 21.6 10.8 32 40 0.3 7.63 19.1 200 11.3 25.9 12.9 33 40 0.5 7.78 19.4 200 14.8 29.4 14.7 34 40 0.2 7.48 18.7 200 7.8 22.4 11.2 35 40 0.1 7.44 18.6 200 7.4 22.0 11.0 36 40 0.1 7.44 18.6 200 7.6 22.2 11.1 37 40 0.2 7.47 18.7 200 13.6 28.2 14.1 38 40 0.2 7.53 18.8 200 8.8 23.4 11.7 39 40 0.4 7.68 19.2 200 8.8 23.4 11.7 40 40 0.4 7.72 19.3 200 9.3 23.9 11.9 41 40 0.7 8.00 20.0 200 8.6 23.2 11.6 42 40 0.3 7.58 19.0 200 4.7 19.3 9.7 43 40 0.7 7.97 19.9 200 8.6 23.2 11.6 44 40 0.8 8.09 20.2 200 9.4 24.0 12.0 45 40 0.4 7.67 19.2 200 8.5 23.1 11.5 46 40 0.2 7.45 18.6 200 6.9 21.5 10.7 47 40 0.2 7.46 18.6 200 7.2 21.8 10.9 48 40 0.1 7.44 18.6 200 5.2 19.8 9.9 49 40 0.1 7.44 18.6 200 6.2 20.8 10.4 50 40 0.3 7.62 19.0 200 8.7 23.3 11.7 51 40 0.3 7.64 19.1 200 9.9 24.5 12.2 52 40 0.2 7.55 18.9 200 7.1 21.7 10.9 53 40 0.2 7.49 18.7 200 6.9 21.5 10.8 54 40 0.4 7.72 19.3 200 10.0 24.6 12.3 55 40 0.3 7.59 19.0 200 8.8 23.4 11.7 56 40 0.3 7.56 18.9 200 7.1 21.7 10.8 57 40 0.3 7.57 18.9 200 7.6 22.2 11.1 58 40 0.2 7.52 18.8 200 7.0 21.6 10.8 59 40 0.3 7.56 18.9 200 6.6 21.2 10.6 60 40 0.3 7.60 19.0 200 10.0 24.6 12.3 AQS = Air Quality Standard (µg/m3); PC = Process Contribution; PEC = Predicted Environmental Concentration (PC + Background)

Bureau Veritas 6427468 34 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Table 5.4 indicates that long-term PECs of NO 2 are below the respective assessment metric at all applicable human receptors. The highest predicted NO 2 annual mean (PEC) was at receptor 10, approximately 1.5km ESE (East-Southeast) from the stack, along Stretfield Road in Brough. Based on the maximum emission rate calculated for 2015/2016, the predicted concentration was 23.4% of the AQS objective of 40µg/m 3. The direct contribution from the kilns exhaust stack (PC) at this receptor was 2.08µg/m 3.

Short-term PECs of NO 2 are below the respective assessment metric at all applicable human receptors. The highest predicted 99.8 th percentile of the hourly mean (PEC), assuming the maximum calculated emission rate for 2015/2016, was at receptor 11, approximately 1.25km ESE (East-Southeast) from the stack, off Stretfield Road in Bradwell. The predicted concentration was 19.2% of the AQS objective of 200µg/m 3. The direct contribution from the kilns exhaust stack (PC) at this receptor was 23.7µg/m 3.

Consequently, NO 2 emissions from the cement kilns are not expected to cause adverse effects upon the health of the local population.

th NO 2 process contribution (PC) isopleths for the annual mean and 99.79 percentile of the one hour mean are presented in Figure A.1 and Figure A.2 of Appendix A respectively.

5.1.3 Sulphur Dioxide Impacts

Table 5.5 details the predicted 99.18th percentile 24 hour, 99.73rd percentile 1 hour and 99.99 th percentile 15 minute mean SO 2 concentrations at human receptors assuming the maximum emission rate.

Table 5.5 – SO 2 Impacts at Human Receptors – Maximum Emission Rate 99.18 th percentile 24 Hour 99.73 rd percentile 1 Hour Mean 99.99 th percentile 15 Minute Mean (µg/m3) (µg/m3) Mean (µg/m3) ID % PEC % PEC % PEC AQS PC PEC AQS PC PEC AQS PC PEC of AQS of AQS of AQS 1 125 26.9 31.3 25.1 350 99.3 103.7 29.6 266 121.2 125.6 47.2 2 125 24.3 28.7 22.9 350 94.3 98.7 28.2 266 114.5 118.9 44.7 3 125 4.2 8.6 6.9 350 16.9 21.3 6.1 266 51.7 56.1 21.1 4 125 2.1 6.5 5.2 350 8.3 12.7 3.6 266 25.3 29.7 11.1 5 125 26.2 30.6 24.5 350 93.4 97.8 28.0 266 134.3 138.7 52.2 6 125 29.8 34.2 27.3 350 105.6 110.0 31.4 266 132.2 136.6 51.3 7 125 26.6 31.0 24.8 350 93.2 97.6 27.9 266 109.1 113.5 42.7 8 125 26.6 31.0 24.8 350 95.7 100.1 28.6 266 112.6 117.0 44.0 9 125 45.4 49.8 39.9 350 110.3 114.7 32.8 266 128.2 132.6 49.9 10 125 47.5 51.9 41.5 350 115.2 119.6 34.2 266 137.9 142.3 53.5 11 125 37.7 42.1 33.7 350 118.1 122.5 35.0 266 131.8 136.2 51.2 12 125 12.8 17.2 13.8 350 66.2 70.6 20.2 266 91.0 95.4 35.9 13 125 13.5 17.9 14.3 350 75.1 79.5 22.7 266 101.4 105.8 39.8 14 125 21.6 26.0 20.8 350 85.8 90.2 25.8 266 120.9 125.3 47.1 15 125 25.4 29.8 23.8 350 113.1 117.5 33.6 266 131.7 136.1 51.2 16 125 25.8 30.2 24.1 350 100.3 104.7 29.9 266 119.8 124.2 46.7 17 125 27.9 32.3 25.9 350 90.9 95.3 27.2 266 112.4 116.8 43.9 18 125 15.9 20.3 16.2 350 62.6 67.0 19.2 266 94.9 99.3 37.3 19 125 18.9 23.3 18.6 350 61.2 65.6 18. 7 266 75.3 79.7 29.9 20 125 49.1 53.5 42.8 350 89.4 93.8 26.8 266 111.2 115.6 43.4 21 125 19.0 23.4 18.7 350 68.0 72.4 20.7 266 84.6 89.0 33.4 22 125 24.6 29.0 23.2 350 58.1 62.5 17.9 266 83.3 87.7 33.0 23 125 22.2 26.6 21.3 350 56.0 60.4 17.2 266 74.0 78.4 29.5 24 125 13.8 18.2 14.6 350 45.6 50.0 14.3 266 75.8 80.2 30.2 25 125 20.9 25.3 20.2 350 57.3 61.7 17.6 266 87.6 92.0 34.6 26 125 19.8 24.2 19.4 350 51.9 56.3 16.1 266 91.7 96.1 36.1 27 125 31.3 35.7 28.6 350 87.2 91.6 26.2 266 101.7 106.1 39.9 28 125 11.8 16.2 12.9 350 42.6 47.0 13.4 266 64.4 68.8 25.9 29 125 7.9 12.3 9.8 350 48.3 52.7 15.1 266 67.3 71.7 26.9

Bureau Veritas 6427468 35 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

99.18 th percentile 24 Hour 99.73 rd percentile 1 Hour Mean 99.99 th percentile 15 Minute Mean (µg/m3) (µg/m3) Mean (µg/m3) ID % PEC % PEC % PEC AQS PC PEC AQS PC PEC AQS PC PEC of AQS of AQS of AQS 30 125 5.6 10.0 8.0 350 32.9 37.3 10.7 266 44.7 49.1 18.5 31 125 8.1 12.5 10.0 350 32.1 36.5 10.4 266 54.5 58.9 22.2 32 125 15.9 20.3 16.2 350 54.6 59.0 16.9 266 84.0 88.4 33.2 33 125 19.0 23.4 18.8 350 68.1 72.5 20.7 266 130.0 134.4 50.5 34 125 8.1 12.5 10.0 350 35.6 40.0 11.4 266 54.0 58.4 21.9 35 125 7.7 12.1 9.7 350 36.0 40.4 11.5 266 56.0 60.4 22.7 36 125 10.4 14.8 11.8 350 37.5 41.9 12.0 266 50.0 54.4 20.5 37 125 13.3 17.7 14.2 350 60.7 65.1 18.6 266 88.6 93.0 34.9 38 125 11.6 16.0 12.8 350 41.7 46.1 13.2 266 65.0 69.4 26.1 39 125 13.1 17.5 14.0 350 40.7 45.1 12.9 266 79.9 84.3 31.7 40 125 13.1 17.5 14.0 350 41.5 45.9 13.1 266 72.2 76.6 28.8 41 125 12.7 17.1 13.7 350 42.1 46.5 13.3 266 70.8 75.2 28.3 42 125 6.7 11.1 8.9 350 23.4 27.8 8.0 266 43.4 47.8 18.0 43 125 13.8 18.2 14.6 350 40.3 44.7 12.8 266 71.4 75.8 28.5 44 125 16.6 21.0 16.8 350 43.4 47.8 13.7 266 73.6 78.0 29.3 45 125 8.6 13.0 10.4 350 37.2 41.6 11.9 266 82.3 86.7 32.6 46 125 4.6 9.0 7.2 350 30.3 34.7 9.9 266 57.4 61.8 23.2 47 125 6.3 10.7 8.6 350 33.6 38.0 10.9 266 73.1 77.5 29.1 48 125 4.3 8.7 7.0 350 24.9 29.3 8.4 266 45.4 49.8 18.7 49 125 5.4 9.8 7.9 350 28.0 32.4 9.3 266 47.1 51.5 19.4 50 125 11.2 15.6 12.5 350 43.0 47.4 13.6 266 67.0 71.4 26.9 51 125 13.9 18.3 14.6 350 45.6 50.0 14.3 266 84.4 88.8 33.4 52 125 10.5 14.9 11.9 350 33.6 38.0 10.8 266 72.2 76.6 28.8 53 125 7.0 11.4 9.1 350 32.4 36.8 10.5 266 55.3 59.7 22.4 54 125 14.2 18.6 14.9 350 47.0 51.4 14.7 266 82.4 86.8 32.6 55 125 7.9 12.3 9.8 350 41.5 45.9 13.1 266 79.2 83.6 31.4 56 125 8.0 12.4 9.9 350 31.7 36.1 10.3 266 58.9 63.3 23.8 57 125 9.0 13.4 10.7 350 32.8 37.2 10.6 266 77.4 81.8 30.8 58 125 7.2 11.6 9.3 350 31.9 36.3 10.4 266 64.9 69.3 26.0 59 125 8.4 12.8 10.3 350 30.8 35.2 10.1 266 51.3 55.7 21.0 60 125 12.0 16.4 13.1 350 48.1 52.5 15.0 266 87.7 92.1 34.6 AQS = Air Quality Standard (µg/m3); PC = Process Contribution; PEC = Predicted Environmental Concentration (PC + Background)

Table 5.5 indicate that PECs of SO 2 are below the respective assessment metrics at all human receptors. Consequently, SO 2 emissions from the cement kilns are not expected to cause adverse effects upon the health of the local population. The highest predicted SO 2 annual mean (PEC) was at receptor 20, approximately 2.05km ENE (East-Northeast) from the stack, along Aston Lane in Brough. Based on the maximum emission rate calculated for 2015/2016, the predicted concentration was 42.8% of the AQS objective of 125µg/m 3. The direct contribution from the kilns exhaust stack (PC) at this receptor was 49.1µg/m 3.

The highest predicted SO 2 hourly and 15 minute mean (PEC) were at receptor 11 and 10 respectively. Both receptor locations are approximately 1.5km ESE (East-Southeast) from the stack, along Stretfield Road in Brough.

Consequently, SO 2 emissions from the cement kilns are not expected to cause adverse effects upon the health of the local population.

5.1.4 Carbon Monoxide Impacts

Table 5.6 details the predicted 8 hour and 1 hour mean CO impacts on human receptors assuming the maximum emission rate.

Bureau Veritas 6427468 36 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Table 5.6 – CO Impacts at Human Receptors – Maximum Emission Rate 8 Hour Rolling Mean (µg/m3) 1 Hour Mean (µg/m3) ID % PEC of % PEC of AQS PC PEC EAL PC PEC AQS EAL 1 10000 138 338 3.4 30000 224 424 1.4 2 10000 144 344 3.4 30000 216 416 1.4 3 10000 111 311 3.1 30000 282 482 1.6 4 10000 97 297 3.0 30000 267 467 1.6 5 10000 163 363 3.6 30000 243 443 1.5 6 10000 146 346 3.5 30000 209 409 1.4 7 10000 155 355 3.5 30000 172 372 1.2 8 10000 168 368 3.7 30000 181 381 1.3 9 10000 160 360 3.6 30000 195 395 1.3 10 10000 185 385 3.8 30000 197 397 1.3 11 10000 178 378 3.8 30000 208 408 1.4 12 10000 96 296 3.0 30000 211 411 1.4 13 10000 101 301 3.0 30000 174 374 1.2 14 10000 119 319 3.2 30000 246 446 1.5 15 10000 181 381 3.8 30000 208 408 1.4 16 10000 170 370 3.7 30000 204 404 1.3 17 10000 144 344 3.4 30000 175 375 1.3 18 10000 117 317 3.2 30000 174 374 1.2 19 10000 92 292 2.9 30000 160 360 1.2 20 10000 126 326 3.3 30000 154 354 1.2 21 10000 85 285 2.8 30000 127 327 1.1 22 10000 89 289 2.9 30000 138 338 1.1 23 10000 83 283 2.8 30000 171 371 1.2 24 10000 64 264 2.6 30000 164 364 1.2 25 10000 69 269 2.7 30000 170 370 1.2 26 10000 61 261 2.6 30000 160 360 1.2 27 10000 130 330 3.3 30000 148 348 1.2 28 10000 66 266 2.7 30000 123 323 1.1 29 10000 76 276 2.8 30000 111 311 1.0 30 10000 45 245 2.4 30000 117 317 1.1 31 10000 40 240 2.4 30000 89 289 1.0 32 10000 89 289 2.9 30000 152 352 1.2 33 10000 91 291 2.9 30000 192 392 1.3 34 10000 43 243 2.4 30000 149 349 1.2 35 10000 40 240 2.4 30000 144 344 1.1 36 10000 58 258 2.6 30000 171 371 1.2 37 10000 104 304 3.0 30000 144 344 1.1 38 10000 57 257 2.6 30000 134 334 1.1 39 10000 50 250 2.5 30000 120 320 1.1 40 10000 51 251 2.5 30000 161 361 1.2 41 10000 43 243 2.4 30000 99 299 1.0 42 10000 24 224 2.2 30000 63 263 0.9 43 10000 50 250 2.5 30000 123 323 1.1 44 10000 55 255 2.6 30000 151 351 1.2 45 10000 36 236 2.4 30000 165 365 1.2 46 10000 40 240 2.4 30000 91 291 1.0 47 10000 38 238 2.4 30000 111 311 1.0 48 10000 57 257 2.6 30000 135 335 1.1 49 10000 35 235 2.4 30000 93 293 1.0 50 10000 51 251 2.5 30000 112 312 1.0 51 10000 74 274 2.7 30000 113 313 1.0 52 10000 53 253 2.5 30000 86 286 1.0 53 10000 44 244 2.4 30000 88 288 1.0 54 10000 61 261 2.6 30000 126 326 1.1 55 10000 42 242 2.4 30000 94 294 1.0 56 10000 38 238 2.4 30000 76 276 0.9 57 10000 90 290 2.9 30000 100 300 1.0 58 10000 30 230 2.3 30000 81 281 0.9

Bureau Veritas 6427468 37 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

8 Hour Rolling Mean (µg/m3) 1 Hour Mean (µg/m3) ID % PEC of % PEC of AQS PC PEC EAL PC PEC AQS EAL 59 10000 107 307 3.1 30000 213 413 1.4 60 10000 61 261 2.6 30000 135 335 1.1 AQS = Air Quality Standard (µg/m3); EAL = Environmental Emissions Limit (µg/m 3); PC = Process Contribution; PEC = Predicted Environmental Concentration (PC + Background)

Table 5.6 indicates that 8 hour mean PECs of CO are well below the respective assessment metric at all applicable human receptors. The highest predicted CO annual mean (PEC) was at receptor 10, approximately 1.5km ESE (East-Southeast) from the stack, along Stretfield Road in Brough. Based on the maximum emission rate calculated for 2015/2016, the predicted concentration was 3.8% of the AQS objective of 10,000µg/m 3.

The predicted hourly mean PECs of CO are below the respective assessment metric at all applicable human receptors. The highest predicted CO hourly mean (PEC) was also located at receptor 10. The predicted concentration, based on the maximum emission rate calculated for 2015/2016, was 1.3% of the EAL of 30,000µg/m 3.

Consequently, CO emissions from the cement kilns are not expected to cause adverse effects upon the health of the local population.

5.1.5 Particulate Matter Impacts

st Table 5.7 details the predicted annual mean and 90.41 percentile 24 hour mean PM 10 and annual mean PM 2.5 impacts on human receptors assuming the maximum emission rate.

Table 5.7 – PM Impacts at Human Receptors – Maximum Emission Rate

3 PM 10 90.41 percentile of 24 3 PM Annual Mean (µg/m ) 3 PM Annual Mean (µg/m ) 10 Hour Mean (µg/m ) 2.5 ID % % % PEC PEC PEC AQS PC PEC AQS PC PEC AQS PC PEC OF OF OF AQS AQS AQS 1 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 2 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 0.1 12.8 25.6 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 3 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 4 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 5 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 6 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 7 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 8 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 9 40 <0.1 12.7 31.9 50 0.1 12.8 25.7 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 10 40 0.1 12.8 31.9 50 0.2 12.9 25.8 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 11 40 <0.1 12.7 31.9 50 0.2 12.9 25.7 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 12 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 13 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 14 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 15 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 16 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 17 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 18 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 19 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 20 40 <0.1 12.7 31.9 50 0.1 12.8 25.7 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 21 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 0.1 12.8 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 22 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 0.1 12.8 25.6 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 23 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 0.1 12.8 25.6 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 24 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 0.1 12.8 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 25 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 0.1 12.8 25.6 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 26 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 0.1 12.8 25.6 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8

Bureau Veritas 6427468 38 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

3 PM 10 90.41 percentile of 24 3 PM Annual Mean (µg/m ) 3 PM Annual Mean (µg/m ) 10 Hour Mean (µg/m ) 2.5 ID % % % PEC PEC PEC AQS PC PEC AQS PC PEC AQS PC PEC OF OF OF AQS AQS AQS 27 40 <0.1 12.7 31.9 50 0.2 12.9 25.8 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 28 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 29 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 30 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 31 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 32 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 33 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 34 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 35 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 36 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 37 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 38 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 39 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 40 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 41 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 0.1 12.8 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 42 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 43 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 0.1 12.8 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 44 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 0.1 12.8 25.6 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 45 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 46 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 47 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 48 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 49 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 50 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 51 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 52 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 53 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 54 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 55 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 56 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 57 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 58 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 59 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 60 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 AQS = Air Quality Standard; PC = Process Contribution; PEC = Predicted Environmental Concentration (PC + Background)

Table 5.7 indicates that long-term PECs of PM 10 are below the respective assessment metric at all applicable human receptors. The highest predicted PM 10 annual mean (PEC) was at receptor 10, approximately 1.5km ESE (East-Southeast) from the stack, along Stretfield Road in Brough. Based on the maximum emission rate calculated for 2015/2016, the predicted concentration was 31.9% of the AQS objective of 40µg/m 3. The direct contribution from the kilns exhaust stack (PC) at this receptor was 0.1µg/m 3.

Short-term PECs of PM 10 are below the respective assessment metric at all applicable human receptors. The highest predicted 99.41 st percentile of the 24 hour mean (PEC), assuming the maximum calculated emission rate for 2015/2016, was also at receptor 10. The predicted concentration was 25.8% of the AQS objective of 50µg/m 3. The direct contribution from the kilns exhaust stack (PC) at this receptor was 12.9µg/m 3.

Long-term PM 2.5 PECs are below the respective assessment metric at all applicable human receptors. The predicted concentration was 50.8% of the AQS objective of 25µg/m 3 at all human receptors.

Bureau Veritas 6427468 39 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Consequently, PM 10 and PM 2.5 emissions from the cement kilns are not expected to cause adverse effects upon the health of the local population.

5.1.6 Total Organic Carbon Impacts

There are no assessment metrics available for comparing TOC concentrations against. Therefore, predicted concentrations have been presented in Table 5.8 for information purposes only.

Table 5.8 – TOC Impacts at Human Receptors – Maximum Emission Rate

Annual Mean (µg/m3) Receptor PC 1 0.09 2 0.11 3 0.01 4 0.01 5 0.06 6 0.09 7 0.10 8 0.10 9 0.25 10 0.33 11 0.23 12 0.05 13 0.04 14 0.04 15 0.08 16 0.06 17 0.07 18 0.03 19 0.07 20 0.25 21 0.11 22 0.16 23 0.18 24 0.09 25 0.15 26 0.14 27 0.25 28 0.06 29 0.03 30 0.03 31 0.02 32 0.05 33 0.08 34 0.03 35 0.02 36 0.02 37 0.03 38 0.04 39 0.06 40 0.07 41 0.11 42 0.05 43 0.11 44 0.13 45 0.06 46 0.02 47 0.02 48 0.02 49 0.02 50 0.05

Bureau Veritas 6427468 40 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Annual Mean (µg/m3) Receptor PC 51 0.05 52 0.04 53 0.03 54 0.07 55 0.05 56 0.04 57 0.04 58 0.04 59 0.04 60 0.05

PC = Process Contribution

5.1.7 Hydrogen Chloride Impacts

Table 5.9 details the predicted 1 hour mean HCl impacts on human receptors assuming the maximum emission rate.

Table 5.9 – HCl Impacts at Human Receptors – Maximum Emission Rate

1 Hour Mean (µg/m3) Receptor EAL PC PEC % PEC OF EAL 1 750 2.1 4.1 0.5 2 750 2.0 4.0 0.5 3 750 2.6 4.6 0.6 4 750 2.4 4.4 0.6 5 750 2.2 4.2 0.6 6 750 1.9 3.9 0.5 7 750 1.6 3.6 0.5 8 750 1.7 3.7 0.5 9 750 1.8 3.8 0.5 10 750 1.8 3.8 0.5 11 750 1.9 3.9 0.5 12 750 1.9 3.9 0.5 13 750 1.6 3.6 0.5 14 750 2.3 4.3 0.6 15 750 1.9 3.9 0.5 16 750 1.9 3.9 0.5 17 750 1.6 3.6 0.5 18 750 1.6 3.6 0.5 19 750 1.5 3.5 0.5 20 750 1.4 3.4 0.5 21 750 1.2 3.2 0.4 22 750 1.3 3.3 0.4 23 750 1.6 3.6 0.5 24 750 1.5 3.5 0.5 25 750 1.6 3.6 0.5 26 750 1.5 3.5 0.5 27 750 1.4 3.4 0.4 28 750 1.1 3.1 0.4 29 750 1.0 3.0 0.4 30 750 1.1 3.1 0.4 31 750 0.8 2.8 0.4 32 750 1.4 3.4 0.5 33 750 1.8 3.8 0.5 34 750 1.4 3.4 0.4 35 750 1.3 3.3 0.4 36 750 1.6 3.6 0.5 37 750 1.3 3.3 0.4 38 750 1.2 3.2 0.4

Bureau Veritas 6427468 41 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

1 Hour Mean (µg/m3) Receptor EAL PC PEC % PEC OF EAL 39 750 1.1 3.1 0.4 40 750 1.5 3.5 0.5 41 750 0.9 2.9 0.4 42 750 0.6 2.6 0.3 43 750 1.1 3.1 0.4 44 750 1.4 3.4 0.5 45 750 1.5 3.5 0.5 46 750 0.8 2.8 0.4 47 750 1.0 3.0 0.4 48 750 1.2 3.2 0.4 49 750 0.8 2.8 0.4 50 750 1.0 3.0 0.4 51 750 1.0 3.0 0.4 52 750 0.8 2.8 0.4 53 750 0.8 2.8 0.4 54 750 1.2 3.2 0.4 55 750 0.9 2.9 0.4 56 750 0.7 2.7 0.4 57 750 0.9 2.9 0.4 58 750 0.7 2.7 0.4 59 750 2.0 4.0 0.5 60 750 1.2 3.2 0.4 EAL = Environmental Assessment Level; PC = Process Contribution; PEC = Predicted Environmental Concentration (PC + Background)

Table 5.9 indicates that short-term PECs of HCl are below the respective assessment metric at all applicable human receptors. The highest predicted HCl hourly mean (PEC) was at receptor 3, approximately 0.4km WSW (West-Southwest) from the stack, along Pindale Road in Hope Valley. Based on the maximum emission rate calculated for 2015/2016, the predicted concentration was 0.6% of the AQS objective of 750µg/m 3. The direct contribution from the kilns exhaust stack (PC) at this receptor was 2.6µg/m 3.

Consequently, short-term HCl emissions from the cement kilns are not expected to cause adverse effects upon the health of the local population.

5.1.8 Heavy Metal Impacts

Table 5.10 details the annual mean predicted impacts of individual heavy metals on human receptors assuming the maximum emission rate.

Table 5.10 – Heavy Metal Impacts at Worst Case Receptor – Maximum Emission Rate

Annual Mean (ng/m3) Assessment Receptor Limit % PEC OF Metric Location PC PEC Value EAL/AQS/AAD As EAL 10 3 <0.01 0.9 30 Co - 10 - 0.04 0.08 - Cr EAL 10 5000 0.03 1.53 0.03 Cu EAL 10 1000 0.07 3.27 0.03 Mn EAL 10 150 0.05 2.5 2 Ni AAD Target Value 10 20 0.03 0.43 2 Pb AQS 10 250 0.01 6.32 3 Sb EAL 10 5000 <0.01 - - V EAL 10 5000 <0.01 0.6 0.01 EAL = Environmental Assessment Level; AAD = Ambient Air Directive; PC = Process Contribution; PEC = Predicted Environmental Concentration (PC + Background)

Bureau Veritas 6427468 42 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Table 5.10 indicates that the greatest predicted concentration of the individual heavy metals assessed was at receptor location 10. PECs of all the heavy metals assessed are below the respective assessment metrics at all applicable human receptors, including receptor 10. Cobalt did not have an assessment metric to compare against the predicted annual mean concentration and Antimony did not have a background concentration available. Both these metals predicted annual mean PCs of below 0.1ng.m 3.

An overall ELV is provided for all heavy metals combined rather than individual ELVs for each metal. The maximum emission rates for the individual heavy metals were calculated and used within the model in order to compare the impacts against the relevant standards. The overall maximum emission rate calculated for the heavy metals combined was within the ELV. Consequently, heavy metal emissions from the cement kilns are not expected to cause adverse effects upon the health of the local population.

5.1.9 Mercury Impacts

Table 5.11 details the predicted annual mean Hg impacts on human receptors assuming the maximum emission rate.

Table 5.11 – Hg Impact at Worst Case Receptor – Maximum Emission Rate

Annual Mean (ng/m3) Receptor EAL PC PEC % PEC OF EAL

R10 250 0.004 0.006 0.002

EAL = Environmental Assessment Level; PC = Process Contribution; PEC = Predicted Environmental Concentration (PC + Background)

Table 5.11 indicates that the predicted annual mean PECs of Hg is well below the EAL of 250ng/m 3 at all modelled human receptor locations. Consequently, Hg emissions from the cement kilns are not expected to cause adverse effects upon the health of the local population.

5.1.10 PAHs (Benzo[a]pyrene) Impacts

Table 5.12 details the annual mean predicted impacts of benzo[a]pyrene on human receptors, assuming the maximum emission rate. Benzo[a]pyrene is recommended as a marker for human health effects of PAHs by the Expert Panel on Air Quality Standards 16 .

Table 5.12 – PAHs (as Benzo[a]pyrene) Impacts at Worst Case Receptor – Maximum Emission Rate

Annual Mean (ng/m3) Receptor AQS PC PEC % PEC OF AQS

R10 0.25 0.001 0.06 24

AQS = Air Quality Standards; PC = Process Contribution; PEC = Predicted Environmental Concentration (PC + Background)

Table 5.12 indicates that the predicted annual mean PECs of benzo[a]pyrene are well below the AQS of 0.25ng/m 3 at all modelled human receptor locations. Consequently benzo[a]pyrene emissions, and in turn PAHs, from the cement kilns are not expected to cause adverse effects upon the health of the local population.

16 https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/reports/empire/aeat-env-r-0620.pdf

Bureau Veritas 6427468 43 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

5.1.11 PCB Impacts

Table 5.13 details the annual mean predicted impacts of PCBs on human receptors, assuming the maximum emission rate.

Table 5.13 – PCBs Impacts at Human Receptors – Maximum Emission Rate Annual Mean (ng/m3) Receptor EAL PC PEC % PEC OF AQS All 200 <0.001 0.03 0.01 Receptors EAL = Environmental Assessment Level; PC = Process Contribution; PEC = Predicted Environmental Concentration (PC + Background)

Table 5.13 indicates that the predicted annual mean PECs of PCBs are well below the EAL of 200ng/m 3 at all modelled human receptor locations. It should be noted that in the absence of more recently collected data the background concentration was derived from 2012 monitoring data and therefore may not necessarily be representative of current conditions. Consequently PCB emissions from the cement kilns are not expected to cause adverse effects upon the health of the local population.

5.1.12 Dioxins and Furan Impacts

Table 5.14 details the annual mean predicted impacts of dioxins and furans on human receptors, assuming the maximum emission rate. There are no assessment metrics available for comparing against the PC and PECs of dioxins and furans. Therefore the percentage PC of PEC has been calculated instead.

Table 5.14 – Dioxins and Furan Impacts at Worst Case Receptor – Maximum Emission Rate Annual Mean (fg/m3) Receptor EAL PC PEC % PC OF PEC

R10 - 4.25 13.00 32.7

EAL = Environmental Assessment Level; PC = Process Contribution; PEC = Predicted Environmental Concentration (PC + Background)

Table 5.14 indicates that the maximum predicted annual mean PECs of dioxins and furans is 13.0fg/m 3 at all modelled human receptors. The PCs are all less than 4.25fg/m 3. It should be noted that in the absence of more recently collected data the background concentration was derived from 2012 monitoring data and therefore may not necessarily be representative of current conditions.

5.1.13 Cadmium and Thallium Impacts

Table 5.15 details the predicted annual mean cadmium and thallium impacts on human receptors assuming the maximum emission rate.

Table 5.15 – Cadmium & Thallium Impacts at Worst Case Receptor – Maximum Emission Rate

Annual Mean (ng/m3) Receptor AAD Limit PC PEC % PEC OF AAD Value

R10 5 0.4 0.5 9

AAD = Ambient Air Directive; PC = Process Contribution; PEC = Predicted Environmental Concentration (PC + Background)

Bureau Veritas 6427468 44 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

A background concentration and limit value was only available for cadmium. However, the ELV has been specified for cadmium and thallium combined. Therefore, the predicted concentrations of both cadmium and thallium have been compared to the relevant cadmium assessment metric as a conservative approach. Table 5.15 indicates that annual mean PECs of cadmium and thallium are well below the AAD Limit Value for cadmium at all applicable human receptors. Consequently, Cadmium and thallium emissions from the cement kilns are not expected to cause adverse effects upon the health of the local population.

5.1.14 Hydrogen Fluoride Impacts

Table 5.16 details the predicted weekly and one hour mean HF impacts on human receptors assuming the maximum emission rate. The long-term EAL for HF is representative of the monthly mean, however due to limitations of the model only a weekly mean could be calculated. Nonetheless, the weekly mean will cover any likely exceedances of the monthly mean EAL. Furthermore, there were no background HF concentrations available. Therefore the PCs have been compared to the EAL.

Table 5.16 – HF Impacts at Human Receptors – Maximum Emission Rate

Monthly Mean (µg/m3) 1 Hour Mean (µg/m3) Receptor % PC OF % PC OF EAL PC EAL PC EAL EAL All 16 <0.1* <0.1 160 <0.1 <0.1 Receptors EAL = Ambient Air Directive; PC = Process Contribution; PEC = Predicted Environmental Concentration (PC + Background) *Weekly mean

Table 5.16 indicates that the predicted monthly and 1 hour mean PCs of HF are less than 0.1% of the respective assessment metrics at all modelled human receptors. The process contribution from the kilns exhaust stack (PC) at this receptor was 0.1µg/m 3. Consequently, HF emissions from the cement kilns are unlikely to cause adverse effects upon the health of the local population.

5.2 Ecological Receptors

5.2.1 Ammonia Impacts

Table 5.17 details the results of the impact assessment for NH 3.

Table 5.17 – NH 3 Impacts at Ecological Receptors Annual Mean (µg/m3) Maximum Daily Maximum Daily Proposed Average Daily ELV 3 Receptor ELV ELV *2 110mg/Nm ELV EAL ID % % % % PEC PEC PEC PEC PC PEC PC PEC PC PEC PC PEC of of of of AQS AQS AQS AQS A 3 0.1 0.8 25 0.1 0.8 27 0.2 0.9 30 0.1 0.8 28 B 3 <0.1 0.7 24 0.1 0.8 25 0.1 0.8 27 0.1 0.8 26 C 3 <0.1 0.7 24 0.1 0.8 25 0.1 0.8 27 0.1 0.8 26 D 3 <0.1 0.7 24 0.1 0.8 26 0.1 0.8 28 0.1 0.8 27 E 3 <0.1 0.7 24 <0.1 0.7 25 0.1 0.8 26 0.1 0.8 25 Environmental Assessment Level = Air Quality Standard; PC = Process Contribution; PEC = Predicted Environmental Concentration (PC + Background)

Table 5.19 indicates that at all ecological sites considered, long-term NH 3 PECs are less than the relevant EAL assuming all four ELVs. Consequently, annual mean NH 3 emissions from the

Bureau Veritas 6427468 45 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

cement kilns are not expected to cause adverse effects upon local ecological sites even when the emission rates were assumed to be twice the maximum actual emissions emitted from the cement kilns between 2015 and 2016.

5.2.2 Nitrogen Oxides Impacts

Table 5.18 details the results of the impact assessment for NO x assuming the maximum emission rate. Table 5.18 – NO x Impacts at Ecological Receptors – Maximum Emission Rate

Annual Mean (µg/m3) 24-hour Mean (µg/m3) Receptor % PEC % PEC of ID AQS PC PEC EAL PC PEC OF AQS EAL A 30 1.0 17.5 58 75 13.6 46.6 62 B 30 0.6 15.5 52 75 12.0 41.8 56 C 30 0.6 15.9 53 75 9.6 40.4 54 D 30 0.7 15.5 52 75 13.4 43.1 57 E 30 0.4 16.6 55 75 12.8 45.3 60 AQS = Air Quality Standard ; EAL = Environmental Assessment Level; PC = Process Contribution; PEC = Predicted Environmental Concentration (PC + Background)

Table 5.18 indicates that at all ecological sites considered assuming the maximum emission rate, long and short-term NO x PECs are below the relevant AQS. Consequently, NO x emissions from the cement kilns are not expected to cause adverse effects upon local ecological sites.

5.2.3 Sulphur Dioxide Impacts

Table 5.19 details the results of the impact assessment for SO 2 assuming the maximum emission rate.

Table 5.19 – SO 2 Impacts at Ecological Receptors – Maximum Emission Rate

Annual Mean (µg/m3) Receptor ID % PEC of AQS PC PEC AQS A 20 1.8 4.0 20 B 20 1.0 3.2 16 C 20 1.0 3.2 16 D 20 1.2 3.4 17 E 20 0.7 2.9 14 AQS = Air Quality Standard; PC = Process Contribution; PEC = Predicted Environmental Concentration (PC + Background)

Table 5.19 indicates that at all ecological sites considered, long-term SO 2 PECs are below the relevant AQS. Consequently, annual mean SO 2 emissions from the cement kilns are not expected to cause adverse effects upon local ecological sites.

5.2.4 Hydrogen Fluoride Impacts

Table 5.20 details the results of the impact assessment for HF assuming the maximum emission rate. No background concentrations are available for HF. Therefore, the percentage PC of the EAL has been calculated.

Bureau Veritas 6427468 46 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Table 5.20 – HF Impacts at Ecological Receptors – Maximum Emission Rate

3 3 Receptor Weekly Mean (µg/m ) 24-hour Mean (µg/m ) ID EAL PC % PC OF EAL EAL PC % PC of EAL A 0.5 <0.1 0.1 5 <0.1 <0.1 B 0.5 <0.1 0.1 5 <0.1 <0.1 C 0.5 <0.1 0.1 5 <0.1 <0.1 D 0.5 <0.1 0.1 5 <0.1 <0.1 E 0.5 <0.1 <0.1 5 <0.1 <0.1 EAL = Environmental Assessment Level; PC = Process Contribution; PEC = Predicted Environmental Concentration (PC + Background)

Table 5.20 indicates that at all ecological sites considered the weekly and 24-hour mean PCs are well below the relevant EAL. Due to the low predicted concentrations, it is likely that even if background concentrations were included, the HF emissions from the cement kilns would be unlikely to cause adverse effects upon local ecological sites.

5.2.5 Nitrogen Deposition Rates

Table 5.21 contains the results of the deposition analysis for nitrogen at ecological receptors based on the maximum calculated emission rate. The contribution of the cement kilns to the total nutrient nitrogen deposition has been estimated following the methodology in Section 2.7, based on predicted deposition of NO x and NH 3.

Table 5.21 – Nitrogen Deposition Rates at Ecological Receptors – Maximum Emission Rate

CL Background %PEDR Receptor PC %PC of PEDR (kgN/h Deposition rate of ID (kgN/ha/yr) CL min (kgN/ha/yr) a/yr) (kgN/ha/yr) CL min A 5-10 1.2 23.2 23.9 25.1 502 B 5-10 0.7 13.3 28.1 28.8 576 C 5-10 0.6 12.9 35.6 36.2 724 D 10-15 0.8 7.6 28.1 28.9 289 E 20-30 0.4 2.2 27.3 27.7 139 CL = Critical load – the CL selected for each designated site relates to its most N-sensitive habitat (or a similar surrogate) listed on the site citation for which data on Critical Loads are available and is also based on a precautionary approach using professional judgement. PC = Process contribution PEDR = Predicted environmental deposition rate (= PC + background)

Emission rates based on the maximum calculated emission rate for NO x and 2* maximum emission rate for NH 3.

Despite the exceedance of the nitrogen deposition critical load at all ecological receptors, the PC towards nutrient nitrogen deposition is below the minimum critical load at all sites. Furthermore, the background rate alone exceeds the critical load at all sites assessed. These results are based on the maximum calculated emission rate for NO x and twice the maximum emission rate for NH 3 and therefore represent worst case. The results based on the average emission rates can be seen in Appendix B as comparison. Nutrient nitrogen deposition can therefore be regarded as not significant.

5.2.6 Acid Deposition Rates

Table 5.22 contains details of nitrogen component of the acid deposition based on predicted deposition of NO x and NH 3 calculated from the maximum and 2x maximum emission rate respectively at ecological receptors.

Bureau Veritas 6427468 47 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Table 5.22 – Nitrogen Component of Acid Deposition Rates at Ecological Receptors – Maximum Emission Rate

CL N PC %N PC of N PEDR %N PEDR Receptor ID (keq/ha/yr)) (keq/ha/yr) CL min (keq/ha/yr) of CLmin A 0.178-0.956 0.082 46 1.8 1007 B 0.285-1.166 0.047 16 2.1 722 C 0.142-4.768 0.046 32 2.6 1821 D 0.223-4.723 0.054 24 2.1 926 E 0.223-1.443 0.032 14 2.0 889 CL = Critical load – the CL selected for each designated site relates to its most N-sensitive habitat (or a similar surrogate) listed on the site citation for which data on Critical Loads are available and is also based on a precautionary approach using professional judgement. PC = Process contribution PEDR = Predicted environmental deposition rate (= PC + background)

Despite exceedances of the minimum critical load, the PC towards the nitrogen component of acid deposition is less than the minimum critical load at all the ecological sites considered, and the background rate alone exceeds the critical load for all sites. These results are based on the maximum calculated emission rate for NO x and twice the maximum emission rate for NH 3 and therefore represent worst case. The results based on the average emission rates can be seen in Appendix B as comparison. The nitrogen component of acid deposition can therefore be regarded as not significant.

Table 5.23 contains details of sulphur component of acid deposition, assuming the maximum calculated emission rate, at all ecological receptors.

Table 5.23 – Sulphur Component of Acid Deposition Rates at Ecological Receptors – Maximum Emission Rate

S CL S PC %S PC of S PEDR %S PEDR Receptor ID (keq/ha/yr) (keq/ha/yr) CL min (keq/ha/yr) of CL min A 0.635-1.15 0.2 33 0.7 102.6 B 0.845-0.6 0.1 14 0.6 73.6 C 4.368-4.59 0.1 2 0.6 14.6 D 4.278-4.5 0.1 3 0.6 14.9 E 1.22-4.248 0.1 6 0.6 52.6 CL = Critical load – the CL selected for each designated site relates to its most N-sensitive habitat (or a similar surrogate) listed on the site citation for which data on Critical Loads are available and is also based on a precautionary approach using professional judgement. PC = Process contribution PEDR = Predicted environmental deposition rate (= PC + background)

Despite exceedances of the minimum critical load, the PC towards the sulphur component of acid deposition is less than the minimum critical load at all the ecological sites considered, and the background rate alone exceeds the critical load for all sites. These results are based on the maximum calculated emission rate for SO 2 and therefore represent worst case. The results based on the average emission rates can be seen in Appendix B as comparison. The sulphur component of acid deposition can therefore be regarded as not significant.

Table 5.24 shows the wet and dry contribution of HCl to the overall acid deposition at each of the ecological receptors assessed. There are no assessment metrics available for comparing HCl acid deposition against. Therefore, the results have been provided for information purposes only.

Bureau Veritas 6427468 48 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Table 5.24 – Chlorine Component of Acid Deposition Rates at Ecological Receptors – Maximum Emission Rate

Dry HCl Wet HCl Total HCl Acid Receptor ID (keq/ha/yr) (keq/ha/yr) Deposition (keq/ha/yr) A 0.005 0.003 0.007 B 0.002 0.001 0.004 C 0.002 0.001 0.004 D 0.003 0.003 0.006 E 0.002 0.006 0.008

Bureau Veritas 6427468 49 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

6 Conclusions

Bureau Veritas have been commissioned by Breedon Cement LTD (formally Hope Cement) to undertake a detailed operational dispersion modelling assessment for the cement kilns at the Breedon Cement Works site. The assessment is in response to improvement conditions 13 and 14 that were issued in a variation notice on the 5th April 2017 by the Environment Agency under regulation 60(1) of the Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2010 (a Regulation 60 Notice).

Improvement condition 13 (IP13) requires an appropriate ammonia (NH 3) limit value to be established and improvement condition 14 (IP14) requires an updated environmental impact assessment to be undertaken for the following pollutants:

° Particulate Matter (PM 10 and PM 2.5 );

° Oxides of Nitrogen (NO 2 And NO x);

° Carbon Monoxide (CO);

° Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2);

° Total Organic Compounds (TOC);

° Hydrogen Chloride (HCl);

° Hydrogen Fluoride (HF);

° Cadmium (Cd), Thallium (Tl) and their compounds (total);

° Mercury (Hg) and its compounds;

° Antimony (Sb), Arsenic (As), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni) and Vanadium (V) and their compounds;

° Dioxins / Furans;

° Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs); and

° Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs).

In order to meet the requirements of the conditions, emission rates during maximum clinker production have be calculated using CEM and bi-annual monitoring data.

6.1 Dispersion Modelling Results

Detailed dispersion modelling was undertaken for the cement kilns emissions to air from the Breedon Cement Works site using the dispersion model ADMS 5.

6.1.1 IP13

The dispersion modelling demonstrated that even when the emission rate was calculated to be twice the measured maximum rate of release, NH 3 concentrations did not exceed the annual mean EAL of 180µg/m 3, or the 1-hour EAL of 2,500µg/m 3 at any of the human receptors assessed. Furthermore, at all ecological sites considered the PECs were below the NH 3 annual mean EAL of 3µg/m 3, assuming twice the measured maximum emission rate. Therefore it is

Bureau Veritas 6427468 50 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

predicted that the proposed ELV of 110mg/Nm3 will not cause significant impacts to the surrounding environment.

6.1.2 IP14

The dispersion modelling demonstrated that assuming the maximum emission rate for all pollutants assessed, the predicted environmental concentrations at human receptor locations will not be significant, and consequently emissions to air from the cement kilns are not expected to cause adverse effects upon the health of the local population. At all ecological sites considered, the PECs are below the NO x, NH 3 and SO 2 long-term and NO x short-term assessment metrics, assuming the maximum emission rate. As no background concentration was available for hydrogen fluoride, the PCs were compared against the daily and monthly EAL. There were no exceedances predicted at any of the ecological sites considered for hydrogen fluoride.

The PEDRs of nutrient nitrogen deposition exceeded the maximum critical load at all of the assessed ecological receptors. However, these exceedances were due to the background deposition rate at the ecological receptor locations already exceeding the maximum critical load. The PCs did not exceed the minimum critical load at any of the ecological sites and therefore can be regarded as not significant.

The PEDRs of the nitrogen component of acid deposition exceed the maximum critical load at all of the assessed ecological receptors. However, these exceedances were due to the background nitric acid deposition rate already exceeding the maximum critical load. The PCs did not exceed the minimum critical load at any of the ecological sites and therefore can be regarded as not significant.

The PEDRs of the sulphur component of acid deposition exceed the maximum critical load at all of the assessed ecological receptors. However, these exceedances were due to the background sulphuric acid deposition rate already exceeding the maximum critical load. The PCs did not exceed the minimum critical load at any of the ecological sites and therefore can be regarded as not significant.

As the assessment did not conclude any significant effects to either ecological or human receptors it is not necessary to undertake an ‘in-combination’ assessment as per improvement condition 14.

It should be noted that the results in Section 5 represent the impacts derived from assuming the maximum emission rates for the pollutants. Therefore, these results are showing the worst case scenario at the Breedon Cement site. The impacts derived from the average emission rates for the pollutants can be found in Appendix B for comparison.

Bureau Veritas 6427468 51 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Appendices

Bureau Veritas 6427468 52 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Appendix A: Pollutant Concentration Isopleths

Bureau Veritas 6427468 53 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Figure A.1 – Annual Mean NO 2 process contribution isopleth assuming the maximum emission rate (µg/m 3)

Bureau Veritas 6427468 54 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

th Figure A.2 – 99.79 Percentile of 1 Hour Mean NO 2 process contribution isopleth assuming the maximum emission rate (µg/m 3)

Bureau Veritas 6427468 55 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Figure A.3 – 24 Hour Mean SO 2 process contribution isopleth assuming the maximum emission rate (µg/m 3)

Bureau Veritas 6427468 56 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Figure A.4 – 1 Hour Mean SO 2 process contribution isopleth assuming the maximum emission rate (µg/m 3)

Bureau Veritas 6427468 57 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Figure A.5 – 15 Minute Mean SO 2 process contribution isopleth assuming the maximum emission rate (µg/m3)

Bureau Veritas 6427468 58 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Appendix B: Average Emission Rate Results

Bureau Veritas 6427468 59 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Table B.1 – NO 2 Impacts at Human Receptors – Average Emission Rate Annual Mean (µg/m3) 99.79 th percentile 1 Hour Mean (µg/m3) ID % PEC of % PEC of AQS PC PEC AQS PC PEC AQS AQS 1 40 0.3 7.6 19.0 200 10.6 25.2 12.6 2 40 0.4 7.7 19.2 200 10.2 24.8 12.4 3 40 0.0 7.3 18.4 200 1.0 15.6 7.8 4 40 0.0 7.3 18.3 200 0.4 15.0 7.5 5 40 0.2 7.5 18.7 200 10.8 25.4 12.7 6 40 0.3 7.6 19.0 200 11.4 26.0 13.0 7 40 0.3 7.6 19.1 200 10.0 24.6 12.3 8 40 0.3 7.6 19.1 200 10.1 24.7 12.3 9 40 0.8 8.1 20.3 200 11.5 26.1 13.1 10 40 1.1 8.4 21.0 200 12.2 26.8 13.4 11 40 0.8 8.1 20.1 200 12.5 27.1 13.6 12 40 0.2 7.5 18.7 200 7.4 22.0 11.0 13 40 0.1 7.4 18.6 200 8.7 23.3 11.7 14 40 0.1 7.4 18.6 200 10.6 25.2 12.6 15 40 0.2 7.5 18.9 200 11.9 26.5 13.3 16 40 0.2 7.5 18.8 200 10.8 25.4 12.7 17 40 0.2 7.5 18.8 200 9.7 24.3 12.1 18 40 0.1 7.4 18.5 200 7.0 21.6 10.8 19 40 0.2 7.5 18.8 200 6.4 21.0 10.5 20 40 0.8 8.1 20.3 200 9.3 23.9 12.0 21 40 0.4 7.7 19.2 200 7.1 21.7 10.9 22 40 0.5 7.8 19.6 200 6.1 20.7 10.3 23 40 0.6 7.9 19.8 200 5.9 20.5 10.3 24 40 0.3 7.6 19.0 200 5.1 19.7 9.9 25 40 0.5 7.8 19.5 200 6.0 20.6 10.3 26 40 0.5 7.8 19.4 200 5.8 20.4 10.2 27 40 0.8 8.1 20.3 200 9.1 23.7 11.8 28 40 0.2 7.5 18.7 200 4.5 19.1 9.6 29 40 0.1 7.4 18.5 200 5.3 19.9 10.0 30 40 0.1 7.4 18.5 200 3.7 18.3 9.2 31 40 0.1 7.4 18.4 200 3.7 18.3 9.2 32 40 0.2 7.5 18.7 200 5.9 20.5 10.3 33 40 0.3 7.6 18.9 200 7.8 22.4 11.2 34 40 0.1 7.4 18.5 200 4.1 18.7 9.4 35 40 0.1 7.4 18.4 200 3.9 18.5 9.2 36 40 0.1 7.4 18.4 200 4.0 18.6 9.3 37 40 0.1 7.4 18.5 200 7.2 21.8 10.9 38 40 0.1 7.4 18.6 200 4.6 19.2 9.6 39 40 0.2 7.5 18.8 200 4.6 19.2 9.6 40 40 0.2 7.5 18.8 200 4.9 19.5 9.7 41 40 0.4 7.7 19.2 200 4.6 19.2 9.6 42 40 0.1 7.4 18.6 200 2.5 17.1 8.6 43 40 0.4 7.7 19.1 200 4.6 19.2 9.6 44 40 0.4 7.7 19.3 200 4.9 19.5 9.8 45 40 0.2 7.5 18.7 200 4.5 19.1 9.5 46 40 0.1 7.4 18.5 200 3.6 18.2 9.1 47 40 0.1 7.4 18.5 200 3.8 18.4 9.2 48 40 0.1 7.4 18.4 200 2.8 17.4 8.7 49 40 0.1 7.4 18.4 200 3.3 17.9 8.9 50 40 0.2 7.5 18.7 200 4.6 19.2 9.6 51 40 0.2 7.5 18.7 200 5.2 19.8 9.9 52 40 0.1 7.4 18.6 200 3.8 18.4 9.2 53 40 0.1 7.4 18.5 200 3.6 18.2 9.1 54 40 0.2 7.5 18.8 200 5.3 19.9 9.9 55 40 0.2 7.5 18.6 200 4.6 19.2 9.6 56 40 0.1 7.4 18.6 200 3.7 18.3 9.2 57 40 0.1 7.4 18.6 200 4.0 18.6 9.3

Bureau Veritas 6427468 60 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Annual Mean (µg/m3) 99.79 th percentile 1 Hour Mean (µg/m3) ID % PEC of % PEC of AQS PC PEC AQS PC PEC AQS AQS 58 40 0.1 7.4 18.5 200 3.7 18.3 9.2 59 40 0.1 7.4 18.6 200 3.5 18.1 9.0 60 40 0.2 7.5 18.6 200 5.2 19.8 9.9 AQS = Air Quality Standard (µg/m3); PC = Process Contribution; PEC = Predicted Environmental Concentration (PC + Background)

Table B.2 – SO 2 Impacts at Human Receptors – Average Emission Rate 99.18 th percentile 24 Hour 99.73 rd percentile 1 Hour Mean 99.99 th percentile 15 Minute Mean (µg/m3) (µg/m3) Mean (µg/m3) ID AQ % PEC % PEC % PEC PC PEC AQS PC PEC AQS PC PEC S of AQS of AQS of AQS 1 125 8.4 12.8 10.3 350 31.1 35.5 10.1 266 37.9 42.3 15.9 2 125 7.6 12.0 9.6 350 29.5 33.9 9.7 266 35.8 40.2 15.1 3 125 1.3 5.7 4.6 350 5.3 9.7 2.8 266 16.2 20.6 7.7 4 125 0.7 5.1 4.1 350 2.6 7.0 2.0 266 7.9 12.3 4.6 5 125 8.2 12.6 10.1 350 29.2 33.6 9.6 266 42.0 46.4 17.4 6 125 9.3 13.7 11.0 350 33.0 37.4 10.7 266 41.3 45.7 17.2 7 125 8.3 12.7 10.2 350 29.1 33.5 9.6 266 34.1 38.5 14.5 8 125 8.3 12.7 10.2 350 29.9 34.3 9.8 266 35.2 39.6 14.9 9 125 14.2 18.6 14.9 350 34.5 38.9 11.1 266 40.1 44.5 16.7 10 125 14.9 19.3 15.4 350 36.0 40.4 11.6 266 43.1 47.5 17.9 11 125 11.8 16.2 13.0 350 36.9 41.3 11.8 266 41.2 45.6 17.2 12 125 4.0 8.4 6.7 350 20.7 25.1 7.2 266 28.4 32.8 12.3 13 125 4.2 8.6 6.9 350 23.5 27.9 8.0 266 31.7 36.1 13.6 14 125 6.8 11.2 8.9 350 26.8 31.2 8.9 266 37.8 42.2 15.9 15 125 7.9 12.3 9.9 350 35.4 39.8 11.4 266 41.2 45.6 17.1 16 125 8.1 12.5 10.0 350 31.4 35.8 10.2 266 37.5 41.9 15.7 17 125 8.7 13.1 10.5 350 28.4 32.8 9.4 266 35.1 39.5 14.9 18 125 5.0 9.4 7.5 350 19.6 24.0 6.9 266 29.7 34.1 12.8 19 125 5.9 10.3 8.2 350 19.1 23.5 6.7 266 23.5 27.9 10.5 20 125 15.4 19.8 15.8 350 28.0 32.4 9.2 266 34.8 39.2 14.7 21 125 5.9 10.3 8.3 350 21.3 25.7 7.3 266 26.4 30.8 11.6 22 125 7.7 12.1 9.7 350 18.2 22.6 6.5 266 26.1 30.5 11.4 23 125 6.9 11.3 9.1 350 17.5 21.9 6.3 266 23.2 27.6 10.4 24 125 4.3 8.7 7.0 350 14.3 18.7 5.3 266 23.7 28.1 10.6 25 125 6.5 10.9 8.7 350 17.9 22.3 6.4 266 27.4 31.8 12.0 26 125 6.2 10.6 8.5 350 16.2 20.6 5.9 266 28.7 33.1 12.4 27 125 9.8 14.2 11.4 350 27.3 31.7 9.1 266 31.8 36.2 13.6 28 125 3.7 8.1 6.5 350 13.3 17.7 5.1 266 20.1 24.5 9.2 29 125 2.5 6.9 5.5 350 15.1 19.5 5.6 266 21.0 25.4 9.6 30 125 1.7 6.1 4.9 350 10.3 14.7 4.2 266 14.0 18.4 6.9 31 125 2.5 6.9 5.5 350 10.0 14.4 4.1 266 17.1 21.5 8.1 32 125 5.0 9.4 7.5 350 17.1 21.5 6.1 266 26.3 30.7 11.5 33 125 6.0 10.4 8.3 350 21.3 25.7 7.3 266 40.7 45.1 16.9 34 125 2.5 6.9 5.5 350 11.1 15.5 4.4 266 16.9 21.3 8.0 35 125 2.4 6.8 5.4 350 11.3 15.7 4.5 266 17.5 21.9 8.2 36 125 3.2 7.6 6.1 350 11.7 16.1 4.6 266 15.6 20.0 7.5 37 125 4.2 8.6 6.8 350 19.0 23.4 6.7 266 27.7 32.1 12.1 38 125 3.6 8.0 6.4 350 13.0 17.4 5.0 266 20.3 24.7 9.3 39 125 4.1 8.5 6.8 350 12.7 17.1 4.9 266 25.0 29.4 11.0 40 125 4.1 8.5 6.8 350 13.0 17.4 5.0 266 22.6 27.0 10.1 41 125 4.0 8.4 6.7 350 13.2 17.6 5.0 266 22.1 26.5 10.0 42 125 2.1 6.5 5.2 350 7.3 11.7 3.4 266 13.6 18.0 6.8 43 125 4.3 8.7 7.0 350 12.6 17.0 4.9 266 22.3 26.7 10.0 44 125 5.2 9.6 7.7 350 13.6 18.0 5.1 266 23.0 27.4 10.3 45 125 2.7 7.1 5.7 350 11.6 16.0 4.6 266 25.7 30.1 11.3 46 125 1.5 5.9 4.7 350 9.5 13.9 4.0 266 18.0 22.4 8.4 47 125 2.0 6.4 5.1 350 10.5 14.9 4.3 266 22.9 27.3 10.2 48 125 1.4 5.8 4.6 350 7.8 12.2 3.5 266 14.2 18.6 7.0

Bureau Veritas 6427468 61 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

99.18 th percentile 24 Hour 99.73 rd percentile 1 Hour Mean 99.99 th percentile 15 Minute Mean (µg/m3) (µg/m3) Mean (µg/m3) ID AQ % PEC % PEC % PEC PC PEC AQS PC PEC AQS PC PEC S of AQS of AQS of AQS 49 125 1.7 6.1 4.9 350 8.8 13.2 3.8 266 14.7 19.1 7.2 50 125 3.5 7.9 6.3 350 13.5 17.9 5.1 266 21.0 25.4 9.5 51 125 4.3 8.7 7.0 350 14.2 18.6 5.3 266 26.4 30.8 11.6 52 125 3.3 7.7 6.1 350 10.5 14.9 4.3 266 22.6 27.0 10.1 53 125 2.2 6.6 5.3 350 10.1 14.5 4.1 266 17.3 21.7 8.2 54 125 4.4 8.8 7.1 350 14.7 19.1 5.5 266 25.8 30.2 11.3 55 125 2.5 6.9 5.5 350 13.0 17.4 5.0 266 24.8 29.2 11.0 56 125 2.5 6.9 5.5 350 9.9 14.3 4.1 266 18.4 22.8 8.6 57 125 2.8 7.2 5.8 350 10.3 14.7 4.2 266 24.2 28.6 10.8 58 125 2.2 6.6 5.3 350 10.0 14.4 4.1 266 20.3 24.7 9.3 59 125 2.6 7.0 5.6 350 9.6 14.0 4.0 266 16.1 20.5 7.7 60 125 3.8 8.2 6.5 350 15.0 19.4 5.6 266 27.4 31.8 12.0 AQS = Air Quality Standard (µg/m3); PC = Process Contribution; PEC = Predicted Environmental Concentration (PC + Background)

Table B.3 – CO Impacts at Human Receptors – Average Emission Rate 8 Hour Rolling Mean (µg/m3) 1 Hour Mean (µg/m3) ID % PEC of % PEC of AQS PC PEC EAL PC PEC AQS AQS 1 10000 87 287 2.9 30000 141 341 1.1 2 10000 90 290 2.9 30000 136 336 1.1 3 10000 70 270 2.7 30000 177 377 1.3 4 10000 61 261 2.6 30000 168 368 1.2 5 10000 102 302 3.0 30000 153 353 1.2 6 10000 92 292 2.9 30000 131 331 1.1 7 10000 97 297 3.0 30000 108 308 1.0 8 10000 105 305 3.1 30000 114 314 1.0 9 10000 101 301 3.0 30000 123 323 1.1 10 10000 116 316 3.2 30000 124 324 1.1 11 10000 112 312 3.1 30000 130 330 1.1 12 10000 61 261 2.6 30000 132 332 1.1 13 10000 63 263 2.6 30000 109 309 1.0 14 10000 75 275 2.7 30000 154 354 1.2 15 10000 114 314 3.1 30000 131 331 1.1 16 10000 107 307 3.1 30000 128 328 1.1 17 10000 91 291 2.9 30000 110 310 1.0 18 10000 74 274 2.7 30000 109 309 1.0 19 10000 57 257 2.6 30000 101 301 1.0 20 10000 79 279 2.8 30000 97 297 1.0 21 10000 53 253 2.5 30000 80 280 0.9 22 10000 56 256 2.6 30000 86 286 1.0 23 10000 52 252 2.5 30000 107 307 1.0 24 10000 40 240 2.4 30000 103 303 1.0 25 10000 43 243 2.4 30000 107 307 1.0 26 10000 39 239 2.4 30000 101 301 1.0 27 10000 81 281 2.8 30000 93 293 1.0 28 10000 41 241 2.4 30000 77 277 0.9 29 10000 48 248 2.5 30000 70 270 0.9 30 10000 28 228 2.3 30000 74 274 0.9 31 10000 25 225 2.2 30000 56 256 0.9 32 10000 56 256 2.6 30000 96 296 1.0 33 10000 57 257 2.6 30000 121 321 1.1 34 10000 27 227 2.3 30000 93 293 1.0 35 10000 25 225 2.3 30000 90 290 1.0 36 10000 37 237 2.4 30000 108 308 1.0 37 10000 65 265 2.7 30000 90 290 1.0 38 10000 36 236 2.4 30000 84 284 0.9 39 10000 31 231 2.3 30000 75 275 0.9

Bureau Veritas 6427468 62 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

8 Hour Rolling Mean (µg/m3) 1 Hour Mean (µg/m3) ID % PEC of % PEC of AQS PC PEC EAL PC PEC AQS AQS 40 10000 32 232 2.3 30000 101 301 1.0 41 10000 27 227 2.3 30000 62 262 0.9 42 10000 15 215 2.2 30000 40 240 0.8 43 10000 32 232 2.3 30000 77 277 0.9 44 10000 35 235 2.3 30000 95 295 1.0 45 10000 22 222 2.2 30000 104 304 1.0 46 10000 25 225 2.2 30000 57 257 0.9 47 10000 24 224 2.2 30000 70 270 0.9 48 10000 36 236 2.4 30000 85 285 0.9 49 10000 22 222 2.2 30000 58 258 0.9 50 10000 32 232 2.3 30000 70 270 0.9 51 10000 46 246 2.5 30000 71 271 0.9 52 10000 34 234 2.3 30000 54 254 0.8 53 10000 28 228 2.3 30000 55 255 0.9 54 10000 38 238 2.4 30000 79 279 0.9 55 10000 26 226 2.3 30000 59 259 0.9 56 10000 24 224 2.2 30000 48 248 0.8 57 10000 57 257 2.6 30000 63 263 0.9 58 10000 19 219 2.2 30000 51 251 0.8 59 10000 67 267 2.7 30000 134 334 1.1 60 10000 38 238 2.4 30000 85 285 0.9 AQS = Air Quality Standard (µg m-3); PC = Process Contribution; PEC = Predicted Environmental Concentration (PC + Background)

Table B.4 – PM Impacts at Human Receptors – Average Emission Rate

3 PM 10 90.41 percentile of 24 3 PM Annual Mean (µg/m ) 3 PM Annual Mean (µg/m ) 10 Hour Mean (µg/m ) 2.5 ID % % % PEC PEC PEC AQS PC PEC AQS PC PEC AQS PC PEC OF OF OF AQS AQS AQS 1 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 2 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 0.1 12.8 25.6 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 3 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 4 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 5 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 6 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 7 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 8 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 9 40 <0.1 12.7 31.9 50 0.1 12.8 25.7 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 10 40 0.1 12.8 31.9 50 0.2 12.9 25.8 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 11 40 <0.1 12.7 31.9 50 0.2 12.9 25.7 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 12 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 13 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 14 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 15 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 16 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 17 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 18 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.4 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 19 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 20 40 <0.1 12.7 31.9 50 0.1 12.8 25.7 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 21 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 0.1 12.8 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 22 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 0.1 12.8 25.6 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 23 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 0.1 12.8 25.6 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 24 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 0.1 12.8 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 25 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 0.1 12.8 25.6 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 26 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 0.1 12.8 25.6 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 27 40 <0.1 12.7 31.9 50 0.2 12.9 25.8 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8

Bureau Veritas 6427468 63 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

3 PM 10 90.41 percentile of 24 3 PM Annual Mean (µg/m ) 3 PM Annual Mean (µg/m ) 10 Hour Mean (µg/m ) 2.5 ID % % % PEC PEC PEC AQS PC PEC AQS PC PEC AQS PC PEC OF OF OF AQS AQS AQS 28 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 29 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 30 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 31 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 32 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 33 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 34 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 35 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 36 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 37 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 38 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 39 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 40 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 41 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 42 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 43 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 44 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 45 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 46 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 47 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 48 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 49 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 50 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 51 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 52 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 53 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 54 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 55 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 56 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 57 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 58 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 59 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 60 40 <0.1 12.7 31.8 50 <0.1 12.7 25.5 25 <0.1 12.7 50.8 AQS = Air Quality Standard; PC = Process Contribution; PEC = Predicted Environmental Concentration (PC + Background)

Table B.5 – TOC Impacts at Human Receptors – Average Emission Rate

Annual Mean (µg/m3) Receptor PC 1 0.05 2 0.06 3 0.01 4 0.00 5 0.03 6 0.05 7 0.05 8 0.05 9 0.13 10 0.18 11 0.12 12 0.03 13 0.02 14 0.02 15 0.04 16 0.03

Bureau Veritas 6427468 64 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Annual Mean (µg/m3) Receptor PC 17 0.03 18 0.02 19 0.04 20 0.13 21 0.06 22 0.09 23 0.10 24 0.05 25 0.08 26 0.07 27 0.13 28 0.03 29 0.01 30 0.01 31 0.01 32 0.03 33 0.04 34 0.02 35 0.01 36 0.01 37 0.01 38 0.02 39 0.03 40 0.04 41 0.06 42 0.02 43 0.06 44 0.07 45 0.03 46 0.01 47 0.01 48 0.01 49 0.01 50 0.03 51 0.03 52 0.02 53 0.02 54 0.04 55 0.02 56 0.02 57 0.02 58 0.02 59 0.02 60 0.03

PC = Process Contribution

Table B.6 – HCl Impacts at Human Receptors – Average Emission Rate

1 Hour Mean (µg/m3) Receptor EAL PC PEC % PEC OF EAL 1 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 2 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 3 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 4 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 5 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 6 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 7 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 8 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 9 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3

Bureau Veritas 6427468 65 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

1 Hour Mean (µg/m3) Receptor EAL PC PEC % PEC OF EAL 10 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 11 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 12 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 13 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 14 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 15 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 16 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 17 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 18 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 19 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 20 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 21 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 22 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 23 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 24 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 25 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 26 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 27 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 28 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 29 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 30 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 31 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 32 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 33 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 34 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 35 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 36 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 37 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 38 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 39 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 40 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 41 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 42 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 43 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 44 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 45 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 46 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 47 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 48 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 49 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 50 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 51 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 52 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 53 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 54 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 55 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 56 750 <0.1 2.0 0.3 57 750 0.0 2.0 0.3 58 750 0.0 2.0 0.3 59 750 0.0 2.0 0.3 60 750 0.0 2.0 0.3 EAL = Environmental Assessment Level; PC = Process Contribution; PEC = Predicted Environmental Concentration (PC + Background)

Bureau Veritas 6427468 66 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Table B.7 – Heavy Metal Impacts at Worst Case Receptor – Average Emission Rate

Annual Mean (ng/m3) Assessment Receptor Limit % PEC OF Metric Location PC PEC Value EAL/AQS/AAD As EAL 10 3 <0.01 0.9 30 Co - 10 - 0.01 0.05 - Cr EAL 10 5000 0.01 1.52 0.03 Cu EAL 10 1000 0.02 3.22 0.03 Mn EAL 10 150 0.02 2.4 2 Ni AAD Target Value 10 20 0.01 0.41 2 Pb AQS 10 250 0.01 6.31 3 Sb EAL 10 5000 <0.01 - - V EAL 10 5000 <0.01 0.6 0.01

Table B.8 – Hg Impacts at Worst Case Receptor – Average Emission Rate

Annual Mean (ng/m3) Receptor EAL PC PEC % PEC OF EAL

R10 250 0.003 0.005 0.002

EAL = Environmental Assessment Level; PC = Process Contribution; PEC = Predicted Environmental Concentration (PC + Background)

Table B.9 – PAHs (as Benzo[a]pyrene) Impacts at Worst Case Receptor – Average Emission Rate

Annual Mean (ng/m3) Receptor AQS PC PEC % PEC OF AQS

R10 0.25 <0.001 0.06 24

AQS = Air Quality Standards; PC = Process Contribution; PEC = Predicted Environmental Concentration (PC + Background)

Table B.10 – PCBs Impacts at Worst Case Receptor – Average Emission Rate Annual Mean (ng/m 3) Receptor EAL PC PEC % PEC OF AQS All 200 <0.001 0.03 0.01 Receptors EAL = Environmental Assessment Level; PC = Process Contribution; PEC = Predicted Environmental Concentration (PC + Background)

Table B.11 – Dioxins and Furan Impacts at Worst Case Receptor – Average Emission Rate Annual Mean (fg/m 3) Receptor EAL PC PEC % PC OF PEC

R10 - 1.30 10.05 12.98

EAL = Environmental Assessment Level; PC = Process Contribution; PEC = Predicted Environmental Concentration (PC + Background)

Bureau Veritas 6427468 67 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Table B.12 – Cadmium & Thallium Impacts at Worst Case Receptor – Average Emission Rate

Annual Mean (ng/m3) Receptor AAD Limit PC PEC % PEC OF AAD Value

R10 5 0.2 0.3 6

AAD = Ambient Air Directive; PC = Process Contribution; PEC = Predicted Environmental Concentration (PC + Background)

Table B.13 – HF Impacts at Worst Case Receptor – Average Emission Rate

Monthly Mean (µg/m3) 1 Hour Mean (µg/m3) Receptor % PC OF % PC OF EAL PC EAL PC EAL EAL All 16 <0.1* <0.1 160 <0.1 <0.1 Receptors EAL = Ambient Air Directive; PC = Process Contribution; PEC = Predicted Environmental Concentration (PC + Background) *Weekly mean

Table B.14 – NO x Impacts at Ecological Receptors – Average Emission Rate

Annual Mean (µg/m 3) 24-hour Mean (µg/m 3) Receptor % PEC % PEC of ID AQS PC PEC EAL PC PEC OF AQS EAL A 30 1.0 17.5 58 75 7.2 40.2 54 B 30 0.6 15.5 52 75 6.3 36.2 48 C 30 0.6 15.9 53 75 5.0 35.8 48 D 30 0.7 15.5 52 75 7.1 36.8 49 E 30 0.4 16.6 55 75 6.7 39.2 52 AQS = Air Quality Standard ; EAL = Environmental Assessment Level; PC = Process Contribution; PEC = Predicted Environmental Concentration (PC + Background)

Table B.15 – SO 2 Impacts at Ecological Receptors – Average Emission Rate

Annual Mean (µg/m 3) Receptor ID % PEC of AQS PC PEC AQS A 20 0.6 2.8 14 B 20 0.3 2.5 13 C 20 0.3 2.5 13 D 20 0.4 2.6 13 E 20 0.2 2.4 12 AQS = Air Quality Standard; PC = Process Contribution; PEC = Predicted Environmental Concentration (PC + Background)

Bureau Veritas 6427468 68 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Table B.16 – HF Impacts at Ecological Receptors – Average Emission Rate

3 3 Receptor Weekly Mean (µg/m ) 24-hour Mean (µg/m ) ID EAL PC % PC OF EAL EAL PC % PC of EAL A 0.5 <0.1 <0.1 5 <0.1 <0.1 B 0.5 <0.1 <0.1 5 <0.1 <0.1 C 0.5 <0.1 <0.1 5 <0.1 <0.1 D 0.5 <0.1 <0.1 5 <0.1 <0.1 E 0.5 <0.1 <0.1 5 <0.1 <0.1 EAL = Environmental Assessment Level; PC = Process Contribution; PEC = Predicted Environmental Concentration (PC + Background)

Table B.17 – Nitrogen Deposition Rates at Ecological Receptors – Average Emission Rate

CL Background %PEDR Receptor PC %PC of PEDR (kgN/h Deposition rate of ID (kgN/ha/yr) CL min (kgN/ha/yr) a/yr) (kgN/ha/yr) CL min A 5-10 0.3 6.3 23.9 24.3 485 B 5-10 0.2 3.6 28.1 28.3 566 C 5-10 0.2 3.5 35.6 35.7 715 D 10-15 0.2 2.1 28.1 28.3 283 E 20-30 0.1 0.6 27.3 27.4 137 CL = Critical load – the CL selected for each designated site relates to its most N-sensitive habitat (or a similar surrogate) listed on the site citation for which data on Critical Loads are available and is also based on a precautionary approach using professional judgement. PC = Process contribution PEDR = Predicted environmental deposition rate (= PC + background)

Emission rates based on the maximum calculated emission rate for NO x and 2* maximum daily emission rate for NH 3.

Table B.18 – Nitrogen Component of Acid Deposition Rates at Ecological Receptors – Average Emission Rate

CL N PC %N PC of N PEDR %N PEDR Receptor ID (keq/ha/yr) (keq/ha/yr) CL min (keq/ha/yr) of CLmin A 0.178-0.956 0.023 12.7 1.7 973 B 0.285-1.166 0.013 4.6 2.0 710 C 0.142-4.768 0.013 8.8 2.6 1798 D 0.223-4.723 0.015 6.7 2.0 908 E 0.223-1.443 0.009 3.9 2.0 878 CL = Critical load – the CL selected for each designated site relates to its most N-sensitive habitat (or a similar surrogate) listed on the site citation for which data on Critical Loads are available and is also based on a precautionary approach using professional judgement. PC = Process contribution PEDR = Predicted environmental deposition rate (= PC + background)

Bureau Veritas 6427468 69 Breedon Cement – Breedon Cement Improvement Conditions Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Report

Table B.19 – Sulphur Component of Acid Deposition Rates at Ecological Receptors – Average Emission Rate

S CL S PC %S PC S PEDR %S PEDR Receptor ID (keq/ha/yr) (keq/ha/yr) of CL min (keq/ha/yr) of CL min A 0.635-1.15 0.1 10.4 0.5 79.7 B 0.845-0.6 <0.1 6.4 0.5 89.7 C 4.368-4.59 <0.1 0.8 0.6 12.7 D 4.278-4.5 <0.1 1.0 0.5 12.7 E 1.22-4.248 <0.1 2.1 0.6 48.0 CL = Critical load – the CL selected for each designated site relates to its most N-sensitive habitat (or a similar surrogate) listed on the site citation for which data on Critical Loads are available and is also based on a precautionary approach using professional judgement. PC = Process contribution PEDR = Predicted environmental deposition rate (= PC + background)

Table B.20 – Chlorine Component Acid Deposition Rates at Ecological Receptors – Average Emission Rate

Dry HCl Wet HCl Total HCl Acid Receptor ID (keq/ha/yr) (keq/ha/yr) Deposition (keq/ha/yr) A 0.002 0.001 0.003 B 0.001 0.001 0.001 C 0.001 <0.001 0.001 D 0.001 0.001 0.002 E 0.001 0.002 0.003

Bureau Veritas 6427468 70