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Zohikaztegiak Identifikatu, Baloratu Eta Lehengoratzea

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Zohikaztegiak Identifikatu, Baloratu Eta Lehengoratzea Zohikaztegiak identifikatu, baloratu eta lehengoratzea: egin berri diren ekarpenak Dron batek Zalamako (Bizkaia) zohikaztegi estalkiari egindako argazkia; bertan ikus daitezke koko zuntzezko maila batez babes- tutako gelaxkak, erosioari aurre egin behar dioten ezpondak egonkortzeko, zohikatzaren galera mugatzeko eta landaredia lehengora- tzeko (Nottingham Trenteko Unibertsitatea). Azala: Eriophorum vaginatum (Sergio González Ahedo) ZOHIKAZTEGIAK IDENTIFIKATU, BALORATU ETA LEHENGORATZEA: EGIN BERRI DIREN EKARPENAK ZOHIKAZTEGIAK IDENTIFIKATU, BALORATU ETA LEHENGORATZEA: EGIN BERRI DIREN EKARPENAK LIFE11 NAT/ES/704 “Ordunte Jasangarria” Onuradun koordinatzailea: Bizkaiko Foru Aldundia (www.bizkaia.eus) Onuradun elkartua: Hazi Fundazioa (www.hazi.eus) Edizioa: José María Fernández-García eta Francisco Javier Pérez (Hazi Fundazioa) Diseinua eta maketazioa: Beatriz Alonso Imprimaketa: Grafitec Artes Gráficas S.L. Argazkiak: kapitulu bakoitzaren egileak, berariaz kontrakoa adierazi ezean. Lege gordailua: VI-60/18 Aurkibidea Aurkezpena 7 01 Europako zohikaztegietako landarediaren aniztasuna eta kontserbazioa 11 Borja Jiménez-Alfaro 02 Zalamako (Bizkaia) zohikaztegiaren ibilbidea azken hogeita hamar urteetan 23 Maite Aguirre, Iñaki Benito & Antonio Galera 03 Kanada ekialdeko zohikaztegi onbrotrofikoen lehengoratzea 37 Eduardo González & Line Rochefort 04 Miera Goi Arroko Bernallán fen zohikaztegiaren Berreskurapena 57 Gonzalo Valdeolivas, Blanca Serrano & Carlos Sánchez 05 Jauregiaroztegiko (Auritz/Burguete, Nafarroa) hezegunearen lehengoratzearen ebaluazioa: aldaketak landaredian 2011-2015 denboraldian 69 Javier Peralta, Aritz Zaldua & Asun Berastegi 06 Comeyako (Europako Mendietako Parke Naturaleko) zohikaztegiaren bilakaera denboran zehar lurreko eskaner laserrarekin 83 Celestino Ordóñez, Silverio García-Cortés, Susana Fernández & Jesús Valderrábano 07 Jurako zohikaztegiak” LIFE+ programa: sei urteko epean 60 zohikaztegi berreskuratuko dira 103 Emilie Calvar, Sylvain Moncorge, Luc Bettinelli, Pierre Durlet & Geneviève Magnon 08 Erresuma Batuko Penino Mendien Hegoaldeko Eremuetan oso higadura handiko estaldura-zohikaztegien paisaia berreskuratzea 131 Moors for the Future Partnership 09 Zohikaztegien monitorizaziorako teknologia geoespazialen erabileraren ahalmena 165 Ben Clutterbuck, Guaduneth Chico, Jillian Labadz & Nicholas Midgley 10 Zalamako zohikaztegia 181 Patxi Heras & Marta Infante 11 Iberiar Penintsulako Eskualde Biogeografiko Atlantiarreko zohikaztegien sorrera eta dinamika 201 Pablo Ramil, Luis Gómez-Orellana, Javier Ferreiro, Castor Muñoz & Manuel Antonio Rodríguez 12 Zalamako estaldura-zohikaztegiaren jatorria eta eboluzioa (Orduteko Mendiak, Iberiar Penintsulako iparraldea) 219 Xabier Pontevedra-Pombal, Martín Souto, Daniel Castro, José Antonio López-Sáez, Sebastián Pérez-Díaz, María Isabel Fraga & Eduardo García-Rodeja Aurkezpena Desagertzeko arrisku handien duten habitat moten artean daude zohikaztegiak, mundu eta Europa mailan. Gure kontinentean XVIII. mendearen aurretik zegoen zo- hikaztegien azaleraren %60-70 inguru galdu zen, ustiagarriak ziren lursail berrien beharra handitzearekin batera. Zohikaztegiei buruzko pertzepzioa, ordura arte balio gabeak edo osasungaitzak zirela uste zelarik, erabat aldatu zen, eta haien suntsi- pen erritmoa bizia izan da zohikaztegiek paisaiak eratzen dituzten herrialdeetan, zohikatza erregai bihurtzeko aprobetxamendua dela eta, edo lursailak nekazaritza edo basolan helburuetarako okupatze aldera drainatu direla eta. Baina, baita Euro- pa hegoaldean ere, baldintza klimatiko eta biogeografikoak haien garapenerako hain aldekoak ez izanik ere, zohikaztegiak eta bestelako sistema higroturbosoak eraldatu egin dira. Informaturik ez dagoen bisitariarentzat hondamen itxura badute ere, gureganai- no iritsi diren zohikaztegiek, lurreko beste habitatekin alderatuz, beraien azaleraga- tik dagokiena baino biodibertsitate zinez ere handiagoa dute. Dinamika ebolutibo desberdindu eta paregabeak dituzten ekosistemak dira, elementu eta prozesu fisiko eta biologikoen arteko balantze delikatu eta konplexu batek sortuak. Baina, gai- nera, gizartea soilik berriki ezagutzen eta baloratzen hasia den zerbitzu ekosiste- mikoak eskaintzen dituzte, hala nola, uraren biltegiratzeari, kontrolari eta arazketari lotutakoak. Iberiar Penintsularen iparraldean ere zohikaztegien mendetako narriadura egoera gertatzen da, agian inbentariatze eta ezagutza zientifiko berantiarraren ondorioz, eta baliteke horrek babes politikak abiaraztea eragotzi izana. Zalamako estalkiko zo- hikaztegia, Kantauriar mendilerroaren ekialdeko muturrean, adibide paradigmatikoa da. Izan ere, XX. mendeko 90eko hamarkada arte ez zuen behar bezalako atentziorik jaso, lehenik eta behin bere natura balioa agerian jartzeko, eta, ondotik, bere iraupe- na bermatuko zuten neurriak planteatzeko. Zorionez, datuen metaketari eta informa- zio teknikoaren hedapenari esker, aitortza eta jarduketa bultzatu zen, espezialisten eta kudeatzaileen arteko uztarketa egoki batean. Presioak kontrolatzea eta berre- zartze ekologikoko tekniken aplikazioa Bizkaiko Foru Aldundiak ditu, administrazio publikoa den heinean. Baina egia ere bada, kalitatezko informazio teknikorik ezean, ziur aski zailagoa izango zela erabakiak hartzea, egoki jardutea eta baliabideak es- kuratzea. Hamabi ataletan zehar, aditu ezagunek zohikaztegien identifikazioari, deskribapenari, berrezarpenari eta babesari buruzko ekarpenak aurkezten dituzte. Zilegi da haien parte hartzea bolumen honetan eskertzea, eta gaikako beste egitas- mo batzuen berotasunean sortutako konplizitate eta elkartruke sareei asko zor diela aitortzea, hala nola LIFE+ Tremedali. Norabide horretan, Europar Batasuneko LIFE pro- gramaren eragin positiboek proiektu partikularrak gainditzen dituzte, pertsonen eta ins- tituzioen arteko harremanak bultzatuz, informazioa mugiarazteko eta kontserbazioaren zerbitzura jartzeko gaitasuna izanik. LIFE+ Ordunte Jasangarriko taldea Egilea: Hazi Fundazioa 01 Europako zohikaztegietako landarediaren aniztasuna eta kontserbazioa Borja Jiménez-Alfaro1,2 (1) German Center for Biodiversity Integrative Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Alemania. (2) Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle (Saale), Alemania Harremanetarako: B. Jiménez-Alfaro [[email protected]] Laburpena Europako Zohikaztegiak, bog motako onbrotrofikoak etafen motako minerotrofikoak barne, Europako habitat mehatxatuenen artean daude. Habitat horien hedapena asko gutxitu da Europan, beste kontinenteetan baino gehiago, bereziki, Europa erdialdeko eta hegoaldeko eskualdeetan, non, urriak izateaz gain, landareen zein animalien babesleku diren. Atal honetan, zohikaztegietan aurki daitezkeen landare motak eta haiekin lotutako habitatak aztertu dira, Europako zohikaztegiak deskribatu eta babesteko tresna gisa. Landarediaren sailkapena zohikaztegi onbrotrofikoen eta zohikaztegi minerotrofikoen bereizketan oinarri- tzen da, zeina, lau eta hamaika aliantza fitosoziologikotan bereizten den, hurrenez hurren. Landaredi mota desberdinak eta EUNISek zein Habitaten Zuzentarauak deskribatutako habitat mota horien arteko loturak edo baliokidetasunak eratzen dute zohikaztegien eko- sistemak aztertzeko abiapuntua. Halere, zaila da bat-egite horiek kontinentera hedatzea, zenbait kasutan habitat kontzeptua aliantza edo irizpide fitosoziologikoa baino zabalagoa edo estuagoa delako. Muga hori egon arren, landarediaren aniztasuna funtsezkoa da zo- hikaztegien habitatak ulertzeko, eta datu-base handien garapenari esker, landare mota eta eskualde geografikoen eredu anitzak zehazteko esparru berria lortzen ari da. Halere, zohikaztegiak modu eraginkorrean babesteko, tokiko ekintzetan oinarritu behar dira, eta habitaten azken definizioa eskualde edo tokiko mailan definitu behar da. Helburu horrekin, Europako zohikaztegien babesarekin lotutako zientzialarien, teknikarien eta politika ardu- radunen arteko komunikazioa hobetzeko esparrua eskaintzen digu atal honek. Gako-hitzak: Zohikaztegi onbrotrofiko; zohikaztegi minerotrofiko; zohikaztegia;fen ; bog; zohikatza; habitat sailkapena; Habitat Zuzentaraua; EUNIS. Aurkezpena Zohikaztegiak, bog motakoak (onbrotrofikoak) zeinfen motakoak (minerotrofikoak), mundu osoan zehar aurki ditzakegun hezeguneak dira, non, landare, animalia, onddo eta mikroorganismo bereziak bizi diren. Goroldioak eta ihiak nagusitzea da hezegune hauen bereizgarritasuna, muturreko baldintza abiotikoei egokitutako beste hainbat landaren espezialista izatearekin batera (Wheeler & Proctor, 2000). Zohikaztegietan bizitzeko egokitzapenaren adibide nabarmenetako batzuk, Sphagnum espezieetan 12 ZOHIKAZTEGIAK IDENTIFIKATU, BALORATU ETA LEHENGORATZEA: EGIN BERRI DIREN EKARPENAK ematen den ur-metaketarekin edo landare haragijaleen intsektuen asimilazioarekin lotuta daude (Drosera adib.). Halere, ekosistema horietan bizi diren landare gehie- nek elikagaien urritasunari, ur saturazioari eta oxigenoaren eskasiari aurre egiteko egokitzapen fisiologikoak dituzte (Joosten & Clarke, 2000). Zohikaztegi onbrotrofikoak bogs( ) eta minerotrofikoak fens( ), gutxienez, azken Maximo Glazialetik daude Europan, eta Europa mendebaldean eta erdialdean koka- tzen ziren (Janská et al., 2017). Glaziazioaren ondoren, zohikaztegiek izotza desa- gertzen ziren lur-eremuak kolonizatu zituzten, eta Europa mendebaldeko, erdialdeko eta hegoaldeko eremu nahiko txikietara mugatu ziren. Holozenoaren erdialdean (P.A. 6.000 urte), hau da, giza kolonizazioaren gorakadaren eta Antropozenoaren aurre- tik,
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