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RADAR POLARIZATION PROPERTIES AND LUNAR SECONDARY CRATERING A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Kassandra Martin-Wells January 2013 © 2013 Kassandra Martin-Wells RADAR POLARIZATION PROPERTIES AND LUNAR SECONDARY CRATERING Kassandra Martin-Wells, Ph. D. Cornell University 2013 Age dating of planetary surfaces relies on an accurate correlation between lunar crater size-frequency distributions and radiometric ages of samples returned from the Moon. For decades, it has been assumed that cratering records are dominated by “primary” impacts of interplanetary bolides [McEwen et al., 2005]. Unlike primary craters, secondary craters, which originate as ejecta from large primary events, occur in large clusters in both space and time. It was long believed that the majority of secondary craters formed at low velocities near their parent crater, resulting in a class of craters with morphologies which are easily distinguished from primary craters of a similar size [McEwen et al., 2005]. However, recent work by Bierhaus et al. (2005), McEwen et al. (2005) argues that cratering records in the Solar System may be strongly contaminated by hard-to-identify secondary craters. They advise caution when relying on counts at small diameters [McEwen et al., 2005; Bierhaus et al., 2005]. Despite the difficulties, something must be done to improve the accuracy of age dates derived from size-frequency distributions of small craters. In this thesis, a method of secondary crater identification based on radar circular polarization properties is presented. The radar polarization and photographic studies of lunar secondary craters in this thesis reveal that secondary cratering is a widespread phenomenon on the lunar surface. -
Glossary Glossary
Glossary Glossary Albedo A measure of an object’s reflectivity. A pure white reflecting surface has an albedo of 1.0 (100%). A pitch-black, nonreflecting surface has an albedo of 0.0. The Moon is a fairly dark object with a combined albedo of 0.07 (reflecting 7% of the sunlight that falls upon it). The albedo range of the lunar maria is between 0.05 and 0.08. The brighter highlands have an albedo range from 0.09 to 0.15. Anorthosite Rocks rich in the mineral feldspar, making up much of the Moon’s bright highland regions. Aperture The diameter of a telescope’s objective lens or primary mirror. Apogee The point in the Moon’s orbit where it is furthest from the Earth. At apogee, the Moon can reach a maximum distance of 406,700 km from the Earth. Apollo The manned lunar program of the United States. Between July 1969 and December 1972, six Apollo missions landed on the Moon, allowing a total of 12 astronauts to explore its surface. Asteroid A minor planet. A large solid body of rock in orbit around the Sun. Banded crater A crater that displays dusky linear tracts on its inner walls and/or floor. 250 Basalt A dark, fine-grained volcanic rock, low in silicon, with a low viscosity. Basaltic material fills many of the Moon’s major basins, especially on the near side. Glossary Basin A very large circular impact structure (usually comprising multiple concentric rings) that usually displays some degree of flooding with lava. The largest and most conspicuous lava- flooded basins on the Moon are found on the near side, and most are filled to their outer edges with mare basalts. -
C10 Beano2.Gen-Wis
LEGUMINOSAE PART DEUX Papilionoideae, Genista to Wisteria Revised May the 4th 2015 BEAN FAMILY 2 Pediomelum PAPILIONACEAE cont. Genista Petalostemum Glycine Pisum Glycyrrhiza Psoralea Hylodesmum Psoralidium Lathyrus Robinia Lespedeza Securigera Lotus Strophostyles Lupinus Tephrosia Medicago Thermopsis Melilotus Trifolium Onobrychis Vicia Orbexilum Wisteria Oxytropis Copyrighted Draft GENISTA Linnaeus DYER’S GREENWEED Fabaceae Genista Genis'ta (jen-IS-ta or gen-IS-ta) from a Latin name, the Plantagenet kings & queens of England took their name, planta genesta, from story of William the Conqueror, as setting sail for England, plucked a plant holding tenaciously to a rock on the shore, stuck it in his helmet as symbol to hold fast in risky undertaking; from Latin genista (genesta) -ae f, the plant broom. Alternately from Celtic gen, or French genet, a small shrub (w73). A genus of 80-90 spp of small trees, shrubs, & herbs native of Eurasia. Genista tinctoria Linnaeus 1753 DYER’S GREENWEED, aka DYER’S BROOM, WOADWAXEN, WOODWAXEN, (tinctorius -a -um tinctor'ius (tink-TORE-ee-us or tink-TO-ree-us) New Latin, of or pertaining to dyes or able to dye, used in dyes or in dyeing, from Latin tingo, tingere, tinxi, tinctus, to wet, to soak in color; to dye, & -orius, capability, functionality, or resulting action, as in tincture; alternately Latin tinctōrius used by Pliny, from tinctōrem, dyer; at times, referring to a plant that exudes some kind of stain when broken.) An escaped shrub introduced from Europe. Shrubby, from long, woody roots. The whole plant dyes yellow, & when mixed with Woad, green. Blooms August. Now, where did I put that woad? Sow at 18-22ºC (64-71ºF) for 2-4 wks, move to -4 to +4ºC (34-39ºF) for 4-6 wks, move to 5-12ºC (41- 53ºF) for germination (tchn). -
Dalea Purpurea Purple Prairie Clover
Dalea purpurea Purple Prairie Clover by Kathy Lloyd Montana Native Plant Society Photo: Drake Barton Dalea purpurea (Purple Prairie Clover) species from the eastern United States, and knew he had not encountered this plant before. urple prairie clover, or Dalea purpurea as it Fortunately for us, the two other specimens of pur- is known to today’s botanists, is a beautiful ple prairie clover survived the arduous journey and Pplant of the plains and prairies. It is a member of the are now part of the Lewis & Clark Herbarium at the bean family (Fabaceae) and must have made an im- Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. Both pression on Meriwether Lewis because he collected collections are on the same specimen sheet. One has specimens of the plant at least three times while an original Lewis label that says, “found September trekking across the North American continent. We 2ed the Indians use it as an application to fresh know that the first specimen was collected on July wounds. they bruise the leaves adding a little water 20, 1804 above present-day Nebraska City, Ne- and apply it.-” Scholars believe this specimen was braska. The Corps of Discovery spent the winter of collected in 1804, although why it wasn’t included 1804-05 at Fort Mandan near the Knife River in in the shipment sent back to St. Louis is a mystery. what is now North Dakota. During the long, cold The second specimen on the sheet was collected in winter Lewis and Clark prepared specimens they had Montana on July 22, 1806. -
July 2020 in This Issue Online Readers, ALPO Conference November 6-7, 2020 2 Lunar Calendar July 2020 3 Click on Images an Invitation to Join ALPO 3 for Hyperlinks
A publication of the Lunar Section of ALPO Edited by David Teske: [email protected] 2162 Enon Road, Louisville, Mississippi, USA Recent back issues: http://moon.scopesandscapes.com/tlo_back.html July 2020 In This Issue Online readers, ALPO Conference November 6-7, 2020 2 Lunar Calendar July 2020 3 click on images An Invitation to Join ALPO 3 for hyperlinks. Observations Received 4 By the Numbers 7 Submission Through the ALPO Image Achieve 4 When Submitting Observations to the ALPO Lunar Section 9 Call For Observations Focus-On 9 Focus-On Announcement 10 2020 ALPO The Walter H. Haas Observer’s Award 11 Sirsalis T, R. Hays, Jr. 12 Long Crack, R. Hill 13 Musings on Theophilus, H. Eskildsen 14 Almost Full, R. Hill 16 Northern Moon, H. Eskildsen 17 Northwest Moon and Horrebow, H. Eskildsen 18 A Bit of Thebit, R. Hill 19 Euclides D in the Landscape of the Mare Cognitum (and Two Kipukas?), A. Anunziato 20 On the South Shore, R. Hill 22 Focus On: The Lunar 100, Features 11-20, J. Hubbell 23 Recent Topographic Studies 43 Lunar Geologic Change Detection Program T. Cook 120 Key to Images in this Issue 134 These are the modern Golden Days of lunar studies in a way, with so many new resources available to lu- nar observers. Recently, we have mentioned Robert Garfinkle’s opus Luna Cognita and the new lunar map by the USGS. This month brings us the updated, 7th edition of the Virtual Moon Atlas. These are all wonderful resources for your lunar studies. -
Perennial Grain Legume Domestication Phase I: Criteria for Candidate Species Selection
sustainability Review Perennial Grain Legume Domestication Phase I: Criteria for Candidate Species Selection Brandon Schlautman 1,2,* ID , Spencer Barriball 1, Claudia Ciotir 2,3, Sterling Herron 2,3 and Allison J. Miller 2,3 1 The Land Institute, 2440 E. Water Well Rd., Salina, KS 67401, USA; [email protected] 2 Saint Louis University Department of Biology, 1008 Spring Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; [email protected] (C.C.); [email protected] (S.H.); [email protected] (A.J.M.) 3 Missouri Botanical Garden, 4500 Shaw Blvd. St. Louis, MO 63110, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-785-823-5376 Received: 12 February 2018; Accepted: 4 March 2018; Published: 7 March 2018 Abstract: Annual cereal and legume grain production is dependent on inorganic nitrogen (N) and other fertilizers inputs to resupply nutrients lost as harvested grain, via soil erosion/runoff, and by other natural or anthropogenic causes. Temperate-adapted perennial grain legumes, though currently non-existent, might be uniquely situated as crop plants able to provide relief from reliance on synthetic nitrogen while supplying stable yields of highly nutritious seeds in low-input agricultural ecosystems. As such, perennial grain legume breeding and domestication programs are being initiated at The Land Institute (Salina, KS, USA) and elsewhere. This review aims to facilitate the development of those programs by providing criteria for evaluating potential species and in choosing candidates most likely to be domesticated and adopted as herbaceous, perennial, temperate-adapted grain legumes. We outline specific morphological and ecophysiological traits that may influence each candidate’s agronomic potential, the quality of its seeds and the ecosystem services it can provide. -
Assessment of Baseline Genetic Data on Androppgon Gerardii (Big (Anderson, 1991)
0 Gustafson . Gibson, Nickrent, page I INTRODUCTION Tallgrass prairies occur in the eastern portion of the North American Prairie biome, with Andropogon gerardii Vitman (big bluestem), Sorghastrurn nutans (L .) Nash (Indian grass), and Panicum virgatum L . (swrtchgrass) dominating the vegetation Assessment of Baseline Genetic Data on Androppgon gerardii (Big (Anderson, 1991) . Prior to settlement by Europeans, Illinois contained approximately 8 .9 Bluestem), Sorghastrum nutans (Indian Grass), and Dalea purpurea (Purple Prairie Clover)-among Remnant and Restored Illinois Tallgrass million hectares of tallgrass prairie. Despite its heritage and its sobriquet as the prairie Mesic Prairies and Selected Grass Cultivars . state, less than 0.01% of the original high quality prairie remains (Robertson and Schwartz, 1994) . Prairies have been preserved because they are an important part of Illinois' natural . The majority of the remnant prairies remaining today consist of Report submitted to the Illinois Department of Natural Resources, and cultural heritage Natural Heritage Division abandoned pioneer cemeteries, railroad right-of-ways, and lands unsuitable for agriculture . A number of sites in the state have been restored by seeding prairie species, By with more than 90% of the projects using local genotypes (ecotypes) (Schramm, 1990) . Choice of ecotypes was desirable because : 1) restoration includes the genetic and Danny J . Gustafson, David J. Gibson, and Daniel L. Nickrent Department of Plant Biology structural components of the historical community, 2) natural selection has presumably Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Illinois 52901-6509 determined the most fit ecotype, and 3) the preservation of local gene pools will maintain genetic diversity at the landscape level . However, very little empirical data are available November 1997 documenting the existence of ecotypes in Illinois . -
High Line Chelsea Grasslands Plant List
HIGH LINE BROUGHT TO YOU BY CHELSEA GRASSLANDS STAY CONNECTED PLANT LIST @HIGHLINENYC Trees & Shrubs Quercus macrocarpa bur oak Rosa ‘Ausorts’ Mortimer Sackler® Rose Perennials Amorpha canescens leadplant Pycnanthemum virginianum Virginia mountain mint Amsonia hubrichtii threadleaf bluestar Rudbeckia subtomentosa sweet black-eyed susan Aralia racemosa American spikenard Salvia pratensis ‘Pink Delight’ Pink Delight meadow sage Asclepias tuberosa butterfly milkweed Salvia x sylvestris ‘Rhapsody in Blue’ Rhapsody in Blue meadow sage Astilbe chinensis ‘Visions in Pink’ Visions in Pink Chinese astilbe Sanguisorba canadensis Canadian burnet Babtisia alba wild white indigo Sanguisorba obtusa ‘Alba’ Japanese burnet Babtisia x ‘Purple Smoke’ Purple Smoke false indigo Sanguisorba officinalis ‘Red Thunder’ Red Thunder burnet Dalea purpurea purple prairie clover Sedum ‘Red Cauli’ Red Cauli stonecrop Echinacea purpurea ‘Sundown’ Sundown coneflower Silphium laciniatum compass plant Eryngium yuccifolium rattlesnake master Silphium terebinthinaceum prairie dock Heuchera villosa ‘Brownies’ Brownies hairy alumroot Symphyotrichum (Aster) cordifolium blue wood aster Iris fulva copper iris Symphyotrichum (Aster) oblongifo- Raydon’s Favorite aromatic aster Knautia macedonica ‘Mars Midget’ Mars Midget pincushion plant lium Liatris pycnostachya prairie blazing star ‘Raydon’s Favorite’ Liatris spicata spiked gayfeather Symphyotrichum (Aster) laeve Bluebird smooth aster Lythrum alatum winged loosestrife ‘Bluebird’ Monada fistulosa ‘Claire Grace’ Claire Grace bergamot -
Facts & Features Lunar Surface Elevations Six Apollo Lunar
Greek Mythology Quadrants Maria & Related Features Lunar Surface Elevations Facts & Features Selene is the Moon and 12 234 the goddess of the Moon, 32 Diameter: 2,160 miles which is 27.3% of Earth’s equatorial diameter of 7,926 miles 260 Lacus daughter of the titans 71 13 113 Mare Frigoris Mare Humboldtianum Volume: 2.03% of Earth’s volume; 49 Moons would fit inside Earth 51 103 Mortis Hyperion and Theia. Her 282 44 II I Sinus Iridum 167 125 321 Lacus Somniorum Near Side Mass: 1.62 x 1023 pounds; 1.23% of Earth’s mass sister Eos is the goddess 329 18 299 Sinus Roris Surface Area: 7.4% of Earth’s surface area of dawn and her brother 173 Mare Imbrium Mare Serenitatis 85 279 133 3 3 3 Helios is the Sun. Selene 291 Palus Mare Crisium Average Density: 3.34 gm/cm (water is 1.00 gm/cm ). Earth’s density is 5.52 gm/cm 55 270 112 is often pictured with a 156 Putredinis Color-coded elevation maps Gravity: 0.165 times the gravity of Earth 224 22 237 III IV cresent Moon on her head. 126 Mare Marginis of the Moon. The difference in 41 Mare Undarum Escape Velocity: 1.5 miles/sec; 5,369 miles/hour Selenology, the modern-day 229 Oceanus elevation from the lowest to 62 162 25 Procellarum Mare Smythii Distances from Earth (measured from the centers of both bodies): Average: 238,856 term used for the study 310 116 223 the highest point is 11 miles. -
Soil Characteristics and Microbes Influencing Establishment of Prairie Species M
Soil Characteristics and Microbes Influencing Establishment of Prairie Species M. Jernegan, V. Hustad, M. Tonsor, R. Jadhav, G. Ahrens and J. Coons ABSTRACT Eastern Illinois University, Department of Biological Sciences, Charleston, IL 61920 Illinois is known as the Prairie State, however prairie that once covered 22 million acres of the state now occupies a mere 0.01% of the original. Restoration of tallgrass prairies often is impeded by failure to establish diverse native prairie species because of soil characteristics including both physical and microbial factors. In Coles County (IL) attempts to establish prairie species in one area between a bike trail and a road have failed, yet prairie remnants and restored prairie exists at other nearby sites. Hence the objective of this study was to determine if soil characteristics or microbes affect emergence of prairie species from soils collected at these three sites (remnant prairie, restored prairie, and attempted restoration site). Soil was collected from each site, and analyzed to determine texture, pH, moisture, organic matter and nutrients. Half of the soil was autoclaved and the other half was not. Three common prairie species (Chamaechrista fasciculata, Dalea purpurea, and Monarda fistulosa) were planted in each type of soil in trays. Weekly observations were made for emergence, leaf number and height of planted species. Plants from seed bank also were counted weekly. After four weeks, mass and leaf area were measured. Soil had more clay, lower organic matter and higher pH at the restoration site than at remnant or restored prairies. The remnant prairie had higher moisture, phosphates and sulfates than the other sites. -
2016-2017 Magazine
Holland Hall THE HOLLAND HALL SCHOOL MAGAZINE Spring/Summer 2016 Spring/Summer 2016 3 From the Head of School 4 SPECIAL: Class of 2016 10 CAMPUS VIEW: A Look at School Activities 22 FEATURE STORY: Bringing Inspiration to Life 25 FEATURE STORY: Living History 26 SPOTLIGHT: Focus on School Stories 36 Advancement News 42 2015-2016 Annual Report 50 Alumni Matters 66 LANDMARKS: Announcements & Milestones FRONT COVER: Primary School students celebrate Dia de los Niños, a celebration of children, families, and reading that culminates yearly on April 30. The celebration emphasizes the importance of literacy for children of all linguistic and cultural backgrounds. Spring/Summer 2016 3 2016-17 BOARD OF TRUSTEES Welcome from the Head of School. Roger B. Collins Chair Dear Holland Hall Community, J.W. Craft Annual Field Day festivities are behind us and our Upper School students and choirs recently Vice Chair performed the 54th annual Service of Lessons and Carols at Trinity Church in downtown Tulsa. Stephen J. Brady Much has been happening on our 162 acres — some familiar, some new. But as each day passes, Treasurer and as we learn from our students — and our students learn from us — much remains the same. Amy Fogleman Koontz Secretary Forever we will be focused on the importance of relationships. Just as indelibly, we remain focused on bringing out the best in one another. The Holland Hall experience is, in its truest form, J. Darin Alred ’84 an apprenticeship in self-discipline. The independent-minded, thoughtful students who leave us Alumni Association President for college and future leadership opportunities do so having learned in the company of thinkers Kenneth D. -
Dalea Purpurea
Scientific name: Dalea purpurea Common name(s): Purple Prairie Clover Family: Fabaceae (Pea) Native: CO, Continental Divide, Great Plains, Midwest, Deep South, Great Lakes Habitat: Prairie, plains, foothills, rocky slopes, open woods As a member of the Pea Family, Purple Prairie Clover fixes nitrogen from the air into the soil, improving soil fertility for surrounding plant communities. It’s deep taproot and delicate foliage makes it resilient against heat, drought, wind and hail. It’s bright color and long bloom pairs beautifully with yellow-flowering natives, especially Butterfly Weed (Asclepias tuberosa). This extremely low-maintenance plant is a favorite of native pollinators, but also of rabbits. Cage newly planted plants with chicken wire if you have heavy rabbit pressure. Plant type: Perennial Elevation: to 7700’ USDA Hardiness Zone: 3 Exposure: Full sun Soil: Clay, sandy, rocky; infertile (prefers well-drained soil) Moisture: Moderate, low, dry Flower color: Magenta-purple Bloom time: Mid to late summer Mature size (height x width): 12-30” x 1-2’ Propagation: Store seeds dry at 40° F. Seeds require scarification and inoculant (optional, but effective), but no cold stratification to germinate. After the last frost in the spring, sandpaper the seeds. Next put them in a pyrex bowl and cover with boiling water. Cool and soak for 24 hours. Drain seeds and roll in a light dust of inoculant. Sow in cells or pots. Cover with 1/8” of medium. Expose to 70° F. Scarified seeds can be sown in situ outside in early spring; press into soil surface or cover lightly with soil. .